PUBLISHED BY:

With the funding support for the publication from:

PREPARED BY:

Aksyon Klima is also supported by:

Climate Change Adaptation and

Disaster Risk Reduction are not ends in
themselves. They are means to a higher
end --- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

Foreword
In 2008, even before an enabling law on climate
change was passed in the Philippines, Department
of Interior and Local Government (DILG) issued
a Memorandum Circular 2008-69 calling for the
mainstreaming CCA and DRR in local policies, plans,
budgets and investment programs. In the same year,
the Marinduque Council on Environmental Concerns
(MACEC), in partnership with the program on
Building Disaster Resilient Communities of Christian
Aid, attempted to mainstream Climate Change
Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
in barangay development planning and budgeting
while innovating on the mainstreaming approach
of the National Economic Development Authority
(NEDA) and finding ways to utilize the Rationalized
Planning System (RPS). The approach was since
further developed across the years through
various partnerships - Buidling Disaster Resilient
Communities (BDRC Learning Circle), Aksyon Klima
and its Adaptation Cluster, Strengthening Climate
Resilience, DIPECHO-supported work in Small
Islands, UNEP-supported Adaptation Knowledge
Platform. Hence, the toolkit is a product of years
of empowering learning between communitybased practitioners, advocates, policy makers,
local government units, academics and scientists
(i.e. from Manila Observatory, University of the
Philippines National Institute of Geological Sciences
(UP-NIGs) and Marine Science Institute (MSI),
PAGASA, PhiVolcs, Ateneo School of Government).
To date, the approach has evolved and has been
used not only in barangay planning and budgeting
but also at the municipal, provincial, and regional
platforms by some LGUs.

The publication of this toolkit was taken forward by

Aksyon Klima Pilipinas.
The Republic Act (RA) 9729 known popularly as
the Climate Change Law mandates the preparation
of Local Climate Change Action Plans. RA 10121
of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Law also mandates the preparation
of Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Plans. Both laws make mention of the integration
of Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction in development plans.
The preparation of this toolkit seeks to contribute
to better climate and disaster governance in the
Philippines as well as contribute to better synergy
rather than incoherence in climate change
initiatives. Thus, the toolkit produced is designed
in such a way that it utilizes current processes
mandated by the Rationalized Planning System of
the Philippines and tools that local government
units commonly use. It advocates the preparation of
a development plan that already mainstreams CCA
and DRR. It is the hope of those who contributed to
the preparation of this material that this can help
facilitate the immediate mainstreaming of CCA and
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
in development planning and budgeting and to the
very least contribute to the preparation of Climate
Change Action Plans and Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Plans that can be integration and/
or mainstreamed into local development plans.

In our resolve to facilitate the disaster risk reduction and climate

change adaptation work at the local communities, local governments
and local organizations in the Philippines, this toolkit has been pursued
to contribute to the evolving body of knowledge on DRR & CCA work
that could help and guide them in pursuing their DRR & CCA goals
and objectives. This instrument was a product of almost six (6) years
of partnerships and engagements with the communities, the local
governments, the scientific and academic institutions and CSOs across
the country whom we also drew much of our inspirations in comingup with this toolkit. Indeed, this is a product of collaboration and
convergence.
Coastal CORE, Inc. and the BDRC-Learning Circle members are so grateful
to its partner-communities and LGUs, to the hard-working and helpful
scientists of the Manila Observatory and UP-NIGS, to PAGASA, PHILVOCS,
UP-CSWCD and UP Visayas for sharing their knowledge and expertise
and to CHRISTIAN AID for all its technical, moral and financial support
in almost all of these undertakings. We were all strengthened by these
partnerships and engagements.
We are sharing this tool to you and hoping that this will be further
improved as you do and engage more in our local communities towards
attaining our common goal of a climate-resilient Philippines!

Shirley Torrecampo-Bolaos
Executive Director
Coastal CORE, Inc.
Coordinator
BDRC-Learning Circle

Aksyon Klima Pilipinas attempted to start the process of writing and

producing this toolkit as early as the third quarter 2010. Once shelved
due to the complexities of the nature of climate change science and
policy, compounded with the infancy of understanding what is climate
change adaptation as differentiated from disaster risk reduction, the
toolkit initiative is revived early this year, and has since endured many
transformation.
In most instances wherein practitioners, policy makers, scientists and
advocates come together to discuss the mainstreaming of CCA-DRR
in local development planning and budgeting processes, the toolkit
undergoes modification in order to capture the actual experiences and
needs that surface from on the ground interactions. Thus we can say
now, that the toolkit is a product enriched not only by knowledge that is
shared out there, but also by the lessons that were painstakingly realized
by the contributors, the local government units and communities that
worked on it.
Aksyon Klima is very thankful to the Adaptation cluster (of Aksyon Klima)
in steering this project to its completion; to the BDRC Learning Circle
for playing the lab rat, without such role, lessons that we used as inputs
could not have been in any way possible; to the scientists from Manila
Observatory who patiently guided us along the way; to the institutions
that gave financial support to this initiative; and to the national and
local policy makers and implementers who give us reason every day to
complicate all our working lives, in the service of the Filipino people.
Please use and share this toolkit, consistent with our advocacy, this will
be in the domain of the creative commons.

Rowena Bolinas
Coordinator
Aksyon Klima

In hosting and facilitating this drive to produce and promote a Climate

Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) toolkit for
use by Local Government Units (LGUs), the Ateneo School of Government
(ASoG) stands with our partners in government, the academe, and
society in pushing for a culture of evidence-based CCA and Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR) in the country. The experiences of Ondoy and Sendong
have shown that our LGUs stand at the forefront of disaster preparedness
and response, and at the heart of adapting to the effects of climate
change on sustainable development.
History has shown that local communities can be surprisingly resilient in
the face of climate changes pressures, recovering from the ravages of
drought, flood, heat and cold. In partnership with scientific and academic
institutions, LGUs can tap the strengths of their communities, and the
best knowledge and practices available, to craft thorough strategies to
mitigate and reduce their exposure to natural calamities, to save lives
and livelihoods from disaster, and to prepare their peoples to thrive in
a climatically restless world. Their experiences, in turn, can also serve as
laboratories and lessons for researchers and scientists, to better refine
CCA and DRR paradigms and action plans to suit local conditions and
new discoveries, the LGU serving as the nexus of science, policy, and
practice.
On behalf of the Ateneo School of Government, I wish you the sailors
toast for fair winds and following seas, in our common journey towards
effective CCA and DRR.

Antonio La Via
Dean
Ateneo School of Government

Table of Contents

Foreword

Definition of Terms

Introduction

12 Steps in Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation

16

and Disaster Risk Reduction in Development Planning: A Practitioners Perspective

Sample Tools

34

Key Terms and Concepts

Weather1 is the fluctuating state of the
atmosphere around us, characterized by
temperature, wind, precipitation, clouds and other
weather elements.
Climate2

refers to the average weather and its

variability over a certain time-span and a specified
area.
The World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) suggests 30 years as a standard time
span for defining climate of a region

Climate change3 refers to the state of the

climate that can be identified (e.g., by using
statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or
the variability of its properties and that persists for
an extended period, typically decades or longer.
Climate change may be due to natural internal
processes or external forcings, or to persistent
anthropogenic changes in the composition of the
atmosphere or in land use.
Climate extreme4 (extreme weather or

climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value

of a weather or climate variable above (or below)
a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends
of the range of observed values of the variable.
For simplicity, both extreme weather events and
extreme climate events are referred to collectively
as climate extremes.

