Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Sistema Imune
Como Ele Protege
Seu Corpo
O Seu Incrvel
Sistema Imune
Como Ele Protege
Seu Corpo
Prefcio
Este
livro
foi
elaborado
para
ajud-lo
a
entender
melhor
como
o
sistema
imune
funciona.
Foi
compilado
pela
Sociedade
Japonesa
de
Imunologia,
um
grupo
que
pesquisa
a
imunidade.
O
sistema
imune,
ou
o
modo
como
o
corpo
se
protege
contra
germes
como
bactrias,
incrivelmente
organizado.
Quanto
mais
voc
ca
sabendo
sobre
ele,
mais
voc
compreende
o
quo
esse
sistema
verdadeiramente
fascinante.
Ele
feito
de
uma
enorme
quanFdade
de
molculas
e
clulas
que
trabalham
juntas
em
coordenao
nFma
para
proteger
nossos
organismos
de
invasores
estranhos.
Ainda
assim,
exatamente
esta
complexidade
que
faz
algumas
pessoas
pensarem
que
o
sistema
imune
deve
ser
diucil
demais
para
ser
entendido.
Esperamos
que
ao
ler
este
livro,
voc
comece
a
pensar,
Ah,
ento
isto
que
o
sistema
imune?
ou
Ento,
assim
que
ele
funciona!
e
isso
far
voc
querer
aprender
mais
sobre
o
assunto.
Tomoko
Ishikawa
generosamente
ilustrou
o
livro.
O
livro
inteiro
foi
criado
atravs
da
dedicao
e
entusiasmo
do
Dr
Yousuke
Takahama,
colaborando
com
membros
do
Comit
de
Promoo
da
Educao
e
o
Comit
de
Negcios
Pblicos
da
Sociedade
Japonesa
de
Imunologia.
Seus
esforos
foram
editados
com
grande
cuidado
por
Shinobu
Yamashita,
do
departamento
de
edio
da
Yodosha.
Meus
agradecimentos
a
todos
eles.
Finalmente,
peo
que
se
voc
encontrar
partes
do
livro
que
sejam
diuceis
de
entender,
por
favor
avise-nos.
Ns
gostaramos
de
uFlizar
seus
comentrios
para
tornar
este
livro
ainda
melhor.
,
anal
de
contas,
um
livro
que
foi
criado
para
todos
vocs,
por
isso
estou
ansioso
para
ouvir
o
que
vocs
pensam.
Abril
de
2008,
Sociedade
Japonesa
de
Imunologia
Masayuki
Miyasaka
Todo
dia,
o
sistema
imune
est
ocupado
protegendo-o
de
milhares
de
germes
ao
seu
redor
que
podem
faz-lo
car
doente.
Seu
sistema
imune
faz
este
trabalho
to
ecientemente
que
voc
nem
percebe
que
ele
est
trabalhando.
As
vacinas
aFvam
seu
sistema
imune,
capacitando-o
para
defender
o
organismo
contra
germes
que
ainda
esto
para
serem
encontrados.
Normalmente,
as
vacinas
no
causam
mais
incmodo
do
que
uma
rpida
picada
no
seu
brao
ou
coxa,
facilmente
esquecvel,
mas
o
salvam
de
car
seriamente
doente
ou
morrer
daquela
doena.
Atualmente,
muitas
pessoas
sofrem
de
alergias
como
a
asma
ou
doenas
autoimunes
como
a
artrite
reumatide.
Claro
que
aqueles
de
vocs
que
sofrem
desses
padecimentos
j
esto
cautelosos,
tendo
sofrido
de
respostas
do
sistema
imune
excessivamente
agressivas.
Entretanto,
no
se
esqueam
de
que
essas
queixas
so
resultado
de
uma
resposta
imune
mal
dirigida,
mas
que,
quando
est
tudo
bem,
na
realidade
ela
previne
que
voc
caia
como
presa
de
todos
os
agentes
infecciosos
ao
seu
redor.
Uma
olhada
no
que
pode
acontecer
se
o
sistema
imune
falhar
vai
ajud-lo
a
reconhecer
a
importncia
da
resposta
para
o
seu
bem
estar.
Se
voc
crescer
sem
um
sistema
imune
funcionante,
voc
no
s
ter
falta
de
quaisquer
meios
de
proteg-lo
dos
germes
que
causam
doena,
como
tambm
seu
corpo
no
ser
capaz
de
detect-los
ou
elimin-los,
bem
como
quaisquer
de
suas
clulas
que
se
comportem
de
maneira
errada.
Se
no
forem
eliminadas,
tais
clulas
podem
eventualmente
se
desenvolver
em
um
cncer.
Os
cienFstas
acreditam
que
um
melhor
entendimento
de
como
o
sistema
imune
opera
nos
capacitar
para
desenvolver
novas
vacinas.
Muitos
esto
trabalhando
procura
de
uma
vacina
contra
doenas
infecciosas
como
a
AIDS,
que
ameaa
milhes
de
pessoas,
a
maioria
nos
pases
em
desenvolvimento.
Alm
disso,
outros
esto
tentando
entender
o
que
acontece
de
errado
com
a
resposta
imune
no
caso
de
vrias
doenas
autoimunes
e
alergias,
e
tambm
por
que
o
sistema
imune
s
vezes
falha
em
combater
o
cncer.
Com
este
entendimento,
os
cienFstas
esperam
um
dia
desenvolver
vacinas
efeFvas
contra
doenas
autoimunes,
doenas
alrgicas
e
cncer,
e
mais
efeFvas
contra
doenas
infecciosas.
Este
livro,
originalmente
inFtulado
Karada
wo
Mamoru
Meneki
no
Fushigi,
foi
concebido
e
criado
por
pesquisadores
japoneses
que
trabalham
na
Contents
Contedo
Contents
Prefcio
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Foreword
Foreword
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Parte
I
Tudo
sobre
a
Imunidade
I
I
All
1
All
about
O
Bsico
dImmunity
o
Sistema
Imune
PartPart
about
Immunity
O
que
o
sistema
imune
faz?
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10
Sempre
se
perguntou
por
que
no
pega
a
mesma
doena
duas
vezes?
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12
1nde
1The
of the
Immune
Basics
of
O
ca
oThe
sBasics
istema
imune
no
the
seu
cImmune
orpo?
System
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System
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14
As
mvuitas
c
lulas
d
o
s
istema
i
mune
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.1.6
10
What
does
the
immune
system
do?
v What does the immune system do? .
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..10
Trs
vmEver
aneiras
dwondered
e
destruir
atgenos
.
.
.
the
.get
.
.
same
.the
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.
same
.
disease
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disease
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twice?
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twice?
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.12
.
.1.8
12
wondered
why pyou
dont
get
v Ever
why
you dont
v Where
in your
bodybody
is theisimmune
system?
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .14
v Where
in your
the immune
system?
. . 14
v
The
2
v
many
The
Como
o
S
istema
I
mune
T
rabalha
cells
of
the
immune
system
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many cells of the immune system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Como
o
sistema
imune
disFngue
entre
patgenos
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v Three
ways
of destroying
a pathogen
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v Three ways
of destroying
a pathogen
. . 18
Como
o
sistema
imune
pode
reconhecer
germes
diferentes.
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24
Como
os
sistema
imune
se
lembra
de
patgenos
que
j
encontrou
antes
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26
2 2How
the the
Immune
System
Works
How
Immune
System
Works
v
How
3
v
How
the
Onde
a
s
C
lulas
d
o
S
istema
I
mune
So
Feitas
e
Onde
. E. las
immune
system
distinguishes
among
pathogens
. . ..T..rabalham
the immune
system
distinguishes
among
pathogens
.. .. .. .. .. .. . .20
. . 20
Onde
a
s
c
lulas
i
munes
s
o
f
eitas?
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24
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29
v How
the
immune
system
can
recognise
different
germs
.
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v How the immune system can recognise different germs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Onde
as
clulas
imunes
trabalham
e
como
elas
chegam
l?
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v How
the immune
system
remembers
pathogens
its met
before
. . . . .. .. .. . .26
v How
the immune
system
remembers
pathogens
its met
before
. . 26
Como
as
clulas
imunes
encontram
seu
caminho
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32
Como
as
clulas
imunes
se
ajudam
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34
C3omo
o
sistema
imune
se
Cells
regula
.Immune
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.
.Immune
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.
System
.
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.
System
.
.
.
.
.
are
.
.
.
.
are
.Made
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Made
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.and
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.and
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36
the
Cells
of the
3Where
Where
the
of
.
the
Por
que
o
sWhere
istema
imune
no
ataca
o
corpo
ou
o
alimento
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38
Where
They
Work
They
Work
v Where
are immune
cells cells
made?
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .29
v Where
are immune
made?
..
v Where
do immune
cells cells
workwork
and how
do they
get there?
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .30
v Where
do immune
and how
do they
get there?
..
v How
immune
cells cells
find their
way around
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .32
v How
immune
find their
way around
..
v How
immune
cells cells
help help
eacheach
otherother
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .34
v How
immune
..
v How
the
immune
system
regulates
itself
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36
v How the immune system regulates itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v Why
the immune
system
doesnt
attack
the body
or food
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .38
v Why
the immune
system
doesnt
attack
the body
or food
..
29
30
32
34
36
38
Parte
I
Tudo
sobre
a
Imunologia
1.
Severe Combined
Imunodecincia
Immunodeficiency
Combinada Grave
100,000
Severe Combined
Immunodeficiency
Severe Combined
Immunodeficiency
100.000
100,000
100,000
By now you probably realise that if you were born without any immunity
whatsoever
or if your immune
systemque
se
Agora
voc
provavelmente
percebe
stopped functioning,
youd be at the mercy of germs that
nasceu
sem
imunidade
ou
se
o
seu
sistema
imune
parou
de
funcionar,
voc
estaria
a
see,
merc
your body could
normally
protect you
from.
So you
it dos
micrbios
contra
os
quais
seu
corpo
normalmente
might feel like your immune system doesnt do very
much, but, inpoderia
proteg-lo.
Ento
voc
imagina
que
talvez
fact, it is there protecting your body night
seu
sistema
imune
no
faz
muito,
mas,
de
fato,
ele
and day.
est
a
protegendo
o
seu
corpo
noite
e
dia.
11
infeco
Immunological
Memory
Memria
Imunolgica
13
Because blood
circulates throughout
our entire body, white blood cells are
present everywhere too. So, to answer the question, you can find the
immune system anywhere and everywhere in your body. However,
there are places in the body where white blood cells are particularly
Como
o
sangue
circula
atravs
do
nosso
corpo
inteiro,
os
leuccitos
esto
concentrated.
These
places
are theEnto,
lymphpara
nodes
and the spleen,
and voc
presentes
em
todo
lugar
tambm.
responder
a
pergunta,
theyencontrar
are important
because
they are
sites from
whichlugar
the immune
pode
o
sistema
imune
em
the
qualquer
e
todo
no
seu
corpo.
system
when
you have
an infection.
We will
tell you
more
Porm,
h
launches
lugares
no
corpo
em
que
os
leuccitos
esto
parFcularmente
concentrados.
Estes
lugares
os
linfonodos
conhecidos
como
about what the
spleen
and so
the lymph
nodes do(tambm
later.
ndulos
ou
gnglios
linfFcos)
e
o
bao,
e
so
importantes
porque
neles
que
o
sistema
imune
lana
uma
resposta
quando
voc
tem
uma
infeco.
Contaremos
mais
sobre
o
bao
e
os
linfonodos
depois.
14
gulp
Hi! Oi!
Ops
spleen
Oi!
bao
bao
Clula
branca
=
White
blood
cell
ou
leuccito
=
immune
cell
clula
imune
15
So now lets look at some of the different cells that make up the immune system (remem
bloodccells).
As
white
muitas
lulas
do
sistema
imune
neutrophil
If you get hurt and your skin breaks open, germs
Ento
vamos
agora
dar
uma
olhada
nas
diferentes
clulas
que
compem
o
sistema
imune
can aget
into your
body
through the cut. When this
(lembrem-se
que
estas
so
os
leuccitos,
s
clulas
brancas).
happens, neutrophils, a group of white blood cells
always
blood,
migrate to the
neutrlo
Se
voc
that
se
mare
achucar
e
spresent
ua
pele
sin
e
rthe
omper,
germes
site to destroy
germs.
podem
entrar
no
seu
the
corpo
atravs
do
corte.