Climate variability5 refers to variations

in the mean state and other statistics (such

as standard deviations, the occurrence of
extremes, etc.) of the climate at all spatial
and temporal scales beyond that of individual
weather events. Variability may be due to natural
internal processes within the climate system
(internal variability), or to variations in natural
or anthropogenic external forcing (external
variability).

Disaster Risk6 refers to the likelihood over a

specified time period of severe alterations in the
normal functioning of a community or a society
due to hazardous physical events interacting
with vulnerable social conditions, leading to
widespread adverse human, material, economic,
or environmental effects that require immediate
emergency response to satisfy critical human
needs and that may require external support for
recovery.
Disaster Risk Reduction7 denotes both a
policy goal or objective, and the strategic and
instrumental measures employed for anticipating
future disaster risk; reducing existing exposure,
hazard, or vulnerability; and improving resilience.

Resilience8 refers to the ability of a system and

its component parts to anticipate, absorb,
accommodate, or recover from the effects of a
hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner,
including through ensuring the preservation,
restoration, or improvement of its essential basic
structures and functions

Hazard9
According to the UNISDR, a hazard is a dangerous
phenomenon, substance, human activity or
condition that may cause loss of life, injury or
other health impacts, property damage , loss of
livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.

Vulnerability10
According the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report ,
the The degree to which a system is susceptible
to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of

climate change, including climate variability

and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the
character, magnitude, and rate of climate change
and variation to which a system is exposed, its
sensitivity and its adaptive capacity.

Capacity

11

The combination of all the strengths, attributes

and resources available within a community,
society or organization that can be used to
achieve agreed goals.
Capacity may include infrastructure and physical
means, institutions, societal coping abilities, as
well as human knowledge, skills and collective
attributes such as social relationships, leadership
and management.

Understanding Adaptation12
Adaptation: Adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or expected climatic
stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or
exploits beneficial opportunities.
Various types of adaptation can be distinguished:
1. Anticipatory Adaptation --- Adaptation that
takes place before impacts of climate change
are observed. Also referred to as proactive
adaptation.
2. Autonomous Adaptation --- Adaptation that
does not constitute a conscious response to
climatic stimuli but is triggered by ecological
changes in natural systems and by market
or welfare changes in human systems. Also
referred to as spontaneous adaptation.
3. Planned Adaptation --- Adaptation that is the
result of a deliberate policy decision, based on
an awareness that conditions have changed or
are about to change and that action is required
to return to, maintain, or achieve a desired
state.
4. Private Adaptation --- Adaptation that is
initiated and implemented by individuals,
households or private companies. Private
adaptation is usually in the actors rational
self-interest.
5. Public Adaptation --- Adaptation that is
initiated and implemented by governments at
all levels. Public adaptation is usually directed
at collective needs.
6. Reactive Adaptation --- Adaptation that takes
place after impacts of climate change have
been observed. (Source: IPCC)

Adaptive Capacity: The ability of a system

to adjust to climate change (including climate
variability and extremes) to moderate potential
damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or
to cope with the consequences. (Source: IPCC)
Coping Capacity: The means by which
people or organizations use available resources
and abilities to face adverse consequences that
could lead to a disaster. In general, this involves
managing resources, both in normal times as
well as during crises or adverse conditions. The
strengthening of coping capacities usually builds
resilience to withstand the effects of natural and
human-induced hazards (Source: ISDR)
Understanding Mitigation13
Disaster Mitigation - Structural and
non-structural measures undertaken to limit the
adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental
degradation and technological hazards. (Source:
ISDR).

Climate Mitigation is a human measure

to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of
greenhouse gases (Source: IPCC).

Understanding basic concepts mentioned in

climate information

Nowcasting14 is a technique for very short-

range forecasting that maps the current weather,

then uses an estimate of its speed and direction
of movement to forecast the weather a short
period ahead assuming the weather will move
without significant changes.

Projection15 The term projection is used

in two senses in the climate change literature.
In general usage, a projection can be regarded
as any description of the future and the
pathway leading to it. However, a more specific
interpretation has been attached to the term
climate projection by the IPCC when referring
to model-derived estimates of future climate.
Forecast/Prediction16

When a projection
is branded most likely it becomes a forecast
or prediction. A forecast is often obtained using
deterministic models, possibly a set of these,
outputs of which can enable some level of
confidence to be attached to projections.

Scenario17 refers to a coherent, internally

consistent and plausible description of a possible

future state of the world. It is not a forecast;
rather, each scenario is one alternative image
of how the future can unfold. A projection may
serve as the raw material for a scenario, but
scenarios often require additional information
(e.g., about baseline conditions). A set of
scenarios is often adopted to reflect, as well as
possible, the range of uncertainty in projections.
Other terms that have been used as synonyms for
scenario are characterisation, storyline and
construction.

Evidence-based Approach in this

document refers to a manner by which planning

and budgeting are informed by community
realities, traditional and indigenous knowledge,
history, culture, social, political, economic
experiences and challenges, environmental
transformation and state of resources, and
scientific information.

1 Perez, Rosa, Presentation on the Science and Adaptation to

Change, during the Learning Dialogue on CCA: Integration CCA
in the programs, plans and actions and budgeting process of
the LGUs Development Planning Initiatives, 28-29 May 2012 at
Legazpi City, Province of Albay.
2 Ibid.
3 IPCC, 2012: Glossary of terms. In: Managing the Risks of
Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change
Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken,
K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen,
M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working
Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and
New York, NY, USA, pp. 555-564.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 United Nations (2009), 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster
Risk Reduction, Geneva: United Nations International Strategy
for Disaster Reduction.
10 http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/
ch19s19-1-2.html
11 UN (2006), On Better Terms: A Glance at Key Climate change
and Disaster Risk Reduction Concepts, Geneva: United Nations.
12 Ibid
13 Ibid.
14 www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/science/hours-ahead/
nowcasting
15 IPCC Data Distribution Center 2011, Definition of Terms
Used Within the DDC Pages, http://www.ipcc-data.org/ddc_
definitions.html
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.

INTRODUCTION
WHY SHOULD CCA AND DRR BE CONCERNS OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)?
SECTION 16 OF REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 7160 Every local government unit shall exercise the
powers expressly granted, those necessarily
implied therefrom, as well as powers necessary,
appropriate, or incidental for its efficient and
effective governance, and those which are essential
to the promotion of the general welfare. Within their
respective territorial jurisdictions, local government
units shall ensure and support, among other things,
the preservation and enrichment of culture, promote
health and safety, enhance the right of the people
to a balanced ecology, encourage and support
the development of appropriate and self-reliant
scientific and technological capabilities, improve
public morals, enhance economic prosperity and
social justice, promote full employment among their
residents, maintain peace and order, and preserve
the comfort and convenience of their inhabitants.
SECTION 24, Liability for Damages. - Local
government units and their officials are not exempt
from liability for death or injury to persons or
damage to property
SECTION 11 (2), RA 10121
Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction
and climate change adaptation into local
development plans, programs and budgets as a
strategy in sustainable development and poverty
reduction
SECTION 19, RA 10121
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loss of lives, critical damage of facilities and
misuse of funds.

SECTION 2, RA 9729
The state shall integrate disaster risk reduction into
climate change programs and initiatives
The state shall strengthen, integrate, consolidate,
and institutionalize government initiatives to
achieve coordination in the implementation of plans
and programs to address climate change in the
context of sustainable development
SECTION 2, RA 9729
it is hereby declared the policy of the State to
systematically integrate the concept of climate
change in various phases of policy formulation,
development plans, poverty reduction strategies
and other development tools and techniques by all
agencies and instrumentalities of the government.
SECTION 14, RA 9729
The LGUs shall be the frontline agencies in the
formulation, planning and implementation of
climate change action plans in their respective
areas, consistent with the provisions of the Local
Government Code, the Framework, and the
National Climate Change Action Plan. Barangays
shall be directly involved with municipal and city
governments in prioritizing climate change issues
and in identifying and implementing best practices
and other solutions. Municipal and city governments
shall consider climate change adaptation, as one
of their regular functions. Provincial governments
shall provide technical assistance, enforcement and
information management in support of municipal
and city climatechange action plans. Inter-local
government unit collaboration shall be maximized
in the conduct of climate- related activities.

10

Climate and weather are resources that contribute

to life and well-being. The essential climate
variables serve valuable purpose to our existence
and our survival. They have, however, the potential
of becoming hazards. How we use and engage with
these resources are also determinants of how they
will affect us.
There are climate and weather-related hazards
that have caused destruction and disasters. The
current climate and weather-related hazards we are
experiencing may only be indicators of what may
come in the future.

DRR, CCA and mitigation are now priorities of

the national government. However, it is the local
government units who are at the forefront of
preparing local climate change action plans and
disaster risk reduction and management plans,
mainstreaming CCA and DRR in development plans
and in implementing CCA and DRR in vulnerable
communities.
It is the understanding of the those who developed
this material that CCA and DRR are both just means
to an even higher goal. In the immediate future,
DRR and CCA are supposed to enable the country to
achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
The ultimate goal is to contribute to sustainable
development.

Figure 1. Understanding our Essential Climate Variable

Essential Climate Variables

Domain

Atmospheric
(over land, sea
and ice)

Surface:

Air temperature, precipitation, air pressure, surface radiation budget, wind speed
and direction, water vapour
Upper-air: Earth radiaiton budget (including solar irradiance), upper-air temperature
(inlcuding MSU radiances), wind speed and direction, water vapour, cloud
properties
Composition: Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, other long-lived greenhouse gases,a aerosol
properties

Oceanic

Surface:

Terrestrialb

River discharge, water use, groundwater, lake levels, snow cover, glaciers and ice caps,
permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground, albedo, land cover (including vegetation type),
fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR), leaf area index (LAI), biomass,
fire disturbance

Sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, sea level, sea state, sea ice, current,
ocean colour (for biological activity), carbon dioxide partial pressure
Sub-surface: Temperature, salinity, current, nutrients, carbon, ocean tracers, phytoplankton

Including nitrous oxide, cholorflourocarbon, hydrochloroflourocarbon, hydroflourocarbons, sulphur hexaflouride and perflourocarbons.

Includes run-off (m3 s-1), groundwater extraction rates (m3yr-1) and location, snow cover extent (km2) and duration, snow depth (cm), glacier/ice cap inventory and mass balance (kgm-2yr-1), glacier length (m),
ice sheet mass balance (kgm-2yr-1) and extent (km2), performance extent (km2), temperature profiles and active layer thickness, above-ground biomass (t ha-1), burnt area (ha), date and location of active fire, burn
efficiency (percentage of vegetation burned per unit area)
UNFCCC 2007,
Decision 11/CP13, Reporting on Global Reporting Systems for Climate,
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2007/cop13/eng/06a02.pdf

A changing climate leads to changes in the frequency, intensity,

spatial extent, duration, and timing of extreme weather and
climate events, and can result in unprecedented extreme weather
and climate events.
IPCC, 2012: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate
Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi,
M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 582 pp.

11

The tables that follow reflect that coherence and

link between climate change adaptation, disaster
risk reduction and sustainable development. Table
1 below describes the link between CCA and DRR
and sustainable development and how these
sub-goals and ultimate goal are translated in
Philippine policies. Table 2 presents how the CCA
and DRR mainstreaming and integration process
can be undertaken using the processes of the
Rationalized Planning System. Table 3 presents the
hierarchy of plans, under the Rationalized Planning
System of the Philippines, where CCA and DRR
can be mainstreamed and integrated. This spells
how many plans will need to be influenced for the
mainstreaming to happen at all levels of CCA and
DRR governance.

Figure 2. Hazards associated with Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Risk
Management
Reduce risk to:

Climate Change
Adaptation
Reduce risk to:

Gradual changes in climatic

parameters

Sea level
rise

Changes
in mean
temperature

Extreme weather events with

increased frequency and
severity

Climate- and
weather-related
events

Changes in
precipitation
patterns

Ecological
events

Other events (e.g. technological,

terrorism)
Hazards that are associated
with extreme events

Hazards that are associated

with changing climate
normals

Geophysical events

Gotangco, C. Kendra, 2012: Understanding Vulnerability and Risk.

Presentation delivered at the UNEP Regional Adaptation Platform ,
Philippines workshop, March 21, 2012. With inputs from IRDR FORIN Faculty
Alan Lavell and Adapted from C. Kendra Gotangco Castillo, 2007: Developing a
Community-based Co-Benefits Framework for
Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management in Oriental Mindoro,
submitted to the Environmental Science Dept., Ateneo de Manila University,
and the Manila Observatory.

Table 1. Summary of Philippine Plans Related to CCA and DRR

National
Frameworks on
Development,
CCA and DRR

Agenda 21

Philippine
Agenda 21

Millennium
Development
Goals

Philippine
Millennium
Development
Targets and
Indicators

UN Framework
Convention on
Climate Change

RA 9729 Climate
Change Law of
2009

Kyoto Protocol,
Bali Pan of
Action,etc.

Peoples Survival
Fund

Accompanying
National Plans

Philippine
Development
Plan
Philippine
Investment
Plan

RA 10121
Philippine Disaster
Risk Reduction
and Management
Law of 2010

Provincial
Development
and Physical
Development
Plan (PDPFP)
Comprehensive
Land Use Plan
(CLUP)
Comprehensive
Development
Plan (CDP)

National Climate
Change Action
Plan

National
Framework
Strategy on CC
HYOGO
Framework for
Action

Local Plans

Local
Development
Investment Plan
(LDIP)
Annual
Investment Plan
(AIP)

National
Disaster Risk
Reduction and
Management
Plan

Local CC Action
Plan (LCCAP)
DRRM Plan

We stress the importance of stronger inter-linkages among disaster risk reduction, recovery and longterm development planning, and call for more coordinated and comprehensive strategies that integrate
disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation considerations into public and private investment,
decision making and planning of humanitarian and development actions in order to reduce risk,
increase resilience and provide a smoother transition between relief, recovery and development.
Line 188, The Future we Want,
Rio +20

Processes
Employed

Outputs

Sustainable Development, Compliant and CCA and DRR-Enhanced

Annual Development and Expenditure Program (Aip, Lccap, Drrmp,
HRD Plan, Executive and Legislative Agenda, Productivity Plan, Annual
Procurement Plan

International
Frameworks on
Development ,
CCA and DRR

Harmonization, Integration, Mainstreaming, and

Institutionalization through joint memorandum Circular no.
series of 2007, RA 9729 and RA 10121

12

13
Table 2. Mainstreaming and Integration of CCA and DRR in the Planning and Budgeting Process
(informed by the Rationalized Planning System, JMC 2007-1, of the Republic of the Philippines)
Reality Check

Strategic Direction Investment Programming

Vision
Identifying
(Roadmap to the Vision)
(Programs, projects, activities))
10 year period
funding
sources
10 year period

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current and
future extreme
events and
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temperature,
precipitation,
frequency of
typhoons, sea
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heights) and
geo-hazards
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ff.: Remove
exposure of
communities
and assets to
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vulnerabilities
per hazards
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adaptive
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hazards
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adaptive
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adaptation
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strategies for
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governance,
risk assessment,
early warning,
knowledge mgt.,
vulnerability
reduction,
preparedness
per sector

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people, structures,
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multi-stakeholder
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General Fund or
other sources
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procurement

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project and activity
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NFSCC or the NCCAP, SNAP,
or DRRM Plan?