Quando
isto
acontece,
neutrlos,
um
grupo
de
leuccitos
que
esto
presentes
no
sangue,
migram
para
o
local
e
destrem
os
germes.
macrophage
Another type of white
blood
macrfago
cell is the macrophage, which
destroys pathogens directly by
Outro
Fpo
de
leuccito
eating them.
find macroo
macrfago,
que
Youll
destri
patgenos
diretamente
ao
liver, skin
phages
in the lungs,
com-los.
Voc
encontra
and gut.
macrfagos
nos
pulmes,
ugado,
pele
e
intesFnos.
16
Lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell, and they are the smallest
members of the family. They can measure less than a 100th of a millimetre or 10
microns. If you were to look at them under a microscope, they would all look the
same. But if you were to investigate a little further, youd find that there are difLinfcitos
o
oits
utro
Fpo
de
leuccitos,
e
eles
so
os
menores
membros
ferent
types,
each swith
own
specialised
function.
da
famlia.
Elas
podem
medir
menos
do
que
um
centsimo
de
um
milmetro
ou
10
micra.
Se
voc
os
observasse
em
um
microscpio,
eles
B cell
One
type of
lymphocyte
youd discover
is the B
lymphotodos
pareceriam
iguais.
Mas
se
voc
invesFgar
um
pouco
mais,
voc
cyte
or
B
cell.
B
cells
produce
special
weapons
called
antidescobriria
que
h
diferentes
Fpos,
cada
qual
com
sua
prpria
funo
especializada.
bodies which stick to a pathogen and help the immune syslinfcito
B
tem to destroy it. Other lymphocytes are known as
Um
Fpo
de
linfcito
que
voc
encontraria
o
linfcito
B
ou
T cells
and killer Tarmas
cells. Helper
T cells
help B
clula
B.
helper
Clulas
B
produzem
especiais
chamadas
produce
antibodies
and also
boost o
thesistema
abilian;corpos,
cells
que
to
grudam
em
um
patgeno
e
ajudam
ty of macrophages
to attackso
pathogens.
Killer
T
imune
a
destru-lo.
Outros
linfcitos
conhecidos
como
cells, asou
their
name esuggests,
are hit
men of
linfcitos
T
helper
Auxiliares
os
linfcitos
T
killer
ou
the
white bloodOs
cell
family. TThey
bump off anycomo
cellso
exterminadores.
linfcitos
exterminadores,
prprio
nome
sugere,
so
oby
s
"amatadores
de
aluguel
that have
been
infected
virus.
da
famlia
de
clulas
brancas
do
sangue.
helper T cell
killer T cell
Elas
eliminam
quaisquer
clulas
que
estejam
infectadas
por
um
vrus.
linfcito
T
Killer
dendritic cell
linfcito T helper
One more important type of white blood cell is the dendritic cell. This cell gets its name from all the arms it has
Um
Fpo
mais
importante
de
leuccito
a
clula
dendrFca.
Ela
that
reach
outpof
like the
a tree
(Dendron
recebe
este
nome
or
itcausa
de
branches
todos
os
bofraos
que
ela
tem,
isque
se
Greek for
tree).
germs
enter
the body,
is theddenespalham
para
o
lado
When
externo
como
se
fossem
os
ritamos
e
uma
dritic
cells
that
help
helper
T
cells
understand
what
kind
of os
rvore
(dendron
a
palavra
grega
para
"rvore").
Quando
germes
entram
no
organismo,
so
as
DCs
que
auxiliam
as
clulas
T
pathogen it is, and how best to destroy it.
helper
entender
que
that
Fpo
different
de
patgeno
,
e
blood
qual
acells
So farawe
have learnt
typesele
white
are
m
elhor
m
aneira
d
e
d
estru-lo.
concentrated in different areas of the body (spleen and lymph
nodes).
And
weagora,
also know
that whileque
theydiferentes
have distinct
roles,
all
At
aprendemos
Fpos
de
they
leuccitos
work together
to protect em
the body.
concentram-se
diferentes
reas
do
organismo
(bao
e
Clula
dendrFca
In humans, the B in B cell stands for bone marrow,
where
the
cells
are produced.
It also
stands
for de
the "bone
Em
humanos,
o
B
das
clulas
B
vem
bursa marrow
of Fabricius,
where othe
are
made
in birds.
(em
ingls),
u
mcells
edula
ssea,
onde
estas
clulas
The Tso
in Tproduzidas.
cells stands
for thymus,
organ
where onde
Tambm
vem
de
the
bursa
de
Fabricius,
clulas
do
sangue
so
produzidas
nos
pssaros.
O
T
em
these as
cells
develop.
Now lets find out a little more about how white blood cells rid theneutrophil
body of pathogens.
bacterium
whole
Now1letsSwallowing
find out a littlethem
more about
how white blood cells rid the body of pathogens.
Agora
vamos
aprender
um
pouco
mais
sobre
como
os
leuccitos
livram
o
Neutrophils
and
macrophages
neutrophil
organismo
de
patgenos
bacterium
swallow
pathogens,
in
particular
bac1 Swallowing them whole
neutrlo
neutrophil
teria, whole. They also kill the bacteria
bactria
bacterium
Neutrophils
and
macrophages
Swallowing
wholethem
1 Engolindo-os
inteiros.
macrophage
they swallowedthem
by
breaking
swallow pathogens, in particular bacinto pieces.
down
Neutrlos
e
macrfagos
Neutrophils
and
macrophages
teria, whole. They also kill the bacteria
engolem
patgenos,
em
bacswallow
pathogens,
in particular
macrophage
they
swallowed
by breaking
them
parFcular
bactrias,
inteiros.
teria, whole. They also kill the bacteria
macrfago
down into
s
t pieces.
a m b bym
breaking
m a t a m
them
Wow!
macrophage
theyE l eswallowed
b a c t r i a s
f a g o c i t a d a s
down into pieces.
(engolidas)
quebrando-as
em
Wow!
pedacinhos.
Nossa!
Wow!
Go for it!
Go for it!
Vai
fundo!
killer T cell
T cell
Linfcito
T
killer
killer
18
18
18
Bye
Bye
B cell
B cell
linfcito
B
Vrus
com
antibody
virusvirus
withwith
antibody
anFcorpo
aderido
attached
attached to itto it
B cell
antibody
B cell
B cell
linfcito
B
Linfcito
B
bacterium
antibody
antibody
anFcorpo
bacteriumbacterial
bactria
bacterium
bactria
toxins
Ow
Ow
Ai...
Ow
bacterial
Toxinas
bacterial
toxinas
toxins
toxins
bacterianas
bacterianas
3 Antibody smothering
Once inside the body, bacteria not only multiply, but also
produce chemicals that are harmful to the body called bacteAntibody smothering
Neutralizao
por
an;corpos
Antibody
smothering
3 3To
rial toxins.
stop bacterial
toxins from being able to funcOncevez
inside
the body,
bacteria
onlyantibodies.
multiply,
grudados
tion, B cells
Uma
dentro
do
corpo,
as
not
bactrias
no
s
but
se
also
them
with
weapons
bacterium with
Oncesmother
inside the
body,
bacteria
not called
only multiply,
but also
mulFplicam,
como
themselves
tambm
produzem
substncias
produce
chemicals
that
are harmful
to theto
body
called bactebacterium
with
antibodies
Antibodies
can chemicals
also
attach
to to
viruses
prevent
produce
that are
harmful
the body
called bacteantibodies
stuck to it
qumicas
prejudiciais
chamadas
toxinas
bacterianas.
rialpenetrating
toxins. To stop bacterial
toxins that
from cant
being enter
able to functhem from
Andtoxins
viruses
stuck to it
rial
toxins. To stopcells.
bacterial
from being
able to funcPara
impedir
que
estas
toxinas
funcionem,
os
linfcitos
tion,
B cells smother them with weapons called antibodies.
cells, cant
multiply.
tion,
cells smother
with
weaponsanFcorpos.
called antibodies.
B
aAntibodies
s
Bneutralizam
om
them
aattach
rmas
cthemselves
hamadas
Eto
stas
can calso
to viruses
prevent
Antibodies
have
another
important
job.
They
attach
themAntibodies
can
also attach
themselves
toaos
viruses
to prevent
molculas
tambm
podem
aderir
vrus
para
them from
penetrating
Andmacrophages.
viruses that We
cant enter
selves to
bacteria
topenetrating
flag
them
ascells.
a cells.
meal
for
prevenir
eles
penetrem
nas
clulas.
os
vrus
them
fromque
And
virusesE
that
cantque
enter
cells,
cant multiply.
know that
macrophages
swallow
bacteria
anyway,
but
they
macrophage
no
e
ntram
n
as
c
lulas
n
o
p
odem
s
e
m
ulFplicar.
cells, cant multiply.
Antibodies
have another
important
job.
They attach
themcan do this
job anFcorpos
much
better
when
the
bacteria
are
covered
Antibodies
Os
tm
outro
papel
Eles
have
another
important
job.importante.
They
attachin
themselves
to
bacteria
tode
flag
themthe
as awhole
mealmarc-las
for
macrophages.
We
macrfago
antibodies.
Antibodies
travel
around
body
via como
the
aderem
superucie
bactrias
para
selves
to
bacteria
to
flag
them
as
a
meal
for
macrophages.
We
know
thatthat
macrophages
swallow
but they
macrophage
uma
refeio
para
macrfagos.
Sabemos
que
blood. That
means
whatever
part
of thebacteria
body
is anyway,
infected,
know
that
macrophages
swallow
bacteria
anyway,
but
they
macrophage
can
do
this
job
much
better
when
the
bacteria
are
covered
macrfagos
as
bactrias
de
the
qualquer
modo,
in
antibodies
can moveenglobam
to it quickly
to confront
pathogen.
can
doeles
this job
muchrealizar
bettertravel
when
the
bacteria
are covered
mas
podem
este
around
trabalho
bem
melhor
antibodies.
Antibodies
the whole
body viainthe
antibodies.
Antibodies
travel
aroundpart
the
whole
bodyisvia
quando
bactrias
so
whatever
cobertas
de
of
anFcorpos.
Os
the
blood. as
That
means that
the body
infected,
blood.
That means
that
whatever
parttoofconfront
the body
issangue.
infected,
anFcorpos
viajam
ao
redor
do
organismo
pelo
the
antibodies
can move
to it quickly
pathogen.
Isto
signica
que
toqualquer
seja
a
do
antibodies
can move
it quickly que
to confront
theparte
pathogen.
organismo
infectada,
os
anFcorpos
podem
se
mover
rapidamente
para
l
para
confrontar
o
patgeno.
bacterium with
antibodies
Bactria
com
stuck to it anFcorpos
19
19
19
body and decide on the best means to deal with it. Earlier, we learned
that because of immune memory, people whod had mumps once
Como
o
sistema
imune
dis;nge
entre
diferentes
patgenos
couldnt get sick with it again. But this would not stop them from getting sick from something else, like measles. The cells of the immune
system
OThe
sistema
imune
pode
idenFcar
qwhat
ual
ppathogen
atgeno
infectou
o
measles
immune
can
identify
has has
infected
youryour
can
tellsystem
the
difference
between
mumps
virus
and
The
immune
system
can
identify
what
pathogen
infected
corpo
e
decide
qual
a
melhor
maneira
de
lidar
com
ele.
body
and
decide
on the
best
means
to them
deal
with
it.
Earlier,
we learned
virus
because
the
cells
memorise
as with
two
different
body
and
decide
on the
best
means
to
deal
it.entirely
Earlier,
we learned
Anteriormente,
aprendemos
que
por
causa
da
memria
that
because
of
immune
memory,
people
whod
had
mumps
onceonce
things.
that because
of immune
whod
had
mumps
imunolgica,
quem
j
teve
memory,
caxumba
people
uma
vez,
no
ca
couldnt
get sicksystems
withwith
it again.
But But
this
would
not stop
themthem
fromfrom
getThe
immune
ability
doothis
is known
rather
difficouldnt
sick
would
notdby
stop
getdoente
disso
get
outra
vez.
Mit
as
again.
isso
to
no
/a
impediria
e
pthe
egar
ting
sick
from
something
else,
like
measles.