14

Table 3. Hierarchy of Plans

Level

Physical Plan

Development
Plans

Investment
Program

Budget

National

National
Physical
Framework
Plan

Philippine
Development
Plan

Development
Investment
Program

General
Appropriations
Act

Regional

Regional
Physical
Framework
Plan

Regional
Development
Plan

Regional
Development
Investment
Program

Provincial

City /
Municipality

Provincial Development
and Physical
Framework Plan

City /
Municipal
Land Use Plan

Comprehensive
Development
Plan

Provincial
Development
Investment
Program

Local
Development
Investment
Program

Annual Budget
(Budget
Ordinance)

Annual Budget
(Budget
Ordinance)

15

What adaptation and risk reduction will require from all of us

Cope with
(in the case
of DRR) with
current and
immediate
hazards
and adapt
to or deal
with future
hazards (in
the case of
CCA).

How do we do it?

Who will do it?

Knowing our RISKS (at the local, regional,

national, global scale). Where understanding
of risks require knowing your hazards (multiple
hazards, multi-temporal, and muti-scale) and
vulnerabilities (biophysical and socio-economic).

Individuals,
institutions and
communities

DRR will require knowing current and immediate

natural and human-induced hazards. CCA
will require understanding of hydrological,
meteorological hazards, future climate and
current extreme events. Dealing with CCA and
DRR will require appreciation of the interaction
between current and future climate and weatherrelated hazards and their interaction to other
forms of hazards.

Most ideal if done in

a transdisciplinary
manner (involving
exchanges and
interaction between
governments,
academics and
scientists, civil society
organizations and
other stakeholders)

Why?
In order to:
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specific adaptation
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or hazard mitigation
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adjustment,
transformation

Knowing and reducing vulnerabilities -- by

reducing exposure, sensitivities and improving
capacities
Knowing and enhancing our human, social,
natural, physical, financial capital and capacities
Working towards transformation using
precautionary and evidence-based approaches
that are informed by science.

Enhanced but inspired by Preston,

B.L. and Staffor-Smith, M. (2009).
Framing vulnerability and
adaptive capacity assessment:
Discussion Paper. CSIRO Climate
Adaptation Flagship Paper
No. 2, http://www.csiro/org/
ClimateAdaptationFlagship.html

Getting Started in CCA and DRR Planning:

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Where CCA and DRR are mainstreamed in the analysis
done by the Sectoral and Functional Committees, CCA
and DRR insights and interventions will automatically
become part of the development planning and budgeting.
Please see the role/s that these Sectoral and Functional
Committees as outlined by RA 7160 through DILG:

LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
COUNCIL

EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE

SECTORAL
COMMITTEE

CORE
TECHNICAL
WORKING
GROUP

FUNCTIONAL
COMMITTEE

EXPANDED
TECHNICAL
WORKING
GROUP

FULL-BLOWN
WORKING
GROUP

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the formulation of plans, programs & activities
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identify programs, projects & activities;
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societal sectors.

This way, the sole responsibility of CCA and DRRM

planning does not rest on the Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Committee nor with a Climate Change
Committee of the LGU alone.

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sectoral committees, where possible.

The planning process in the LGU is normally coordinated

by the Planning and Development Office.

16

SECTION 2

12 Steps to Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)

and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Development Planning:
A Practitioners Perspective
1
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analysis from government agencies and
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DRR) and adaptive (CCA)
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Budget Needed

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area

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(PPA) that will help
reduce vulnerabilities
and develop adaptive
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coping capacities (for
DRR)

11
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each sector and element at
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current and immediate and
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tools

6
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and work with the
scientific community
in the translation of
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probable impacts.

9
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such actions are also
contributing to your
other development
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and constraints
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12
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produced into the AIP
and other planning and
budgeting templates

This attempt at a 12-step process was done upon

the request of LGU partners. It is also an attempt to
provide an option for LGUs who, while drawing or
seeking resources for a quantitative disaster and/or
climate change risk assessment, can start a process
of risk reduction and adaptation using qualitative
yet science-informed tools for analysis in their
assessments. Where resource is not an issues for the
LGU, it is suggested that the LGU works with scientific
research institutions for their climate change and
disaster risk assessments.
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purposes. But for this document, it is meant to help
LGUs mainstream CCA and DRR in development
planning and budgeting processes prescribed by
the Rationalized Planning Processes ---- particularly
at the level of municipalities, cities, and barangays.
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the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) must
inform the Local Development Investment Plan.
Hence, it is but logical that the CLUP and the CDP
must first be able to mainstream CCA and DRR.
However, this toolkit has been prepared when most
LGUs have already prepared or are preparing their
Local Development Plan.
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process pass without CCA and DRR interventions
being considered, the toolkit seeks to help sharpen
analysis related to development interventions by
contributing CCA and DRR tools of analysis.
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CCA and DRR in development planning be done
through the Rationalized Planning Process by the
LGUs . That way, CCA and DRR interventions can
truly be mainstreamed rather than just inserted in
development plans and budgets.

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not push for the design of NEW interventions
that are not linked to the CLUP and CDP or the
Executive and Legislative Agenda (ELA), if they
are not necessary for the survival and resilience of
the LGUs. Rather, where prior Programs, Projects
and Activities (PPAs) have been pre-designed in
the Local Development Investment Plan (LDIP),
these PPAs be seriously reviewed with a CCA and
DRR lens. This is suggested with the hope that the
resulting PPAs will enhance community and the
LGUs resilience in the face of disaster and climate
change risks.
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in the context of a participatory planning process
as prescribed by the RA 7160 and affirmed by the
Rationalized Planning Process.

17

18

1
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from Universities and Colleges

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traditional wisdom of your locality, on how different climate variables
interact with each other to influence our experiences. For instance, how
do our activities influence how the air warms, how clouds are formed,
how the wind carries the clouds that bring rain, among others.
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forms of hazards.
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UISPVHI

disaster risk reduction is vital to climate change adaptation. Building
capacities to deal with current hazards will enable us to enhance our
capacities for dealing with future climate hazards.
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derived estimates of future climate (IPCC, 2011)).
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availability of the book Climate Change Project in the Philippines in
the DILG website under the section on LGU Guides (see http://dilg.gov.
ph/ ReportsResourcesArchive.php) or check the PAGASA website.
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climatic parameters at the minimum of 30 years). To determine climate
trends, request for local climate data from PAGASA or from local
scientific institutions that monitor weather and climate data.
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(see section on tools at the end of this book) which asks the question
which of these have you experienced for the past 30 years: increasing
temperature, increasing precipitation, decreasing precipitation, sea-level
rise, increasing intensity of typhoons, increasing severity of typhoons,
higher waves, stronger storm surges, drought?
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see the Project Noah website http://noah.dost.gov.ph/.
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meteorological, biological, technological or anthropogenic,
environmental hazards. Request assistance from scientific institutions
(i.e. State and Private Universities and Colleges), from PhiVOLCS,
PAGASA, MGB, among others.

Major Components of the Climate System

Source: www.solcomhouse.com/ climatechange.html

19

EXAMPLES OF CLIMATE HAZARDS

Compared to 30 years ago o Kumpara sa 30 taon mula

sa kasalukuyan

Increasing temperature o mas mainit

Stronger winds compared to the past years o
mas malakas na hangin kumpara sa dati
Stronger typhoons o mas malakas na bagyo
More rains compared to the past o mas
maraming pag-ulan kumpara sa dati
More floods o mas maraming pagbaha
Rising sea levels o tumataas ang tubig sa
dagat
Strong storm surges o mas lumalakas ang
hampas ng alon sa dalampasigan
Increasing wave heights o tumataas ang alon
sa dagat
More frequent flooding due to rainfall o mas
madalas na pagbaha dahil sa pag-ulan
Rainfall-induced landslides o mas madalas
na pagguho ng lupa dahil sa pag-ulan
Others o iba pa

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS

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to bear in mind that there are potentially other geophysical, ecological,
human-induced hazards in each area you are examining. These hazards
may interact with climate and weather-related hazards to create a
multiple-hazard effect (i.e. disaster in Albay in 2006: lahar, heavy rainfall,
typhoon)
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history) in our analysis,we can refer to our assessments as climate risk
assessments. While climate risk assessments are important to disaster
risk assessments they cannot yet be called climate change assessment
because are using climate trends and not projections for future climate
change;
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climate change plan when
- we use climate projections in our analysis
- we use assessments to identify vulnerabilities and capacities
against projected climate-related hazards
- we are able to discuss and plan on how vulnerabilities can be
reduced and ADAPTIVE CAPACITIES can be developed

20

2
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scientific institutions who can help you prepare a climate risk
assessment (i.e. for examples, see the work of Manila Observatory
in Silago, Leyte and Tiwi and Malinao in Albay) or go to the website
of the Climate Change Commission to examine available tools in the
section on Documents. Look for the Consultation Series on Vulnerability
Assessment Tools on Climate Change. If unavailable online, contact the
Climate Change Commission.
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vulnerability assessments mentioned above, you can proceed with the
following:
a. Using the climate projections or climate trend analysis can you map
out what areas and what sectors will be most likely affected and
are affected by specific hazards? Do the same for areas that are
affected by other forms of hazards. Please note that the assessment
should be hazard specific.
b. Using a matrix or participatory tools (see section on Tools of this
Toolkit), determine level of exposure by looking at the demographic
data (i.e. population, extent of agricultural, forestry, fisheries,
business assets) of the areas and sectors most affected by specific
hazards.
c. Refer to CBMS data or social monitoring data for human exposure
data
d. Refer to the ENRO, Agriculture Office, FARMC data for biophysical
exposure data.
e. Refer to the data in your ecological profile.

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS

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important for us to understand this because your adaptation and risk
reduction actions will vary depending on the hazard you are exposed to.
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a. Areas and sectors exposed to each hazard
b. Population of each area and each sector exposed to a particular
hazard. Where analysis of human exposure is undertaken, ensure
gender disaggregation of data and include vulnerable populations in
the analysis (i.e. persons with disabilities, elderly, children)
c. In each area, what ecosystems are most exposed to hazards .
Ecosystem refers to a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living environment interacting
as a functional unit (Convention on the Biological Diversity, 1992).
d. Sectors in each area exposed to each hazard. Example of sectoral
classification used in development planning : physical, social,
economic, others. It may be useful to add environmental and
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be exposed to hazards. For instance, in the physical sector you can
examine buildings, roads, bridges or different kinds of infrastructure
services.

21

Sample Exposure Matrix

Increasing
temperature o
mas mainit
Stronger winds
compared to
the past years o
mas malakas na
hangin kumpara
sa dati
Stronger
typhoons o mas
malakas na
bagyo
More rains
compared to
the past o mas
maraming pagulan kumpara
sa dati
.PSF
PPET
P

mas maraming
pagbaha
Rising sea levels
o tumataas ang
tubig sa dagat
Strong storm
surges o mas
lumalakas ang
hampas ng alon
sa dalampasigan
Increasing
wave heights o
tumataas ang
alon sa dagat
More frequent
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rainfall o mas
madalas na
pagbaha dahil
sa pag-ulan
Rainfall-induced
landslides o
mas madalas
na pagguho ng
lupa dahil sa
pag-ulan
Others o iba pa
TOTAL

CHILDREN

ELDERLY

PERSONS WITH
DISABILITY

FEMALE

MALE

TOTAL

CHILDREN

ELDERLY

PERSONS WITH
DISABILITY

FEMALE

.VOJDJQBMJUZ

$JUZ

Barangay 3

MALE

CHILDREN

ELDERLY

PERSONS WITH
DISABILITY

FEMALE

.VOJDJQBMJUZ

$JUZ

Barangay 2

MALE

CHILDREN

ELDERLY

PERSONS WITH
DISABILITY

FEMALE

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$JUZ

Barangay 1

MALE

CLIMATE
HAZARDS

22

V = f( E, S, AC)

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of each sector and element
at risk to climate-related
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tools

Vulnerability, based on the IPCC (2007) ,is a product of the interaction

between a elements sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity vis a
vis specific hazards.
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significant climatic variations
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beneficially, by climate variability or change. The effect may be direct
(e.g., a change in crop yield in response to a change in the mean,
range or variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g., damages caused
by an increase in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea level
rise).

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DRR) and adaptive (CCA)
capacity of your constituency
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institutional capacities and
assets)

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(including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential
damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the
consequences.
NOTE: We suggest that the above formula be used to assess exposure
to all forms of hazards, sensitivities, coping and adaptive capacities.

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS

Exposure

Sensitivity

Vulnerability

Adaptive
Capacity

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for vulnerability assessments. Look for the Consultation Series on Vulnerability
Assessment Tools on Climate Change. The database will provide you with a list
of Vulnerability Assessment Tools available and institutions that may help you in
conducting the assessments. If unavailable online, contact the Climate Change
Commission
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are exposed to what hazard, it is time to examine the vulnerability of each
element in each sector of the ecosystem you are examining.
a.

b.

c.

Determine how a particular element is or is likely to be affected by the changing

climate/ by a climate-related hazard and other hazards. For CCA and DRR, special
concern on climate extremes and how these phenomena interact with various
hazards should be given attention. Remember, sensitivity may be due to innate,
physiological or biological factors. Sensitivity may be further aggravated by physical,
ecological, human-related stressors. Farmers who know less climate information that
relates to farm planning are perceived to be more sensitive to climate change.
Then, check the pre-existing condition of the element ( whether innate or due to
external conditions) that enables it to cope and be resilient to climate change.
For instance, farmers who still have knowledge about plant breeding will be able
to experiment and breed seeds that she/he can plant given changing climate
conditions.
When the exposure and sensitivity to climate change are high and the adaptive
capacity is low, the element becomes more vulnerable to the climate hazard being
used in a particular analysis. In DRR, vulnerabilities are also high where exposure to
multiple hazards are high, where sensitivities abound.

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non-extreme weather or climate events affect vulnerability to future extreme
events by modifying resilience, coping capacity and adaptive capacity.