The
cells
of
the
immune
cult
term
of
antigen
specificity.
ting
sick from
something
else,
measles.
cells do
of the immune
outra
doena,
como
sarampo,
por
like
exemplo.
As
The
clulas
system
can
tell
the
difference
between
mumps
virus
and
measles
sistema
imune
a
ddifference
iferena
entre
os
vrus
da
caxumba
system
cansabem
tell the
between
mumps
virus and
measles
because
the
cells
memorise
them
as
two
entirely
different
e
virus
do
sarampo
porque
elas
as
memorizam
como
2
coisas
virus because the cells memorise them as two entirely different
things.
completamente
diferentes.
things.
A
capacidade
do
sistema
imune
de
fazer
isto
conhecida
TheThe
immune
systems
ability
to do
is known
by the
diffi-diffiimmune
systems
ability
tothis
do this
is known
by rather
the rather
pelo
b
em
d
iucil
t
ermo
"
especicidade
a
nFgnica".
cultcult
term
of antigen
specificity.
term
of antigen
specificity.
How
thethe
immune
system
distinguishes
among
pathoge
How
immune
system
distinguishes
among
patho
20
patgeno
Com-
bina!
Forma
errada
Receptor de Angeno
click
Perfeito!
E este aqui?
No
combina
Earlier we told you that B cells get rid of pathogens by pro
J
os
receptores
de
clulas
T
assemelham-se
a
bastes
e
tm
ducing antibodies that smother them.
somente
um
buraco
na
extremidade.
Dissemos
Actually,
anteriormente
que
os
linfcitos
B
se
livram
de
receptors
these antibodies
look exactly
like antigen
patgenos
produzindo
anFcorpos
que
os
neutralizam.
that have been cut off a cell at the base of the stem. And they
have eexactly
the samepshaped
as cBomo
cell
receptors.
Na
realidade,
stes
anFcorpos
arecem
openings
exatamente
receptores
When
de
angeno
q
ue
f
oram
c
ortados
d
e
u
ma
c
lula
you catch mumps, only B cells that have
antigen re
em
sua
base.
E
eles
tceptors
m
exatamente
as
mesmas
berturas
antibodfor the mumps
virusawill
produce
que
os
receptores
dies,
e
linfcitos
Quando
algum
contrai
as onlyB.
these
antibodies
can attach
to the
caxumba,
somente
as
clulas
B
que
tm
receptores
de
virus. It wouldnt make any sense for B cells to pro
angeno
para
o
vrus
da
caxumba
produziro
anFcorpos,
duce antibodies that could attach to, say, the
porque
somente
estes
anFcorpos
podem
aderir
a
esses
virus
in this case.
So you see,
in this way
vrus.
No
faria
measles
senFdo
se
os
linfcitos
B
produzissem
immuneaderir
system
very clever.
anFcorpos
que
the
pudessem
a,
disigamos,
vrus
do
sarampo
neste
caso.
Ento
voc
percebe
que
deste
modo
o
sistema
imune
bastante
inteligente.
B cell
22
Unlike antibodies, T cell antigen receptors cant attach themselves to pathogens without
help.
Here, the dendritic cells that we told you about earlier play an important role. Dendritic
cells clear the
of pathogens,
and they do
in two ways.
They swallow
body
Diferente
dos
anFcorpos,
os
this
receptores
de
angenos
de
pathogens
linfcitos
diT
no
rectly or theyconseguem
swallow cells
that
have
been
infected
by
them.
Having
feasted
on
them
aderir
aos
patgenos
sem
ajuda.
n this way,
dendritic
cells
carefully
out piecestm
of the
for displayAs
on
Aqui,
as
DCs,
que
j
push
mencionamos,
um
pathogen
papel
importante.
DCs
eliminam
platforms that
cover the
of thee
dendritic
in Elas
this way,
patgenos
do
surface
organismo,
o
fazem
cell.
por
Presented
2
caminhos.
"engolem"
patgenos
he pieces ofdiretamente
pathogen actou
as"engolem"
signs for T clulas
cells saying,
Weve por
patgenos.
Tendo
que
Hey,
foram
look!
infectadas
Fdo
este
banquete
been infected
with
this
germ. com
patgenos,
as
DCs
empurram
cuidadosamente
pra
fora
pedaos
do
patgeno
para
exibio
em
plataformas
que
obrem
a
superucie
helper
T ccell
DCs.
Apresentados
esta
maneira,
os
pedaos
de
patgenos
atuam
como
This act ofdas
signalling
what germ dcaused
an infecsinais
para
os
presentation.
linfcitos
T
dizendo,
"Ei,
vejam!
estamos
infectadas
ion is known
as antigen
com
este
germe.
linfcito
T
helper
pieces
Este
ato
e
sinalizar
ual
germe
causou
And because
ofdeach
virus, qlike
uma
infeco
conhecido
como
apresentao
hose for thede
mumps
and measles,
anigenos.
are different
in
a edaos
T cell de
cada
vrus,
como
Eshape,
como
p
can tell exactly
virus has
os
which
da
caxumba
e
do
sarampo,
so
diferentes
e
m
f
ormato,
um
linfcito
T
nfected the body.
consegue
dizer
exatamente
Once dendritic
cells
have
vrus
infectou
presented anqual
antigen,
T cells o
corpo.
Uma
vez
que
as
DCs
can identify apresentaram
it and go ahead
um
and do their angeno,
work.
os
linfcitos
T
They alert conseguem
the other cells
of
idenFc-lo
e
seguir
com
telling
o
seu
trabalho.
he immuneadiante
system
hem what pathogen
they have
Elas
alertam
outras
clulas
sistema
imune
dizendo
o deal with.
do
The
immune
system
com
q
ual
p
atgeno
las
tm
ue
can now begin to attack germsethat
are qliving
lidar.
O
sistema
imune
pode
agora
and multiplying
inside
the bodys
cells.
comear
a
atacar
os
germes
que
esto
vivendo
dendritic
clula
dcell
endrFca
e
se
mulFplicando
dentro
das
clulas
do
organismo.
The platform described here is called the Major Histocompatibility Complex, or MHC. It got its name
because it determines
howdescrita
well aaqui
tissue
or organ
is accepted
by the body. Histoou
isMHC
the (do
A
plataforma
chamada
de
transplant
Complexo
Principal
de
HistocompaFbilidade,
Latin word for
tissue and compatible means to match. Improving our understanding of how the MHC
ingls,
Major
HistocompaFbility
Complex).
Este
nome
vem
da
determinao
de
quo
bem
um
tecido
ou
rgo
transplantado
aceito
pelo
organismo.
Histo
a
palavra
laFna
para
tecido
e
compavel
signica
works is vital
to making progress with transplant medicine or stem cell treatments for degenerative
capaz
de
se
combinar.
Um
melhor
entendimento
de
como
o
MHC
funciona
vital
para
o
progresso
com
diseases.
a
medicina
dos
transplantes
ou
tratamento
com
clulas
tronco
para
doenas
degeneraFvas.
23
Weve learned that each lymphocyte has only one type of antigen receptor.
So when you catch
the mumps, only
lymphocytes with antigen receptors for
reconhecer
diferentes
germes
the
mumps
virus
willeach
detect
it. Cells that
other
ignore
Weve
learned
that
lymphocyte
hasdetect
only one
typepathogens
of antigenwill
receptor.
it. when
But allyou
around
millions
upon
millions of
different
Clearly
So
catchus
theare
mumps,
only
lymphocytes
with
antigengerms.
receptors
for
Aprendemos
que
cada
linfcito
tem
somente
um
Fpo
de
receptor
de
then,
the body
needs
to haveit.anCells
enormous
number
ofpathogens
different lymphocytes
the
mumps
virus
will detect
that detect
other
will
ignore
angeno.
Ento,
quando
se
pega
caxumba,
somente
os
linfcitos
com
to
protect
it.
it. But all around us are millions upon millions of different germs. Clearly
receptores
de
angeno
para
vrus
da
caxumba
detect-lo-o.
Clulas
que
then, the outros
body needs
to have iro
an enormous
of different
lymphocytes
detectam
patgenos
ignor-lo.
number
Mas
ao
nosso
redor,
h
milhes
e
milhes
de
diferentes
germes.
Claramente
ento,
o
corpo
to protect
it.
necessita
ter
um
nmero
enorme
de
linfcitos
diferentes
para
proteg-lo.
Luckily, it does. If you were to look up how many antigen receptors humans have, you would
find that there are over 10 BILLION different kinds! That is 10,000,000,000. With so many dif
Felizmente,
ele
tem.
Se
voc
fosse
pesquisar
quantos
receptores
receptors,
there is tbound
beeone
lymphocytehin
the
body
can recognise whatever
de
ferent
aLuckily,
ngenos
s
humanos
emos,
vtooc
m
ais
de
that
it ndoes.
If you were
to look
upncontraria
how manyque
antigen
receptors
humans have, you would
pathogen
it. And with
all
ofsthese
lymphocytes working
together,
system can
10
find
BILHES
denters
e
diferentes
Ou
eja,
10.000.000.000.
Com
tantos
the immune
that there
are over F
10pos.
BILLION
different
kinds! That
is 10,000,000,000.
With so many difprotect
the
body
from
a
huge
variety
of
pathogens.
diferentes
receptores,
pra
cada
inpatgeno,
haja
can
um
linfcito
whatever
ferent receptors,
there determina-se
is bound to be que,
one lymphocyte
the body that
recognise
especco
no
organismo
que
possa
reconhecer
qualquer
patgeno
que
entre
nele.
E
pathogen enters it. And with all of these lymphocytes working together, the immune system can
com
todos
estes
linfcitos
trabalhando
juntos,
o
sistema
imune
pode
proteger
o
protect the
a huge
varietydof
organismo
de
body
uma
from
enorme
variedade
e
ppathogens.
atgenos.
Genes
pai
dad
Genes
dad
24
me
eu
24
me
Usually we say that one gene makes one part of the body, but this is not the case with antigen
receptors. The genes that make them up are all separated into segments like the pieces of a
Normalmente,
dizemos
que
um
gene
faz
uma
parte
do
corpo,
mas
no
este
o
puzzle. And itscaso
only com
inside
thatangenos.
these pieces
of genes
can
combined
differos
lymphocytes
receptores
de
Os
genes
que
os
be
fazem
esto
in
separados
ent ways to produce
any number
of blueprints
forde
antigen
receptors.
em
segmentos
como
os
pedaos
um
quebra-cabeas.
E
somente
dentro
dos
From the hundreds of puzzle pieces available, a lymphocyte selects two or three to combine. A lymphocyte
pu
can put these pieces together in many different ways,
and because
there
to bede
inaccuracies
the
Das
tends
centenas
peas
de
when
quebra-cabeas
pieces are linked,
an extraordinary
number
of different
disponveis,
um
linfcito
seleciona
2
ou
3
para
se
antigen receptors
can
be
produced.
combinar.
Um
linfcito
pode
juntar
estas
peas
de
diferentes
modos,
e
como
h
uma
tendncia
de
algumas
peas
no
se
encaixarem,
um
nmero
extraordinrio
de
diferentes
receptores
de
angenos
pode
ser
produzido.
zz
le
25
virus
vrus
Hello ...
Ol
B cell
1st time
Linfcito B
1 vez
2nd time
2 vez
26
Go for it!
normal antibody
anFcorpo
normal
Vai
em
frente!
Thats
quick!
st a couple of
days now.
S
mais
uns
dois
dias
agora...
Isto
bone
bone marrow
osso
medula
ssea
My
Meu...
thymus
Fmo
helper T cell
linfcito
T
helper
killer
linfcito
T
killer
28
3 .3 .
Where
arefeitas
immune
cellsimunes?
made?
Onde
are
so
immune
as
ccells
lulas
made?
Where
Where are immune cells made?
dendritic cell
clula
dendrFca
dendritic cell
All immune cells are white blood cells, and they are
dendritic
cell cell
dendritic
made in the bones. Bones are very hard, but they
Todas
as
clulas
imunes
so
clulas
brancas
do
have a soft, spongy core called the bone marrow.
sangue
(leuccitos),
e
elas
so
are
feitas
nos
ossos.
Os
and they are
Allare
immune
cells
white
blood
cells,
Blood
cells
made
from
special
cells
in
the
bone
ossos
so
muito
duros,
mas
eles
tem
um
ncleo
in
the
bones.