23

Indicate
Sample
Ecosystem:
Terrestrial /
upland

Where DRR measures

can be applied

Temperature change
Population growth
Rainfall change
Economic growth
Evaporation change
Changing values
+
=
Wind change
Changing governance
Humidity change
New policy decisions
Sea-level rise

Figure 1. Current and Future Determinants of vulnerabilityAdapted from Preston, B.L.

and Staffor-Smith, M. (2009). Framing vulnerability and adaptive capacity assessment:
Discussion Paper. CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship Paper No. 2, http://www.csiro/org/
ClimateAdaptationFlagship.html

SAMPLE SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY

VULNERABILITY

River
management
capacities

Policy and
institutional
mechanisms on
river management

Overflow
potential

Depth, with, shape,

flow capacity,
sediment discharge
of river, soil creep,
vegetation cover

Competency in
handling issues
related to river
management

Knowledge on,
skills, equipment for
rainfall variability
affecting rivers

Floodplains
without
settlements

Size and width of

floodplain without
settlements
(easement), catchment
history of the river

River
management
council

Policy agreements on
river management

DPWH

Number and type

of livelihoods and
market not
dependent on
the river

Livelihood
and market
diversification

Health Office

Length, depth ,
location of river
system

Number and type

of livelihoods
dependent on the
river, markets along
river system

Herbal medicines
and indigenou
health practices in
the area

Sources of
alternative
medicine

ENRO or NIA

Transboundary
river systems

Degree to which
local economy
would change
because of
shifts in water
availability

Location and
number of alternative
road networks

Alternative
road network

Source

P/M/CPDO

Livelihoods
dependent on
the river, markets
along the river
system

No. and location

of health providers
with health care kits

Indicator

DPWH

Economic
co-dependence

Access to
primary health
care

Variable

Health Office

No. and location

of health workers

Location, type,
length and exit
points of drainage
canals

Drainage canals
in the road
networks

Source

Local Agriculture
Office, PESO,
P/M/CD0

Access to
healthcare

Indicator

ENRO or NIA

Quality and
length of roads
by type

Variable

Adaptive Capacity

LGU ordinance
and offices

Roads

Source

DPWH

Indicator

Health Office

Indicate reference for climate projection or

climate trend analysis finding/s

Number of days with rainfall 300mm and

seasonal amount of rainfall in mm

Increasing or decreasing amount of rainfall

(specify climate projection or climate trend)

Variable

Local Agriculture
Office, PESO,
P/M/CD0

Source

ENRO

Indicator

LGU ordinance
and offices

Climate
Variable

Sensitivity

Local Agriculture
Office, PESO,
P/M/CD0

HAZARD

Physical
Social
Economic
Environmental
Institutional

Strategy

Exposure
SECTORS

Wealth
Technology
+ Education
Entitlements
Social Capita

Where CCA measures

can be applied

Climate variability
Land Use
Infrastructure age
Building material

Present
vulnerability

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Social
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health
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vulnerability

Biophysical
determinants

Current state

Biophysical
(Exposure to hazard
and Sensitivity)

Future Change

Socio-economic
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Adaptive Capacity)

Vulnerability

Variables of Vulnerability we can examine

24

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area

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relationship between climate change-related hazards and affected
elements (in the case of CCA) or between current multiple hazards
and affected elements (in the case of DRR). It helps us examine
what changes can possibly happen so we can analyze where
and how we want to intervene, in the context of climate change
adaptation or in the context of disaster risk reduction or in both.
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pattern, confluence of hazards) may create multiple changes in
different elements of the ecosystem.

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and work with the
scientific community
in the translation of
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probable impacts.

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in climate pattern
per climate variable
(i.e, projected
temperature
increase) or
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condition (i.e
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of likelihood of rain
in the Project Noah
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potential change
in elements of
the ecosystem,
humans included,
infrastructure,
social, economic
and institutional
systems

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change in one
element affect the
other elements of
the ecosystem?

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potential Impacts

POTENTIAL ADAPTATION and/or DISASTER RISK REDUCTION INTERVENTION POINTS

25

Challenge the
collection capacity
of the river system

Damming effect

Impediments in the rivers

tributaries
'MBTIPPE

Faster movement of water

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Increase in rainfall

Saturation of
the soil with
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Loosening of
the soil

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am cultivation areas
downstream

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Impediments in the distributaries

at the mouth of the river

Possible target for

adaptation interventions

Low vegetative
cover
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dispersing system of
the river

For better examples of influence diagrams in the

Philippine context, please check on the following
publications from Manila Observatory:
1. Albay Sustainable Development Guidebook
released in 2012
2. Narisma GT, Vicente MC, Capili-Tarroja EB,
Cruz FA, Perez RT, Dayawon RS, Dado JM, Del
Castillo MF, Villafuerte II MQ, Loo LC, Olaguer
DM, Loyzaga MA, Banaticla-Altamirano MR,

&YBNQMF

Ramos LT, Habito CM and Lasco RD. 2011. Patterns

of Vulnerability in the Forestry, Agriculture,
Water, and Coastal Sectors of Silago, Southern
Leyte, Philippines. In: Maquiling JT,eds. . Manila,
Philippines. The Manila Observatory, The
World Agroforestry Centre, and The Deutsche
Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit.
132 p. (see http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.
net/sea/th/publication?do=view_pub_detail&pub_
no=RP0286-12)

26

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(for CCA) and disaster risk-related
vulnerabilities you want to reduce
and what coping (for DRR) and
adaptive (for CCA) capacities you
want to enhance vis a vis the
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(PPA) that will help
reduce vulnerabilities
and develop adaptive
capacities (for CCA) and
coping capacities (for
DRR)

Once you have determined what vulnerabilities and exposure you want to
reduce and coping and adaptive capacities you want enhanced.
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enhancing, what are culturally-appropriate, what are gender-sensitive,
what promotes and protects human rights, what ensures environmentalsustainability and what what enhances the capacity of ecosystems to
continue delivering ecosystem services.
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the question if our interventions will help reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. For instance, using the influence diagram in the prior page,
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will it enhance the supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural
services offered by the ecosystem? Does this action contribute to climate
change mitigation? Or if you are designing a mitigation action, does it
contribute to adaptation?
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arising from RA 10121, please also identify options, programs,
plans, activities that help reduce risks in the conduct of Response,
Rehabilitation and Recovery, Preparedness, Mitigation and Prevention
interventions. Will also be best to check whether the selected DRRM
option also reduce climate change sensitivities, exposure, enhances
adaptive capacities and contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions.

Supporting:
Soil formulation;
photosynthesis;
biodiversity; habitat;

Cultural:
stewardship;
aesthetic;
recreation;
education

Ecosystem
Services
(Examples)

Regulating: clean
air; store carbon;
purify water;
control flooding;
cool temperature;
pollination

Provisioning: fish,
wood; food; clean
water;

27

SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION OPTIONS

Indicate Sample
Ecosystem:
Terrestrial /
upland

VULNERABILITY

Exposure

SECTORS
CURRENT
HAZARDS
based on
geophysical,
ecological
hazards and
on climate
trend analysis,
nowcasting
current
long-term
forecasting
(30-days to 2
years)

Variable

Indicator

Sensitivity
Source

Variable

Indicator

IMPACTS

Program, plans
or action to
REDUCE
&910463&

Program, plans
or action to
REDUCE
SENSITIVITY

Program, plans
or action to
INCREASE
COPING
CAPACITY

Adaptive Capacity
Source

Variable

Indicator

Source

Physical

Social

Economic

Environmental

Institutional

SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS

Indicate Sample
Ecosystem:
Terrestrial /
upland

VULNERABILITY

Exposure

SECTORS
CURRENT
HAZARDS
(based on
climate
projections; at
least 30-year
climate
analysis)

Variable

Physical

Social

Economic

Environmental

Institutional

Indicator

Sensitivity
Source

Variable

Indicator

IMPACTS

Adaptive Capacity
Source

Variable

Indicator

Source

Program, plans
or action to
REDUCE
&910463&

Program, plans
or action to
REDUCE
SENSITIVITY

Program, plans
or action to
INCREASE
ADAPTIVE
CAPACITY

28
Prioritization of the PPAs based on the
Rationalized Planning System, 2008

9
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such actions are also
contributing to your
other development
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Category
Urgent

Essential

Indicate Sample
Ecosystem:
Terrestrial /
upland

Cannot be reasonably postponed; will remedy conditions dangerous

to public health, safety and welfare; needed because they maintain
critically needed programs; needed to meet emergency situations.
Required to complete or make usable a major public improvement
and to maintain minimum standards as part of an ongoing program.
Projects that are self-liquidating and those that have external funding
available.

Necessary

Should be carried out to meet clearly identified and anticipated

needs; to replace obsolete or unsatisfactory facilities; repair or
maintain projects meant to prolong life of existing facilities.

Desirable

Needed for the expansion of current programs; designed to initiate

new programs considered appropriate for a progressive community.

Acceptable

Can be postponed without detriment to present operations if budget

cuts are necessary.

Deferrable

Recommended for postponement or elimination immediate

consideration in the current LDIP; questionable in terms of over=all
needs, adequate planning, or proper timing

SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS

Projected
impacts

Vulnerability

SECTORS
CURRENT
AND FUTURE
HAZARDS

General Criteria

Physical

Social

Economic

Environmental

Institutional

Exposure

Sensitivity

Adaptive Capacity

Program, plans
or action to
REDUCE
&910463&

Program, plans
or action to
REDUCE
VULNERABILITY

Program, plans
or action to
INCREASE
ADAPTIVE
CAPACITY

ADDRESSES
OTHER
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS AND/ OR
CONTRIBUTES
TO THE
ENHANCEMENT
OF ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES?

PRIORITY
RANK

29

Summary Table for CCA Mainstreaming in Development Planning and Budgeting

Identified
Adaption
climate
and Disaster
Supplies,
and other Risk Reduction
Legislative or
Performance
Capability Administrative Materials and Implementing Schedule of
vulnerabilities Programs,
Resources
Implementation
Indicators Building Needs
Office
to be
Plans And
Policies
Needed
addressed per Activities
needed
development
sector
(LDIP, AIP)

(PERFORMANCE
PLAN)

(HRD PLAN)

POLICIES
NEEDED
(ELA)

Budget

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Budget Needed

(ANNUAL
PROCUREMENT
PLAN)

(General
Services)

(Social
Services)

(Economic
Services)

(Other
Services)

Summary Table for CCA Mainstreaming in Existing Development Plans and Budgets (Minimum Entries)
ADAPTATION
Identified
AND RISK
climate
REDUCTIONand other
Identified
ENHANCED
vulnerabilities
CURRENT
Plans and
Programs, Plans Programs,
to be
Activities
addressed per and Activities (How will you address
development needs
development
given the climate risks?)
sector
(LDIP, AIP)

(General
Services)

(Social
Services)

(Economic
Services)

(Other
Services)

(AIP)

Expected
Outcome

Performance
Indicators

(PERFORMACE
PLAN)

Expected
output

(MUST ADDRESS
VULNERABILITY
AND ENHANCE
COPING AND
ADAPTIVE
CAPACITY)

BUDGET

BUDGETS
SOURCE

30

Maximizing Local Funds of Resiliency and Adaptation

11

Office MOOE

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Non-office MOOE

MOOE

PS
CO
Non-office
Capital
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Office Capital Outlay

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as a benchmark, not the ceiling in determining the LGUs
development fund.
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developed using CCA and DRR tools of analysis. The output
will be CCA and DRR-enhanced development interventions.

31

LGU BUDGETS

0#+&$54
0'
&91&/%*563&4

1. GENERAL FUND
1.1 Personnel Services Fund

Salaries & wages fro DRR/CCA staff

1.2 MOOE Fund

Supplies & materials for DRR-CCA office

1.3 Capital Outlay Fund

Infrastructure, building, equipment




-0$"-
%&75
'6/%

Development, resilience & adaptation




%33.
'6/%

Disaster risk reduction fund

4. (?) LOCAL CCA FUND

Climate adaptation fund




4,
'6/%
GPS
CSHZT
POMZ

Youth development programs, projects

6. NEW FEES AND CHARGES

For DRR-CCA initiatives

7. COST-SHARING OF LGUs

DRR-CCA initiatives

OTHER SOURCES OF BUDGETS

0#+&$54
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&91&/%*563&4

1. DOF-LOGOFIND DRRM Fund

DRR/CCA Initiatives

2. NGA DRRM per RA 10121

DRR/CCA Initiatives

3. National DRRM Fund

DRR/CCA Initiatives

4. International Funding Institutions

DRR/CCA Initiatives

5. Official Development Assistance

DRR/CCA Initiatives

6. NGO-CSO Funds

DRR/CCA Initiatives

7. Public-Private Partnership Funds

DRR/CCA Initiatives

8. Joint Venture Funds per RA 7160

DRR/CCA Initiatives

9. Peoples Survival Fund

Climate change fund for LGUs and communities (CSOs)

10. Seal of Disaster Preparedness, Sasakawa Award, etc.

DRR Monetary Incentives

32

12
t
5SBOTGFS
EBUB


JOGPSNBUJPO

BOBMZTJT

produced into the AIP
and other planning and
budgeting templates
Identified
climate
vulnerability
(exposure,
sensitivity,
adaptive
capacity) tobe
addressed per
development
sector

Risk
Reduction,
Adaptation
and
Mitigation
Programs,
Plans and
Activities

(LDIP, AIP)

(General
Services)

(Social
Services)

(Economic
Services)

(Other
Services)

Performance
Indicators

Capability
Building
Needs

(PERFORMANCE
PLAN)

(HRD PLAN)

Legislative or
Administrative
Policies needed

POLICIES
NEEDED (ELA)

Supplies,
Materials and
Resources
Needed

(ANNUAL
PROCUREMENT
PLAN)

Schedule of
Implementing
Implementation
Office

Budget

You have just completed an attempt to

mainstream CCA and DRR in the planning
and budgeting process. If you have any
insights on how the process have helped
you or how we can improve on the
process, please inform the authors and the
publishers. This tool certainly has room
for improvements and its use and scope
may be limited by certain conditions. Your
insights will help improve this shared
material. Together, we can come up with
a coherent and efficient way of helping
Philippine communities deal with the
challenges of disasters and other climatechange-related risks.
Please note as well that our attention was
called to the fact the the output of this
process can also inform your DRRM or CC
plans that RA 10121 and RA 9729 requires.
We hope that this edition of the toolkit
can help you in any of your development
planning initiatives.

34

ANNEX
Other Sample Tools

For scientific climate analysis and risk

assessments we refer you to :
t
.BOJMB
0CTFSWBUPSZ


"MCBZ
4VTUBJOBCMF

Development Guidebook, Philippines: Manila
Observatory, Chevron, Province of Albay
t
1MFBTF
$POUBDU

.BOJMB
0CTFSWBUPSZ
BU


Other
tools for
communitybased
assessments

t
$MJNBUF
IB[BSE
BOBMZTJT

IB[BSE
JEFOUJDBUJPO

(increasing temperature, increasing rainfall,
increasing intensity of typhoon, increasing
frequency of typhoon, sea-level rise: USE A
HISTORICAL TIMELINE ANALYSIS
t
7VMOFSBCJMJUZ
DPNQPOFOUT
VTJOH
UIF
*1$$

definition ( vulnerability as a function of exposure,
susceptibility and adaptive capacity) -- USE
SOCIAL CENSUS MAPPING
t
&YQPTVSF

XIBU
BSFBT
BOE
XIBU
TFDUPST
BSF

exposed to the hazards?how many households
are affected by each hazard?
t
4VTDFQUJCJMJUZ