Bones
are
very
hard,
but
Allmade
immune
cells
are
white
blood
cells,
and
they
arethey
macrophage
marrow
called
haematopoietic
(he-ma-toe-po-etic)
All chamado
immune cells
white blood
leve,
esponjoso
de
are
medula
ssea.
cells,
As
and they are
have
soft,
spongy
core
called
made
in athe
Bones
are
very
hard,
but marrow.
they
or blood
stem
cells.
Just
one
stem
cell
can
make
any
made
inbones.
the
bones.
Bones
are the
verybone
hard,
but they
clulas
do
sangue
so
feitas
de
clulas
especiais
na
Blood
cells
are
made
from
special
cells
in
the
bone
have
a
soft,
spongy
core
called
the
bone
marrow.
number
or
any
type
of
immune
cell.
m e d u l a
have
s s e a
c h a spongy
m a d a s
core
d e
called
c l uthe
l a s
a soft,
bone marrow.
macrfago
macrophage
marrow
called
haematopoietic
(he-ma-toe-po-etic)
rophil
Blood
cellsou
are
made
from
special
cells
in
theinbone
hematopoi;cas
clulas
tronco.
Apenas
uma
Blood
cells
are made
from
special
cells
the bone
or
blood
stem
cells.
Just
one
stem
cell
can
make any
macrophage
pode
fazer
qualquer
quanFdade
ou
marrow
called
haematopoietic
(he-ma-toe-po-etic)
macrophage
Like redclula
blood tronco
cells
and
platelets,
most
immune
cells
like
neumarrow called haematopoietic (he-ma-toe-po-etic)
number
or cells.
any
ofone
immune
cell.marrow.
de
and
cor
lula
imune.
trophils, BFpo
cells
macrophages
aretype
made
in stem
the
blood
stem
Just
cell
can
any any
or blood
stem
cells.
Just
onebone
stem
cellmake
can make
neutrophil
Only T cells
different.
They
made
inofado
special
near
number
or anyare
type
of
immune
cell.organ
orvermelhas
any
type
immune
cell.
are
Como
as
number
clulas
sangue
e
as
Like
red
blood
cells
and
platelets,
most
immune
cells
neutrophil
the heart called
the thymus.
Blood
cellscomo
that are
destined to like neuneutrophil
plaquetas,
a
maioria
das
stem
clulas
neutrlos,
trophils,
B this
cells
macrophages
are
made
inmedula
the
bone
marrow.
be T cells
move
to
organ
toplatelets,
mature.
linfcitos
B
cells
e
and
macrfagos
so
feitos
na
Like
red
and
most
immune
cells
like
Likeblood
red
blood
cells
and
platelets,
most
immune
cellsneulike neuOnly
T cells
are different.
They are
made
in a special
organ near
ssea.
Somente
os
linfcitos
T
so
diferentes.
Eles
trophils,
B cells
and macrophages
are made
in theinbone
marrow.
trophils,
B cells
and macrophages
are made
the bone
marrow.
the
heart
called
Blood
stem
cells
arethe
destined to
so
feitos
em
the
um
thymus.
rgo
especial
perto
do
that
corao
Newly
made
immune
cells
stream
out
into
the
body
from
Only Only
T cells
are different.
They They
are made
in a special
organorgan
near near
T cells
are different.
are made
in a special
be
T cells
move
to
organtronco
toThe
mature.
chamado
;mo.
Athis
s
clulas
dcells
o
sangue
q
ue
so
to
marrow
and
thymus
via
blood
vessels.
then
migrate
the heart
calledcalled
the thymus.
BloodBlood
stemstem
cells that
destined
to to
the
heart
thymus.
cellsare
that
are destined
desFnadas
a
spleen
se
the
tornar
linfcitos
T
which
mudam-se
para
the lymph
nodes
and
the
sites
from
the
immune
be T be
cells
move
to
this
to mature.
T cells
move
to
this
organ
este
rgo
para
se
organ
maturar.
to mature.
made
cells work.
stream
out into the body from the
response Newly
is launched
immune
to begin their
marrow
and thymus viacorrem
blood pelo
vessels.
The cells
then migrate to
Clulas
recm-produzidas
parFr
Newly
immune
stream
out a
into
the da
body
Newly
mademade
immune
cells cells
stream
outcorpo
into
the
body
from from
the the
lymphpor
nodes
and
spleen
sanguneos.
the sites from
which
the immune
medula
the
e
marrow
Fmo
meio
dos
vasos
As
clulas
and thymus
via blood
vessels.
The cells
migrate
marrow and thymus
via blood
vessels.
The
cells
then then
migrate
to to
is launched
to begin
work.
migram
response
para
os
linfonodos
e
bao
-
os
their
lugares
a
parFr
dos
the lymph
nodes
and spleen
the sites
from
which
the immune
the
nodes
and
spleen
fromseu
which
the immune
quais
a
rlymph
esposta
imune
iniciada
-
pthe
ara
csites
omear
trabalho.
Blinfcito
cell
B
response
is launched
to begin
response
is launched
to begin
their their
work.work.
B cell
How did the thymus get its name? Some people think its
De
onde
vem
o
nome
do
rgo
Fmo?
Alguns
pensam
que
por
because
the thymus
a cow,
which
sometimes
used in
causa
do
Fmo
de
vaca,
que
s
of
vezes
usado
na
isculinria,
e
tem
B
cell
B cell
exactamente
o
cheiro
da
erva
mo.
thyme.
cooking,
smells
justchamada
like theFherb
How did the thymus get its name? Some people think its
because the thymus of a cow, which is sometimes used in
cooking, did
smells
just like get
theits
herb
thyme.
the thymus
name?
people
How How
did the thymus
get its name?
SomeSome
people
think think
its its
because
the
thymus
of
a
cow,
which
is
sometimes
used in
because the thymus of a cow, which is sometimes used in
cooking,
smells
justthe
likeherb
the thyme.
herb thyme.
cooking,
smells
just like
29
immune
cells
find their
around
Como
How
as
clulas
imunes
encontram
seu
way
caminho
Immune cells can find lymph nodes
As
clulas
imunes
because
thepodem
nodesencontrar
make molecules
linfonodos
porque
os
nodos
produzem
that act as signs that read, this is a
molculas
que
agem
como
sinais
que
lymph node. Immune cells patrolling
dizem
"isto
um
linfonodo".
As
clulas
come across
these
imunes
the
que
body
patrulham
o
corpo,
ao
signs, recogniseestes
where
theyrare
and respond
encontrar
sinais,
econhecem
onde
by enterthe nodes.
esto
e
ing
respondem
entrando
nos
nodos.
tomos
atoms
mol-
molecula
cule
32
node
linfonodo
ENTRANCE
THIS WAY IN!!!
ENTRADA
POR AQUI!
molcula
de
adeso
adhesion molecule
Step inside!
Entrem!
Quimio-
Chemoatratoras
attractants
Pessoas
que
conseguem
produzir
quaisquer
molculas
de
adeso
no
v Chemokines
are ano
well-known
group
of chemo-attractants.
conseguem
iniciar
uma
resposta
imune
adequada
porque
se
launch
torna
mais
v People
who cant
produce
any adhesion
molecules
cant
a diucil
que
seus
linfcitos
cheguem
at
os
linfonodos.
proper
immune
response
because
their
lymphocytes find it difficult
to get into the lymph nodes.
33
linfcito T helper
B cell
linfcito
B
killer T cell
linfcito T killer
34
helper T cell
I think theyre
getting the
message ...
Acho
que
esto
entendendo
a
mensagem
Hello! Is
anybody Ol!
there? Tem
algum
a?
Network
Rede
Yes, I
Sim,
eyou.
u
hear
o
ouo.
Researchers
have discovered
quite a few
different
types
of cytokines.
One type,Um
interferon,
became tornou-se
well
Os
pesquisadores
descobriram
Fpos
bastante
diferentes
de
citocinas.
Fpo,
interferon,
known bem
after cdoctors
started
using
it
to
treat
cancer
and
hepatitis
C.
Interferon
helps
the
immune
cells
in
onhecido
depois
que
os
doutores
comearam
a
us-lo
para
tratar
cncer
e
hepaFte
C.
O
Interferon
our bodies
to
communicate
with
one
another.
auxilia
os
leuccitos
em
nossos
corpos
a
comunicarem-se
uns
com
os
outros.
35
regulatory T cell
linfcito
T
regulador
The attack that immune cells launch to rid the body of pathogens is called an immune re
O
ataque
sponse. que
os
leuccitos
lanam
para
livrar
o
organismo
de
patgenos
chamado
de
you
resposta
imune.
By now
probably
realise that youd be in trouble if your immune system didnt launch
Por
ora,
voc
j
deve
ter
percebido
que
estaria
em
encrenca
se
seu
sistema
a response when you needed it. However, itd be just as bad if it responded to each and every
imune
no
iniciasse
uma
resposta
quando
voc
precisasse.
Porm,
seria
to
ruim
little sthing.
you need
is ane
immune
response
that launches
when
needed,
quanto
e
ele
rWhat
espondesse
a
toda
cada
pequena
coisinha.
O
que
voc
precisa
as needed.
you get
when
you
is ncaused
by the
immunenecessria.
response,Abut
de
The
uma
fever
resposta
imune
que
se
have
inicia
aqcold
uando
ecessria,
enquanto
think what
would happen to your body if your temperature didnt drop even after the virus had been
febre
que
voc
tem
quando
pega
um
resfriado
causada
pela
resposta
imune,
mas
pense
no
que
aconteceria
se
a
temperatura
de
seu
organismo
no
casse
fought
off.
mesmo
os
vrus
Fvessem
eliminados.
Theaps
immune
system
has asido
number
of ways
to stop an overblown response from launch
Oing.
sistema
i
mune
t
em
v
rios
m
odos
d
e
i
que
the
uma
role
resposta
exagerada
the
se
immune reIt possesses molecules and cellsmpedir
that have
of suppressing
inicie.
Ele
possui
molculas
e
clulas
com
o
papel
de
suprimir
a
resposta
imune.
sponse. One cell that specialises in this task is the regulatory T cell.
Uma
clula
que
se
especializa
nesta
tarefa
o
linfcito
T
regulador.
36
The immune
not only can halt a response already underway, it can also pre
system
O
sistema
imune
no
s
pode
parar
uma
resposta
j
em
andamento,
vent an unnecessary
one from
launching.
Antigen
receptors
ondesnecessria
lymphocytes are
ultracomo
tambm
pode
prevenir
que
uma
resposta
se
inicie.
sensitive andOs
canreceptores
detect veryde
faint
signals.dos
However,
when
receive
a weak
signal,
angenos
linfcitos
so
cells
muito
sensveis
e
podem
they just respond
by waiting
andpstanding
the ready.quando
Only when
they get
a strong
detectar
sinais
bem
equenos.
at
Entretanto,
as
clulas
recebem
um
elas
do
apenas
respondem
esperando
e
permanecendo
de
signal causedsinal
by anfraco,
infection,
they kick
off into action.
pronFdo.
S
omente
q
uando
e
las
r
ecebem
um
sinal
forte
cdefence
ausado
psystem.
or
uma
The immune system provides the body with an extremely
reliable
infeco,
elas
do
o
pontap
inicial
ntram
em
ao.
Its manned with
specialised
cells,
equipped
withea
esophisticated
communications sys
O
sistema
imune
fornece
ao
organismo
um
sistema
de
defesa
tem and armed with weapons such as antibodies. And now you know that the system
extremamente
convel.
Ele
equipado
com
clulas
especializadas,
um
also has a whole host of safety measures that make sure that it doesnt start any needsistema
de
comunicao
sosFcado
e
um
arsenal
de
armas
como
less fights, nor harm the body by wielding more force than necessary.
anFcorpos.
E
agora
voc
sabe
que
esse
sistema
tambm
tem
uma
gama
de
medidas
de
segurana
que
garantem
que
ele
no
comece
batalhas
desnecessrias,
nem
prejudique
o
corpo,
cedendo
mais
fora
do
que
necessrio.
37
It died ...
Morreu...
click
thymus
Fmo
Yeah. I guess
Linfcito T
T cell
38
EXIT
click
click
So, lets find out first why the body doesnt attack itself.
come!
Bem
vindos!
Oh,
it died ...
Oh,
morreu...
Remember we told you that B cells and T cells have well over
10 billion
different
antigendescobrir
receptors?
With so many
types,o
Ento
vamos
primeiramente
porque
there could
justnbe
corpo
o
an
se
antigen
ataca.
receptor that matches one of the
antigens among them. If a lymphocyte with such
bodys own
receptor
Lembra-se
que
e
T
tm
an antigen
didque
enterdissemos
the blood,
thelinfcitos
cell wouldB
begin
to
bem
m
ais
q
ue
1
0
b
ilhes
d
e
d
iferentes
r
eceptores
de
attack the body and that could spell disaster.
angenos?
Com
tantos
Fpos,
poderia
haver
entre
um
Fpo
lymphocytes
de
receptor
are
que
tested
combinasse
To stopeles
this apenas
from happening,
to see
com
um
dos
prprios
angenos
do
corpo.
Se
um
if their antigen receptors match the bodys own antigens before
linfcito
com
tal
receptor
de
angeno
entrasse
na
they are released into the blood. For B cells this test takes place
corrente
sangnea,
a
clula
comearia
a
atacar
o
in the bone
marrow.
T cells,
takes
place in the thymus.
corpo
e
isso
pFor
oderia
ser
uitm
desastre.
Cells that
have dangerous antigen receptors are destroyed on
the spot.
Pra
impedir
que
isso
acontea,
os
linfcitos
so
testados
para
ver
se
seus
receptores
se
combinam
com
of
os
these
prprios
angenos
do
corpo
did
antes
que
eles
But if some
dangerous
lymphocytes
make
it out
no
of
sangue.
Para
os
all
linfcitos
isso
of the testsejam
sites liberados
and into rest
the body,
not
would beB,
lost.
acontece
na
medula
ssea
e
para
os
linfcitos
T,
isso
Those mechanisms
we told you about earlier the ones that
acontece
no
Fmo.
responses
Clulas
com
receptores
de
that stop unnecessary immune
would
take care of
angenos
perigosos
so
destrudos
nesses
locais.
these cells.
Mas
se
alguns
destes
linfcitos
perigosos
escapam
As for the food you eat and all those beneficial microbes that
aos
locais
de
teste
e
entram
no
resto
do
corpo,
nem
live in your
stomach
andperdido.
bowel, the
immunemecanismos
system has spetudo
estaria
Aqueles
que
cial mechanisms
that
allow
it
to
tolerate
them.
mencionamos
anteriormente
-
que
parariam
respostas
imunes
desnecessrias
-
tomariam
conta
destas
clulas.
39
Parte
II
Tudo
sobre
Doenas
1.
Infectious
Diseases
Infectious
Diseases
Doenas
Infecciosas
1 . Combatendo
1Fighting
. Fighting
Tudo
sobre
pcaused
atgenos
Infectious
diseases
are
by invisible microorganisms that enter the body and multip
All
about
pathogens
All
about
pathogens
there. The history of immunology, which began in the 18th century with Jenners discovery
vaccines, is also the history of the fight against infectious diseases. Thanks to the worldwid
use of infecciosas
the vaccineso
Jenner
discovered,
the disease smallpox
has
vanished.
And thanks to th
As
doenas
causadas
por
microrganismos
invisveis
que
entram
no
Infectious
diseases
are caused
by invisible
microorganisms
that the
enter
the and
body and mult
Infectious
diseases
are
caused
by
invisible
microorganisms
that
enter
body
excellent vaccines
that have
developed
since,
weth areno
safe
fromXVIII
a large multiply
variety of i
corpo
e
many
se
mulFplicam
l.
A
histria
da
been
imunolgica,
que
comeou
sculo
th
there.
The
history
of
immunology,
which
began
in
the
18
century
with
Jenners
discovery
there.
The
history
of
immunology,
which
began
in
the
18
century
with
Jenners
discovery
of
com
a
fectious
descoberta
de
Jenner
das
vacinas,
tambm
a
histria
da
luta
contra
as
diseases.
vaccines,
alsohistory
the history
offight
the against
fight against infectious
diseases.
Thanks
the worldw
vaccines,
alsois the
of the
diseases.
Thanks
to or,
theto
worldwide
doenas
infecciosas.
Graas
ao
amplo
uso
da
vacina
que
Jenner
descobriu,
a
varola
The ismicroorganisms
that
cause
infectious infectious
diseases are
called pathogens
more
commo
use
of
the
vaccine
Jenner
discovered,
the
disease
smallpox
has
vanished.
And
thanks
to
desapareceu.
E
graas
s
muitas
excelentes
vacinas
que
foram
desenvolvidas
desde
use ly,
of the
vaccine
Jenner
discovered,
the
disease
smallpox
has
vanished.
And
thanks
to
germs. Pathogens include bacteria and viruses. Bacteria are single-celled and are a the
few m
many
excellent
vaccines
that
have vdeveloped
been developed
since,
we
arefrom
safe
afrom
large variety
ento,
ecrons
stamos
rotegidos
dthat
e
uma
grande
dsince,
e
doenas
infecciosas.
many
excellent
vaccines
have
been
we are
safe
largea variety
of in- of
in psize.
(1 micron
is
1/1000
ofariedade
a millimetre.)
fectious
diseases.
Os
microrganismos
que
causam
doenas
infecciosas
so
chamadas
de
patgenos
ou,
fectious
diseases.
mais
The
comumente,
germes.
incluem
bactrias
e
arevrus.
Bactrias
so
The microorganisms
that cause
infectious
diseases
called
pathogens
or, more
comm
microorganisms
thatPatgenos
cause
infectious
diseases
are called
pathogens
or, more
commonorganismos
de
uma
nica
clulas
e
possuem
tamanho
de
micras.
(1
mcron
1/1000
ly, germs.
Pathogens
include
bacteria
and viruses.
Bacteria
are single-celled
and
are amifew
ly, germs.
Pathogens
include
bacteria
and viruses.
Bacteria
are single-celled
and are
a few
de
um
mcrons
ilmetro).
in (1
size.
(1 micron
is 1/1000
of a millimetre.)
crons in size.
micron
is 1/1000
of a millimetre.)
mm
So a virus is
1/1000 of the size
Ento,
um
vrus
of a bacterium.
virus
1/1000
do
tamanho
de
uma
bactria
So a virus is
So a virus is
1/1000 of the size
1/1000 of theThats
size
clula
of a bacterium.
of a bacterium.
miniscule!
Isso
minsculo!
mm
mm
cell
mm
bacteriummm
mm
mm
bactria
cell
virus
mm
mm
virus
bacterium
cell
bacterium
Thats
Thats
miniscule!
miniscule!
v Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by the smallpox virus. If you catch the disease, you get a fever of
A
varola
uma
doena
infecciosa
causada
pelo
vrus
da
varola
(smallpox).
Se
voc
contrai
a
doena,
40 degrees and your whole body becomes covered in pustules and blisters. Many people used to die of
voc
tem
uma
febre
de
40
graus
e
seu
corpo
inteiro
ca
coberto
de
pstulas
e
bolhas.
Muitas
pessoas
disease,
butmthanks
to Jenners
not
a singledperson
has developed
disease
morreram
this
desta
doena,
as
graas
vacina
dvaccine,
e
Jenner,
ningum
esenvolveu
a
doena
dthe
esde
1977.
since 1977.
v
Virus
is
the
Latin
word
for
poison.
In
ancient
Greece,
Hippocrates
used
the
word
virus
to mean a poison
Vrus
a
palavra
laFna
para
veneno.
Na
Grcia
anFga,
Hipcrates
usou
a
palavra
vrus
para
descrever
causes
um
veneno
que
causa
dan
oena.
vthat
Smallpox
isillness.
infectious disease caused by the smallpox virus. If you catch the disease, you get a fever of
v Smallpox
is an infectious
disease
by the smallpox
If you catch
the disease,
youpeople
get a fever
40 degrees
and your
wholecaused
body becomes
coveredvirus.
in pustules
and blisters.
Many
used of
to die of
40 degrees
and yourbut
whole
body
coverednot
in pustules
and blisters.
Many people
used tosince
die of1977.
this disease,
thanks
to becomes
Jenners vaccine,
a single person
has developed
the disease
this disease,
to Jenners
vaccine,
not a single
person
has developed
disease
since
1977. a poison
v Virus isbut
thethanks
Latin word
for poison.
In ancient
Greece,
Hippocrates
used the word
virus
to mean
v Virus isthat
thecauses
Latin word
for
poison.
In
ancient
Greece,
Hippocrates
used
the
word
virus
to
mean
a
poison
illness.
42
that causes illness.
42
bacterium
virus
vrus
bactria
toxins
Exterior
do
corpo
toxinas
mucosa
mucosa
Inside
the Body
Interior
do
corpo
cell death
cancer
morte
celular
cncer
As
bactrias
produzem
toxinas
que
destroem
ou
paralisam
as
clulas.
Elas
tambm
Bacteria produce
thatincorporadas
destroy cells or
them. They
also have
toxins
incorporattm
toxins
toxinas
s
paralyse
suas
paredes
celulares
que
podem
causar
febre,
ed into their cell
walls
that
can
cause
fever,
diarrhoea,
or
a
drop
in
blood
pressure.
As
well
asbactrias
diarreia
ou
uma
queda
na
presso
sangunea.
Assim
como
as
toxinas,
as
toxins, bacteriapossuem
have a whole
of gother
causelhe
youcausar
harm.dano.
uma
host
ampla
ama
weapons
de
armas
that
que
can
podem
Viruses are between
100so
andentre
1000 100
timese
smaller
than bacteria
and
they
invadee
a podem
whole invadir
Os
vrus
1000
vezes
menores
que
as
can
bactrias
range of cells. uma
Once grande
inside the
cell they begin
to multiply
rapidly.
Viral infection
either
devariedade
de
clulas.
Uma
vez
dentro
delas,
can
eles
comeam
a
se
rail the normalmulFplicar
rapidamente.
A
infeco
viral
pode
atrasar
o
funcionamento
normal
de
functioning of a cell, causing it to die, or it can make a cell multiply uncontrollably so that it uma
turns into
a cancer
cell. Following
someou
types
of viruses
multiply
slowclula,
fazendo
com
que
infection,
ela
morra,
pode
fazer
com
que
uma
clula
ly to cause a persistent
infection.
others stop
all together
and clula
cause what
is
mulFplique-se
sem
Yet
controle,
at
multiplying
se
transformar
em
uma
cancerosa.
Em
seguida
infeco,
alguns
Fpos
de
vrus
mulFplicam-se
lentamente
para
causar
uma
known as a latent
infection.
infeco
persistente.
Outros
param
de
se
mulFplicar
todos
juntos
e
causam
o
que
se
conhece
como
infeco
latente.
43
antraz
ovelha
praga
pulgas
ratos
raiva
ces
Assustador...
la
45
What is AIDS?
O que a AIDS?
linfcitos T
The da
Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV)
is a virus
that infects
helper T cells and
O
Vrus
Imunodecincia
Humana
(HIV,
do
ingls,
Human
destroys them.
fewer
T cells,
immune
system
weakenede
and
Immunodeciency
Virus)
With
um
vrus
que
your
infecta
linfcitos
T
is
auxiliares
as
you can get
sick from germs that would not cause disease in healthy people.
destri.
Com
menos
clulas,
seu
sistema
imune
ca
enfraquecido
e
voc
pode
car
doente
dos
germes
que
no
causariam
doena
em
pessoas
saudveis.
When this happens, the person has what is called AIDS or Acquired Immunodefi
Quando
iciency
sto
acontece,
a
pessoa
tem
o
que
chama
AIDS
will
(do
ingls,
Acquired
Syndrome.
Her/his
blood
andse
bodily
fluids
still
contain
the HIV virus, and
ImmuneDeciency
Syndrome)
ou
Sndrome
da
Imunodecincia
Adquirida.
Seu
she can pass it to her children at birth or she/he can pass it to others through having
sangue
e
sex.
uidos
corporais
ainda
contm
o
vrus
HIV,
e
a
pessoa
pode
transmiFr
para
os
lhos
ao
nascimento
e
passar
para
outros
atravs
de
relaes
sexuais.