XIBU
BSF
UIF
XFBLOFTTFT
PG
FBDI

element of a sector to each hazard?
t
"EBQUJWF
DBQBDJUZ

XIBU
BEBQUJWF
DBQBDJUJFT

need to be strengthened or developed so that
vulnerabilities can be reduced and chances of
survival are increased.
t
*NQBDU
BOBMZTJT

:06
$"/
015
50
%0
"/

INFLUENCE DIAGRAM to determine where impact
can result from the SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND LACK
OF ADAPTIVE CAPACITIES
ON ADAPTATION OPTIONS
t
4UBSU
XJUI
BO
"44&5#"4&%
."11*/(
XIBU
EPFT

the community have in terms of assets/ resources
(human, social-cultural, economic, physical,
environmental) that can be used to address
susceptibilities and lack of adaptive capacities
t
5IFO
VTF
UIF
"%"15"5*0/
015*0/
."53*9
JF

Climate Adaptation Anticipatory Matrix) --- for
each hazard and sectoral element affected,
identify probable tool
t
%P
B
7&//
%*"(3".
UP
JEFOUJGZ
XIP
DBO
PS
XIBU

groups can you work with to help build adaptive
capacities

Municipality, Provincial, Regional (Sub-National)

Municipality

Provincial

Regional

t
5IF
TBNF
UPPMT
CVU
t
&YQPTVSF
VOJU

of analysis:
MUNICIPALITY
t
6TF
FDPTZTUFNCBTFE

analysis

t
5IF
TBNF
UPPMT
CVU
t
&YQPTVSF
VOJU

of analysis:
MUNICIPALITY
t
6TF
FDPTZTUFNCBTFE

analysis

t
5IF
TBNF
UPPMT
CVU
t
&YQPTVSF
VOJU
PG

analysis: PROVINCIAL
t
6TF
FDPTZTUFNCBTFE

analysis

35

36

Climate Risk Map Resulting from Social Census Mapping and Participatory Tools

Climate Risk Map Resulting from Social Census Mapping and Participatory Tools

37

Sample Vulnerability Assesment Matrix

CATEGORIES

ELEMENTS/
ASSETS AT RISK

VULNERABLE
CONDITIONS

WHAT are the

likely impacts of
the hazards?

WHY does the

hazards affect the
element at risk?

PRESSURE
(System and
Structures)

UNDERLYING
CONDITIONS

WHO is creating
the vulnerable
conditions?
How is this done?

WHY are the

vulnerable conditions
created or ignored by
the pressures?

ECONOMIC

NATURAL

PHYSICAL

HUMAN

SOCIAL

Sample Adaptive Capacity Assesment Matrix

CATEGORIES

ECONOMIC

NATURAL

PHYSICAL

HUMAN

SOCIAL

PROTECTED
ELEMENTS

SAFE
CONDITIONS

PRESSURE
RELEASES

POSTIVE
UNDERLYING
CAUSES

WHICH elements
are not badly
affected by the
hazard?

WHAT capacities
exist that help
protect the
elements from the
impact of hazard?

WHO is helping
the create safe
conditions? HOW
is this done?

WHAT political ideas,

economic principles and
cultural practices support
and motivate those helping
to create safe conditions?

38

Summary Table
SECTOR

Infrastructure

Agriculture

HAZARD

&910463&

VULNERABILITY

CAPACITY

Variable

Indicator

Source

Variable

Indicator

Source

Variable

Indicator

Source

Earthquake

Magnitude
and
Intensity

PHILVOLCS

Length of
roads

Kilometer

DPWH

Quality of
roads by
type

Kilometer

DPWH

Hectares

Local DA

Rice and
other crop
vulnerabilities

Age

Local DA

Crop insurance, post harvest facilities,

cropping calendar

Hectares

Local DA

Rice and
other crop
vulnerabilities

Age

Local DA

Crop insurance, post harvest facilities,

cropping calendar

Flood due to Millimeter per

extreme rain hour (mm/hr)
of rain

Drought

Millimeter per
hour (mm/hr)
of rain

PAGASA

PAGASA

Rice fields
and other
agricultural
fields

Rice fields
and other
agricultural
fields

Road improvement program

Climate Anitcipatory Adaptation Matrix (MDGF 1656 FORMAT)

AREA/SECTOR
(CHAWF++)

CC
VULNERABILITY

SOCIO-ECONOMIC
IMPACT

ADAPTATION
OPTION/PPAS

Most vulnerable sectors

according to IPCC Report

Based on Climate Scenarios

& Vulnerability Assessment Tool

Social, Economic &

Environmental Implications of
Vulnerabilities if not
addressed

Prioritized Adaptation
Measure/s determined by
the Stakeholders

COASTAL
HEALTH
AGRICULTURE
WATER
FORESTRY
+++

Marinduque Council for Environmental

Concerns (MACEC), Ateneo School
of Government, Manila Observatory,
Coastal Core Sorsogon, Aksyon Klima
Pilipinas, Regional Climate Change
Adaptation Platform for Asia, Province
of Albay, Province of Iloilo (2012),
Alternative Pathways to Climate
Change Adaptation and Disaster
Risk Reduction: Mainstreaming and
Integration in Development Planning
and Budgeting of Local Government
Units, Philippines: Aksyon Klima and the
Building Disaster-Resilient Communities
Learning Circle.
This material, which is dedicated to
the Filipino people, is a product of
SHARED KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM
and should be OWNED BY HUMANITY.
The authors and the publishers did not
put a copyright on this material and,
believing in social justice, no one should
claim this material as their own alone.
Thus, we encourage that this material
be used and shared where appropriate.
Our only request is that if (1) any part
of this material is used, please cite as
recommended above; (2) any part of
this or the entire material is reprinted
please RESPECT THE INTEGRITY of
the entire material, please attribute
the material to the organizations that
developed it, and please coordinate
with or inform the publishers
through Coordinator Aksyon Klima
<coordinator@aksyonklima.com>,
aksyon klima <aksyonklima@gmail.
com>.
This toolkit is licensed under Creative
Commons, Attribution-NonCommercialShareAlike. CC BY-NC-SA.03 http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/. (This license lets others
remix, tweak, and build upon the work
non-commercially, as long as they credit
authors and the publishers and license
their new creations under the identical
terms.)

Lead Writers and Developers of the

Toolkit:
Miguel Magalang, MACEC
Rosa Perez, Gemma Narisma, Kendra
Gotangco, Manila Observatory
Jessica Dator-Bercilla, Ateneo School
of Government
Shirley Torrecampo-Bolanos, Coastal
Core Sorsogon
Learning Associates who assisted in
the processes that contributed to the
finalization of the toolkit:
Arvin Jo, Marien Nilo-Fulo Elirozz Carlie
Labaria, Margarita Roxas, Maila Quiring,
Raymund Daen
Design, layout & illustrations:
Emmanuel Marbella, Fusedesign Ltd. Co.

Main Contributors:
National and Local Government
Institutions, Civil Society Organizations,
Academic and Research Institutions who
took part in the Adaptation Knowledge
Platform activities in the PhilIppines
Lourdes Tibig
Bryan Hugill, Raitong Organics Farm
Hon. Jose Clemente Salceda, Governor,
Province of Albay
Mario Nillos (PPDO), Province of Iloilo
Cedric Daep (APSEMO), Province of
Albay
Aksyon Klima Adaptation Cluster
Members (PRRM, IIRR, World Vision,
CERD, Sarilaya, PRDCI, CEC, SEARICE,
TWN )
Union of Local Authorities in the the
Philippines through Sonia Lorenzo
These efforts would not have been
possible without the support of:
Christian Aid
United Nations Environment Program
and the Regional Climate Change
Adaptation Knowledge Platform for Asia