46
AIDS develops
AIDS
se
desenvolve
HIV virus
Vrus
HIV
cell death
morte
celular
47
Avian influenza, or bird flu, is a disease that infects birds and is caused by the avian influenza A virus. This virus
to only pass from bird to bird, but in 1997 the first case of a bird-to-hu
used
A
gripe
(inuenza)
aviria
uma
doena
que
infecta
aves
e
causada
man infection was reported. It was caused by the H5N1 strain of the virus. By
pelo
vrus
da
gripe
A
aviria.
Este
vrus
Fnha
o
hbito
de
ser
transmiFdo
2007 more than 300 people around the world had been infected, and of these
de
ave
a
ave,
mas
em
1997
o
primeiro
caso
foi
relatado
em
humanos.
Foi
over two-thirds
died.
People
working
public
virus could
causado
pela
cepa
H5N1
do
vrus.
Por
vin
olta
de
2health
007,
mworry
ais
de
that
300
the
pessoas
no
mundo
foram
infectadas.
destes,
2
teros
faleceram.
Prossionais
de
the
soon
mutate
again
so it canE
pass
from
human
to human.
If this happens,
sade
pblica
preocupam-se
que
o
vrus
possa
em
breve
mutar
virus could cause a pandemic.
Oh no!
novamente
e
passar
de
humano
para
humano.
Se
isso
acontecer,
o
vrus
poderia
causar
uma
pandemia.
Vrus
da
gripe
Influenza
aviria
virus
48
citocina (carta)
linfcito
T
helper
macrfago
linfcito
B
clula
dendrFca
o
a
f
e
49
In the first part of this book we heard that vaccines have already
been used successfully to protect us from a great many infectious
diseases. a
Ats
the
moment,pthe
type of fvaccine
Quanto
vacinas
odem
azer?
that
Jenner developed is still the most
effective way of controlling infectious diseases. But scientists are making progress
in developing new types of vaccines that can prevent or even treat infectious dis
Na
primeira
parte
deste
livro,
aprendemos
que
as
eases.
vacinas
j
vm
sendo
usadas
com
sucesso
para
proteger-nos
de
uma
grande
variedade
de
doenas
infecciosas.
No
momento,
o
Fpo
de
How
we make
vaccines
effective?
vacina
que
can
Jenner
desenvolveu
aeven
inda
more
o
meio
mais
efeFvo
de
controlar
essas
doenas.
Mas
os
cienFstas
esto
fazendo
progresso
em
desenvolver
novos
Fpos
Most
de
vacinas
que
p
ossam
prevenir
mesmo
tratar
esse
Fpo
de
doenas.
bacteria
and
viruses
thatou
cause
infectious
muco
diseases enter through mucosal (mew-co-sal) mem
memb
branes
and then spread throughout the entire body.
C
omo
podemos
fazer
vacinas
ainda
mais
efeFvas?
The mucosal membrane is a thin layer of cells that
the inner surface of all the cavities in the body
covers
havedas
contact
withe
the
outside.
It covers
the in
A
that
maioria
bactrias
vrus
que
causam
doenas
infecciosas
entram
por
m
embranas
side of
the mouth,
nostrils,
gullet,
lungs,
stomach,
membrana
mucosa
mucosas
e
e
nto
s
e
e
spalham
p
elo
c
orpo
i
nteiro.
intestine and anus. If you could stimulate a good,
A
mstrong
embrana
mucosa
uma
na
amada
de
immune
response
at cthe
mucosal
clulas
que
cobre
a
superucie
interna
de
todas
membrane, you could prevent germs from
as
cavidades
corporais
que
tm
contato
com
o
even entering the body.
exterior.
Ela
cobre
o
interior
da
boca,
narinas,
garganta,
pulmes,
estmago,
The evaccines
currently
use
intesFno
nus.
Se
we
voc
pudesse
only help
the immune
a
response
esFmular
uma
boa
system
e
forte
rstage
esposta
once
pathogenmisucosa,
insidevoc
the body,
they
imune
na
the
membrana
poderia
i
mpedir
q
ue
g
ermes
cannot prevent pathogens from entering
entrassem
o
seu
organismo.
throughnthe
mucosal
membrane.
As
vacinas
que
usamos
atualmente
somente
ajudam
o
sistema
imune
a
estabelecer
uma
resposta
desde
que
o
patgeno
esteja
dentro
do
corpo.
Elas
no
conseguem
impedir
que
patgenos
entrem
atravs
da
membrana
mucosa.
50
drink
eat
inhale
comer
At
the moment, researchers are
Como
estas
novas
vacinas
poderiam
se
developing
vaccines that you can
apresentar?
drink or inhale. Being vaccinateat,
ed
in this way is less scary than fac
a
No
momento,
os
pesquisadores
ing
needle
and it should
improve esto
desenvolvendo
vacinas
que
Revoc
pode
the
mucosal immune
response.
comer,
beber
ou
inalar.
Ser
vacinado
sults have been promising. Already
desta
forma
menos
assustador
do
que
a flu vaccine you can inhale is availencarar
uma
agulha
e
deve
melhorar
a
able
many
r e sin
p othe
s t a
USi mand
u n e
d e
mucosal
m u c o s a s .
O s
vaccines
are
in
development.
resultados
so
promissores.
J
h
inalar
virus
vaccine
mucosal
cells
vacina
clulas
mucosas
dendritic
cell
clula
dendrFca
T cell
linfcito
T
antibody
anFcorpo
B cells
linfcito
B
51
2 . Autoimmune Diseases
?QQXD
5HR
3EITE
Diseases
2 . Autoimmune
What is an autoimmune disease?
Doenas
Autoimmune
Diseases
Diseases
2 .2What
. Autoimmune
is anAuto-imunes
autoimmune
disease?
2 Autoimmune Diseases
know
nowautoimmune
that immune cells disease?
aredisease?
dependable allies, alWhat
is
an
What
is.ue
an
autoimmune
O
ways
QWe
u
ma
d
oena
a
uto-imune?
at the ready to defend our body from the germs that inisimmune
an autoimmune
disease?
We knowWhat
now that
cells are dependable
allies, alvade it.
ways at the ready to defend our body from the germs that insabemos
que
os
leuccitos
so
aliados
conveis,
sempre
de
vade
it.Agora
We
know
now
that
immune
are
dependable
Before
the
cells
get
tocells
work
they
are
tested
in allies,
the
bone
marrow and
We planto
know
now
that
immune
are
dependable
allies,
pWe
ara
defender
nosso
ocells
rganismo
os
germes
que
alo
alinvadem.
know
now that
immune
cells are d
dependable
allies,
always
at
the
ready
to
defend
our
body
from
the
germs
that
inthymus,
where
theytoare
made.
to distinguish
between the
ways at
ready
to
our
body
from
theneed
germs
that
the
ways at
thedefend
ready
defend
ourThe
bodycells
from
the
germs
thatininBefore
the
cells
get
to
work
they
are
tested
in
the
bone
marrow
and
vade
it.
body
(self),
and
potential
invaders
if they areelas
to beso
ourtestadas
true friends.
Antes
que
clulas
comecem
a
trabalhar,
na
An
vade
it. as
vade it.
thymus,
where
they
are
made.
The
cells
need
to
distinguish
between
the
medula
ssea
e
Fmo,
onde
elas
so
produzidas.
As
clulas
precisam
immune cell that attacks the body is a danger and has to be destroyed.
bodydisFnguir
(self),
and
potential
ifrogue
they
are
tomanage
be
our
true
friends.
Before
the
get
to
work
they
are
tested
inotenciais,
the bone
marrow
entre
ohowever,
cells
corpo
(prprio)
eare
invasores
p
smarrow
e
eles
and
sAn
ero
Sometimes,
these
cells
to marrow
survive.
Before
the
cells
get
toinvaders
work
they
tested
in
the
bone
and
Before
the
cells
get
to
work
they
are
tested
in
the
bone
and
thymus,
where
they
are
made.
The
cells
need
to
distinguish
between
the
immune
cell
that
attacks
the
body
is
a
danger
and
has
to
be
destroyed.
nossos
verdadeiros
amigos.
Um
leuccito
que
ataca
o
corpo
um
thymus,
where
they
are
made.
The
cells need
to distinguish
between
thymus,
where
they
are
made.
Theinvaders
cells
to
distinguish
between
thethe
body
(self),
and
potential
ifs
they
are
to
our true
friends.clulas
An
perigo
e
however,
tem
que
ser
rogue
destrudo.
vezes,
porm,
estas
Sometimes,
these
cellsneed
manage
to be
survive.
(self),
and
potential
invaders
if they
are
toand
be
our
friends.
immune
cell
thatinvaders
attacks
theifbody
is are
a danger
has
totrue
befriends.
destroyed.
bodybody
(self),
and
potential
they
to be
our
true
AnAn
defeituosas
conseguem
sobreviver.
immune
cell
attacks
body
acells
danger
to be
destroyed.
however,
these
manage
to has
survive.
immune
cellSometimes,
thatthat
attacks
the the
body
isrogue
aisdanger
andand
has
to be
destroyed.
Sometimes,Bone
however,
these
rogue cellsTest
manage
to survive.
Marrow
and Thymus
Sites
Sometimes, however,
these rogue
cells manage
to survive.
Locais
de
Teste
na
Medula
ssea
e
Timo
fit!
Bone Marrow
Test Sites
No
and Thymus
encaixa!
Doesnt
fit!
PASS
Excellent!
Bone
Marrow and Thymus Test Sites
PASS
Excelente!
PASS
Ameaa
oItll
menace
Doesnt
inimigo,
mthe
as
enemy,
Excellent!
Excellent!
cell from your
but wont
Doesnt fit!
Itll
menace
no
os
faz
Itll nmenace
fit! clula
do
seu
own body
PASS
harmtheus.
enemy, lymphocyte
themal.
enemy, but wont
cell from
your
PASS
prprio
corpo
linfcito
cell fromown
yourbody
but wont
harm us.
lymphocyte
Excellent!
own body
harm
us.
lymphocyte
Excellent!
Itll menace
the enemy,
Itll menace
A fit!
but wont
A cell
fit! from your
the enemy,
Encaixa!
FAIL
ownyour
body FAIL
harm
us.
but wont
lymphocyte A fit! cell from
FALHA
own body
harm us. Oh no!
lymphocyte
Oh
no!
Essa
nWe
o!
have
FAIL
We have
Temos
ue
toqkill
it.
to kill it.
Oh no!
mat-la!
cellcell
from
your your
from
A fit!
We have
bodybody
clula
do
seu
ownown
to kill it.
A fit!
FAIL
prprio corpo
Oh no!
We have
Oh no!
to kill it.
We have
to kill it.
52
52
52
own body
sobrevive
survives
survives
survives
survives
survives
dies
morre
dies
dies
dies
dies
If rogue cells
If rogue cells
Se
uma
clula
survive survive
d e f e i t u o s a
If rogue cells
sobrevive...
survive
If rogue cells
survivecells
If rogue
survive
PAll
orm,
nem
est
because
perdido,
ofpor
is not
lost,tudo
however,
the
causa
dos
mecanismos
de
auto-
self-tolerance mechanisms built into the
tolerncia
produzidos
dentro
do
immune system that we told you about in
sistema
imune,
sobre
stop
os
immune
quais
Part I. These
safeguards
falamos
na
Parte
I.
Estas
protees
cells from attacking the body or things that
impedem
que
to as
clulas
imunes
are of no harm
us, like
food. Normally
ataquem
o
corpo
ou
coisas
que
no
these mechanisms also take care of any
so
prejudiciais
ns,
uscomo
escaped
rogue cellspara
and keep
safe. os
alimentos.
Normalmente
estes
However, if this
ability to tolerate
self
mecanismos
tambm
tomam
conta
breaks down, the body ends up under
atde
quaisquer
clulas
defeituosas
tack as the immune system mistakes the
que
e
nos
mantm
bodysescaparam
cells for enemies.
This condition
is
seguros.
called autoimmunity or autoimmune dis
Entretanto,
se
esta
olerar
ease. Exactly
whycapacidade
this happensde
is tnot
well
o
prprio
f
alha,
o
c
orpo
a
caba
s
ob
a
taque,
understood.
uma
vez
que
o
sistema
imune
toma
as
clulas
do
prprio
corpo
como
inimigas,
por
engano.
Esta
condio
chamada
de
auto-imunidade
ou
doena
auto-imune.
No
se
sabe
exatamente
porque
isto
acontece.
Essa
no!
Oh no!
Veja!
Esto
atacando
as
Look!
Theyre
clulas
do
attacking
prprio
the
corpo.
bodys own
cells.
53
?QQXD
5HR
3EITE
eye damage
joint damage
(rheumatoid arthritis)
destruio
do
blood
sistema
nervoso
vessel
central
(esclerose
mlFpla)
destruction
muscle damage
arFculaes
eye damage
vessels
destruio
de
blood
leso
muscular
vasos
sangneos
skin
blood vessel
destruction
muscle damage
muscle weakness
skinblood
blisters
vessels
joints
muscle
skin
bolhas
na
pele
skin blisters
fraqueza muscular
liver damage
muscle weakness
54
54
Moistureproducing
gland
damage
tear
glands
parotid
gland salivary
gland
glndulas
lacrimais
thyroid
leso
na
Freide
glndula
parFda
leso
nas
glndulas
hidratantes
glndula salivar
Multiple
organ
damage
Look at all the
diseases there
are ...
Leso
mlFpla
de
rgos
Veja
algumas
das
doenas
existentes
Freide
heart
lungs
pulmes
corao
liver
ugado
spleen
bao
kidneys
rins
r
g
o
s
q
u
e
f o r a m
ened by attack.
enfraquecidos
pelo
ataque.
However, there are people for whom this
Contudo,
h
work
pessoas
as
the
quais
este
treatment
doesnt
or forpara
whom
side
tratamento
no
funciona
os
efeitos
effects,
like a weakened
immuneou
system,
incolaterais,
como
um
sistema
imune
crease the risk of infection. Clearly, developing
enfraquecido,
aumentam
o
risco
de
infeco.
new
treatment methods
is important.
Claramente,
torna-se
importante
desenvolver
synovium
bone
osso
sinvia
cartilage
tratamento
Whats up?
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that
makes the joints around the body ache, and if it is left untreatO
que
Artrite
ed,
reumatide
u
ma
d
oena
a
uto-imune
q
ue
f
az
d
oer
a
s
houve?
it ends up destroying them. If a joint becomes infected, immune
arFculaes
do
corpo,
e
se
itdeixada
sem
tratar,
acaba
s
destruindo.
cells collect
around
and produce
a stream
ofacytokines
with the order Cause inSe
uma
arFculao
se
torna
infectada,
os
leuccitos
se
acumulam
ao
flammation! The swollen, red and throbbing joint that results is painful, but it is
redor
dela
e
produzem
uma
corrente
de
citocinas
com
a
ordem
"Causem
the result
a necessary
response
to an infection.
If thisque
attack,
however,
inamao!"
A
of
arFculao
inchada,
vermelha
e
palpitante
resulta
is directed against the joint itself, things become serious.
dolorosa,
mas
uma
resposta
necessria
infeco.
Se
este
ataque,
entretanto,
for
dirigido
contra
a
prpria
arFculao,
as
coisas
se
tornam
srias.
The synovium (si-no-vi-um) is a membrane that protects joints. If its cells receive
A
sinvia
messages
uma
membrana
que
protege
as
arFculaes.
Se
they
suas
spin
clulas
cytokine
with the
order
to cause
inflammation,
into action
receberem
mensagens
de
citocinas
com
a
ordem
de
causar
inamao,
elas
making more copies. As the cells continue to multiply, the synovium begins to
entram
grow,
em
and
ao
instead
produzindo
mais
cpias.
as
toclulas
a
se
of protecting
a joint,Como
it starts
destroyconFnuam
the bone and
cartilage,
mulFplicar,
a
sinvia
comea
a
crescer,
e
em
vez
de
proteger
uma
arFculao,
causing damage to the joint.
ela
comea
a
destruir
o
osso
e
a
carFlagem,
causando
dano
arFculao.
56
Cause
inflammation!
Causem
inamao!
There need to be
more of us!
Works pretty
well, eh?
Funciona
muito
bem,
no?
Anti-cytokine
therapy
Terapia
anF-
citocinas
57
Itchy ...
Even
cats are
allergic?
Que
3 .3 .
coceira!
spring
arrives,
do you
start
sneezing
non-stop?
And do your
Allergies
are
also
Immune
Reactions
As
aWhen
lergias
tambm
so
rImmune
eaes
imunes
Allergies
are also
Reactions
At
os
Even
thives?
m
eyes get itchy? When you eat an egg do you break
outgatos
inEven
Itchy ...
O
QWhat
ue
is
uan
ma
alergia?
What
allergy?
is
an
allergy?
Itchy ...
allergic?
When you go hiking do your hands get itchy as soon as you touch
the grass or trees? For the most part, these reactions are immune re
Qsponses
uando
chega
a
pbetter
rimavera,
voc
comea
a
espirrar
sem
parar?
andarrives,
are
known
allergies.
When spring
do you
start as
sneezing
non-stop? And do your
E
os
seus
olhos
cam
irritados?
Quando
voc
come
ovo,
voc
When
start
sneezing
non-stop?
eyes get
itchy?spring
Whenarrives,
you eat do
an you
egg do
you
break out
in hives? And do your
tem
eyes
surtos
de
itchy?
urFcria?
get
When you eat an egg do you break out in hives? allergens
youvoc
go
hiking
do allergies,
your suas
handsmos
get pollen,
itchy
as soon
you touch
Things
that
cause
like
dusta
as
mites
and
When
Quando
vai
escalar,
comeam
coar
assim
When
you
go
hiking
do
your
hands
get
itchy
as
soon
as reyou touch
the
grass
or
trees?
For
the
most
part,
these
reactions
are
immune
food,
aretoca
known
as allergens.
And when
your
que
voc
a
grama
ou
as
rvores?
Em
sua
immune
maioria,
cells
estas
sponses
and
known
asmost
allergies.
the grass
orbetter
trees?
For
the
part,
reactions harmarecomo
immune rereaes
so
respostas
imunes
e
so
melhor
launch
an are
attack
against
things
that
arethese
not conhecidas
generally
are better known as allergies.
alergias.
ful,sponses
you getand
an allergy.
allergens
mites
allergens
Things
Coisas
that
que
cause
causam
alergia,
like
como
plen,
poeira
e
allergies,
pollen,
dustcaros
mitesda
and
Most allergies are caused by a group of immune cells called
comida,
so
conhecidos
como
alrgenos.
E
quando
food,
are known
as allergens.
And when
your immune
cellsos
seus
that cause
allergies,lots
likeof pollen,
dustthat
mites
and
mastThings
cells.
Mast
cells
contain
chemicals
cause
leuccitos
atacam
contra
coisas
que
no
so
geralmente
launch an attack against things that are not generally harmfood, are
known
allergens.
Andwith
when
your immune
cells
sneezing
and
inflammation.
People
allergies
have an anprejudiciais,
tem
as
uma
alergia.
ful,
you get anvoc
allergy.
called
IgE (I-G-E)
to that
the are
surface
of their mast
launch
an attack
againststuck
things
not generally
harm
tibody
mites
cells.
When
IgE
comes
across
an
allergen,
the
mast
cell
A
m
aioria
d
as
a
lergias
s
o
c
ausadas
p
or
u
m
g
rupo
d
e
l
euccitos
ful,
you
get
an
allergy.
Wow!
Even
Most allergies are caused by a group of immune cells called
chamados
m
astcitos.
Os
macross
astcitos
contm
uitas
saubstncias
thinks
it has
enemy m
and
in
flash it
mite
cats can be
mast
cells.that
Mast
cells come
contain
lots ofanchemicals
that
cause
qumicas
que
causam
espirros
e
inamao.
Pessoas
com
spews
outallergies
all the are
chemicals
it with
contains.
inflammation
Most
caused
by
a group
ofThe
immune
Nossa!
At
allergic
sneezing
and
inflammation.
People
allergies
have
an cells
an- called
alergias
possuem
um
anFcorpo
chamado
IgE
grudado
na
mesmo
os
this
action
causes
makes
your
skin
turn
tibody
called
IgE
(I-G-E)
stuck
to the
surface
of and
theiritchy.
mast
mast
cells.
Mast
cells
contain
lots
of red
chemicals
that cause
gatos
p
odem
superucie
de
seus
mastcitos.
Quando
o
IgE
encontra
um
cells.sneezing
When IgE
across an allergen,
mast have
cell an an- Wow!
andcomes
inflammation.
withthe
allergies
ser
Even
alrgicos!
alrgeno,
o
mastcito
pensa
que
People
ele
encontrou
um
inimigo
e
em
thinks
that
it
has
come
across
an
enemy
and
in
a
flash
it
Other
immune
cells
quickly
come
onto
the
scene,
and,
becats
can
be
tibody called
IgE (I-G-E)
to the surface
of their
mast
um
segundo
ele
expele
todas
stuck
as
substncias
qumicas
que
ele
spews
outthey
all then
the chemicals
it across
contains.
The
inflammation
cause
firecomes
germs,
cells.
IgE
allergen,
the
mast
cell
Even
contm.
A
When
inamao
qoff
ue
weapons
esta
ao
normally
can
ausa
faz
meant
a
sua
pfor
ele
coar
e
allergic Wow!
this
action
causes
makes
your
skin
turn
red
and
itchy.
your
body
hurts
instead.
car
thinks
vermelha.
that it has come across an enemy and in a flash it
cats can be
spews out all the chemicals it contains. The inflammation
allergic
Other
immune
cells
quickly
come onto the scene, and, beIsso
Outros
leuccitos
rapidamente
entram
em
cena,
e,
como
eles
This
is
what
you
call
an
allergy.
this
action
causes
makes
your
skin
turn
red
and
itchy.
Thats
mesmo!
cause
they then fire off weapons normally meant for germs,
lanam
armas
normalmente
dirigidas
aos
germes,
seu
corpo
ca
right!
your
body hurts
machucado,
em
instead.
vez
disso.
Other immune cells quickly come onto the scene, and, be
they
off weapons normally meant for germs,
youthen
calldfire
an
This
o
cause
qis
ue
what
chamamos
e
aallergy.
lergia.
Thats
your body hurts instead.
right!
58
Thats
right!
mast cells
pollen
mastcitos
plen
Incredible!
Incrvel!
mast cell
mastcito
chemicals
substncias
qumicas
IgE
IgE
59
pollen
shellfish
fish
frutos do mar
plen
peixe
gros
eggs
peanuts
amendoim
mites
ovos
caro
As
pessoas
so
alrgicas
a
qallergy
ue
Fpo
de
coisas
?
The most
common
known
is probably
hay fever caused by pollen from
certain trees such as birch. Other common allergies are eczema, which makes
A
alergia
mais
comumente
conhecida
provavelmente
a
febre
do
feno,
your skin red and itchy, asthma, which makes you cough all the time, and food
causada
por
plen
de
certas
rvores.
Outras
alergias
comuns
so
o
allergies.
eczema,
que
faz
sua
pele
car
vermelha
e
irritadia;
asma,
que
faz
voc
tossir
o
tempo
todo,
e
alergias
a
alimentos.
People can also be allergic to things like animal hair, dust mites, bee stings, or
As
pessoas
podem
ser
alrgicas
a
coisas
como
plo
lenses
de
animais,
the metal
fromtambm
which jewellery
is made.
Even
contact
or medicines like
caros
penicillin
da
poeira,
picadas
e
aallergy.
belha,
ou
metal
do
qual
a
joalheria
feita.
can
cause dan
At
lentes
de
contato
ou
medicamentos
como
penicilina
podem
causar
alergia.
60
animal hair
metals
plo animal
metais
ause allergies
bees
abelhas
birch
penicillin
contact lenses
penicilina
lentes
de
contato
btula
You need to be particularly careful about things like nuts, bee stings and penicillin as they can cause an intense allergic reaction involving the whole body. This
Voc
precisa
ter
parFcular
cuidado
com
coisas
como
nozes,
picadas
de
reaction is known as anaphylactic shock. The best way to protect yourself against
abelha
e
penicilina,
pois
elas
causam
uma
reao
alrgica
intensa
que
envolve
allergic reactions
like this
fromEssa
occurring,
is conhecida
to stop these
allergens
enter- O
melhor
o
corpo
inteiro.
reao
como
choque
from
analFco.
ing your body.meio
de
se
proteger
contra
reaes
alrgicas
como
essa,
evitar
que
esses
alrgenos
entrem
no
seu
corpo.
Allergies can
occur as soon as allergens enter your body (immediate-type reac
Alergias
podem
ocorrer
assim
que
os
alrgenos
entram
no
seu
corpo
tions) or slightly
later (delayed-type
reactions).
(reaes
do
Fpo
imediato)
ou
algum
tempo
depois
(reaes
do
Fpo
tardio).
of reaction, the immune cell that plays the major role in the reFor each type
Pra
cada
Fpo
de
reao,
o
leuccito
com
o
principal
papel
na
resposta
difere,
sponse differs, as does the mechanism used. Learning more about how these
assim
como
o
mecanismo
usado.
Aprender
mais
sobre
como
estes
mechanisms differ is vital in order to develop therapies for treating allergies.
mecanismos
diferem
vital
para
desenvolver
terapias
para
tratar
as
alergias.
61
wheeze
desenvolve
cross section
of a bronchus
or an airway
Cat
basket
Wait ...
balaio
de
gato
allergen
Espere...
alrgeno
Gotta get
this stinky
fish-shaped
blanket
clean!
Tenho
que
limpar
este
fedido
travesseiro
em
forma
de
peixe!
That is why it is critical to prevent remodelling from happening. There are excellent
treat allergies
drugs
por
around
isso
que
to
crFco
prevenir
que
o
called
steroids. If you acontea.
are allergic H
to dust
remodelamento
excelentes
drogas
chamadas
esterides,
para
mites, your doctor might treat you with tratar
alergias.
alrgico
a
caros,
seu
these
drugs. Se
At voc
the same
time, she/he
mdico
pode
trat-lo
com
estas
drogas.
Ao
would probably advise you to get rid of any
mesmo
o ,
el e
pmattress
ro vavel so
men te
o
carpets
or get atemp
hypoallergenic
aconselharia
a
se
livrar
de
quaisquer
carpetes
that you reduce your exposure to mites.
ou
obter
um
colcho
hipoalergnico
pra
voc
reduzir
sua
exposio
aos
caros.
dendritic cell
clula dendrFca
B cell
64
regulatory T cell
vaccine
helper T cell
65
What is cancer?
Pode-se
usar
a
Imunologia
para
curar
o
cncer?
Normally each cell of the body communicates with its
O
neighbours
que
cncer?
about whether to rest, multiply, work, or die,
normal tissue
and in this way the cells collectively form healthy tissue.
Normalmente,
cada
clula
do
corpo
se
comunica
com
however,
suas
vizinhas
decidir
Sometimes,
a cellspra
genes
get damaged tecido
and itnormal
sobre
descansar,
mulFplicar,
trabalhar
ou
can no longer make normal proteins. As a result, the cell
morrer,
e
toassim,
as
clulas
isnt able
communicate
with itsformam
neighbours properly. If
coleFvamente
um
tecido
saudvel.
this cell begins to multiply, it causes that part of the tis
suevezes,
whereporm,
it is to grow
into de
what
we clula
call a tumour. At this
s
os
genes
uma
stage
the tumour
benign,no
andmais
will do
you no harm.
so
danicados
e
is
podem
ser
capazes
de
produzir
protenas
normais.
benign tumour
Como
resultado,
a
clula
no
capaz
de
se
comunicar
corretamente
com
suas
vizinhas.
tumor
benigno
Se
as
clulas
comeam
a
se
mulFplicar,
parte
do
tecido
em
que
ela
est
a
crescer
causa
o
que
chamamos
de
tumor.
Neste
estgio
o
tumor
benigno
e
no
causa
nenhum
prejuzo.
66
cancer
1. Lung
cancer
er
ncer
2. Stomach
cancer1.
Cncer
de
pulmo
4.
Cncer
de
ugado
3. Colon
cancer 2.
Cncer
de
clon
5. Pancreatic cancer
5.
Cncer
de
pncreas
Que ;pos de
67
lymph node
contra o cncer
linfonodo
We know that the body uses the immune system to recognise what
is foreign
it and
expel it. imune
But as we
have learnt
Sabemos
que
o
corpo
tousa
o
sistema
para
here, cancers
a part of
the body. So
how
does the imreconhecer
o
que
are
estranho
e
expuls-lo.
Mas
como
aprendemos
aqui,
deal
os
cnceres
so
uma
parte
do
mune system
with cancer?
corpo.
Ento
como
o
sistema
imune
lida
com
o
cncer?
If a cancer develops, the immune system can still get rid
Se
u
cncer
sistema
small.
imune
It
pode
of m
it as
longse
asdesenvolve,
the cancer oremains
does this by
se
livrar
dele
enquanto
o
cncer
permanece
pequeno.
means of immunological surveillance.
Ele
faz
isso
por
meio
da
vigilncia
imunolgica.
Lets
how
theoimmune
Vamos
dar
take
uma
aolook
lhada
atem
como
sistema
system
works,
learn
it cant guard
trabalha,
e
pand
orque
ele
nwhy
o
consegue
vigiar
people
linfcito
T
killer
completely
from getting
with the
as
pessoas
completamente
de
ill
carem
disease.
doentes
de
cncer.
killer T cell
dendritic cell
clula
dendrFca
68
cancer cel
As soon as the immune system detects cancer antigens, its cells launch an attack.
The process is the same as in a normal immune response. Dendritic cells engulf
Assim
que
o
sistema
imune
detecta
angenos
de
cncer,
suas
the cancer antigens and relay information about them to T cells. Killer T cells then
clulas
lanam
um
ataque.
destroy the cancer cells that make them while helper T cells instruct antibody-pro
ducing B
cells
that target cancer antigens to get to work. The antibodies attach to
O
processo
o
mesmo
de
uma
resposta
imune
normal.
As
clulas
any cancer
cells theyenglobam
encounter,os
enabling
molecules
in the
blood, called
compledendrFcas
angenos
do
cncer
e
expem
informao
ment, to sobre
eles
para
os
linfcitos
T.
Linfcitos
T
killer
ento
destrem
as
take up attack on cancer cells and kill them. Added to this, another type
of immune
cell called
natural
killer
or NK cell uses
the fact
cancer
cells proclulas
do
cncer
que
os
produzem,
enquanto
as
that
clulas
T
helper
instruem
clulas
B
produtoras
de
anFcorpos,
tm
as
como
alvo
to
duce
abnormal que
proteins
a marker
a
trabalhar.
Alm
and
disso,
utro
Fpo
helper T cell angenos
de
cncer,
para
comear
identify
these cells
killothem.
de
leuccito
chamado
exterminador
natural
ou
NK
(Natural
Killer)
usa
o
fato
de
que
as
clulas
do
cncer
produzem
rotenas
anormais
In this pway,
the body
rids itself
c o m of
o
cancer
m a r c cells.
a d o r e s
p a r a
linfcito
T
idenFcar
estas
clulas
e
mat-
helper
las.
So this is
B cell
how it gets
them.
Ento,
Assim,
o
corpo
se
livra
linfcito
B
assim
que
ele
os
das
clulas
cancerosas.
pega!
antibody
There is no guarantee, however, that the body will be able to rid itself
No
h
garanFa,
entretanto,
de
que
corpo
ser
capaz
of cancer cells
entirely.
For example,
cancer cells
that o
dont
produce
anti- de
se
livrar
das
clulas
cancerosas
inteiramente.
Por
exemplo,
clulas
do
gens or ones that are formed from the cytokine-producing cells that concncer
que
no
produzem
angenos
ou
aqueles
que
so
formados
trol the immune
system
could dodge
immunological
surveillance
and
a
parFr
de
clulas
produtoras
de
citocinas,
que
controlam
o
multiply, finally
resulting
in
your
developing
cancer.
sistema
imune,
poderiam
evitar
a
vigilncia
imunolgica
e
se
os angenos de cncer
Hurrah!
Hurrah!
Poeira!
Even the cancercncer
cells that manage to avoid
Tratando
Levantou
the bodys immunological surveillance and
poeira!
com
Imunoterapia
multiply possess some sort of antigens. Evoking an immune response against
these antigens could provide a means to cure cancer. This is exactly the goal of var
Mesmo
as
clulas
que
conseguem
ious a
clinical
trialsimunolgica
that are taking
place
now.
evitar
vigilncia
e
se
mulFplicar
possuem
algum
Fpo
de
angenos.
Evocar
uma
resposta
imune
contra
estes
angenos
poderia
Cancer
Therapy
fornecer
um
Vaccine
meio
de
curar
o
cncer.
Este
exatamente
o
objeFvo
de
vrias
Treatment
combination
of cancer
triagens
clnicas
with
que
aesto
acontecendo
agora.
antigens and agents that stimulate the immune syscancer antigen
Terapia
Com
Vacina
Contra
O
Cncer
tem holds
some
promise
as vaccines
against
cancer.
O
tratamento
com
uma
combinao
de
angenos
de
cncer
e
agentes
que
esFmulam
o
sistema
imune
fornece
alguma
esperana
como
Dendritic
Cell
Therapy
vacinas
contra
cncer.
angeno de cncer
adjuvant
(an immunostimulant)
adjuvante
(um
Terapia
om
incorporating
Clulas
Dendr;cas
from the C
body,
antigens into them,imunoesFmulante)
reintroducing
themde
toclulas
the body
to fight
Eand
ste
mthen
todo
envolve
a
reFrada
dendrFcas
do
corpo,
a
incorporao
de
angenos
a
elas
the cancer.
e
a
sua
reintroduo
ao
corpo
para
combater
o
cncer.
do
cncer
cancerangeno
antigen
T Cell Therapy
Terapia
Com
Linfcitos
T
linfcito
T
killer
killer T
cell
can
attack
cancer.
angeno
do
the
cncer
cancer antigen
cancer-destroying linfcito
T
killer
killer T cells
linfcito
T
killer
destruidor
do
cncer
70
kil
dendritic cells
containing cancer
antigens, etc
remove
surgically
primary cancer
no recurrence
(clear of cancer)
clulas dendrFcas
small pieces of
metastatic
cancer
remoo
cirrgica
immunotherapy
contendo
angenos
de cncer, etc.
cncer primrio
anFcorpos
contra
angenos
de
cncer
ancer cell
clula
cancerosa
Este
livro
faz
parte
das
aFvidades
de
extenso
da
Sociedade
Japonesa
de
Imunologia.
Ns
o
criamos
porque
acreditamos
que
nossa
sociedade
deve
oferecer
a
todos,
de
crianas
do
Ensino
Fundamental
a
adultos,
um
livro
que
lhes
d
acesso
fcil
ao
mundo
da
imunologia.
Combinando
um
contedo
rigoroso
com
um
formato
abordvel,
o
objeitvo
foi
dar
ao
leitor
um
gosFnho
do
assunto
na
esperana
de
que
isso
despertasse
seu
interesse
para
explor-lo
no
futuro.
O
projeto
comeou
com
a
criao
de
painis
de
exibio
e
manuais
para
o
pbiico
do
evento
de
extenso,
Meneki
Fushigi
Mirai,
organizado
pela
Sociedade
em
2007.
Finalizar
tal
livro
como
uma
nova
jornada
pra
ns,
mas
como
agora
ns
nos
tornamos
uma
organizao
sem
ns
lucraFvos,
construir
entendimento
e
disseminar
informao
tm
tomado
uma
signicncia
maior.
Nesse
senFdo,
a
publicao
deste
livro
poderia
ser
vista
como
um
teste
de
como
organizaes
como
a
nossa
podem
encontrar
papis
apropriados
para
elas
mesmas
no
mundo
de
hoje.
Acreditamos
que,
alm
disso,
tais
aFvidades
de
extenso
oferecem
aos
pesquisadores
uma
boa
oportunidade
para
re-examinar
seus
papis
pblicos
tambm.
Se
a
publicao
deste
livro
trouxer
algum
beneucio
para
a
sociedade
e
nossos
membros
e,
por
extenso,
ajudar
a
apoiar
o
progresso
da
imunologia
ou
da
Sociedade,
ento
eu
eu
caria
muito
feliz.
Gostaria
de
oferecer
meus
sinceros
agradecimentos
a
todos
os
membros
da
Sociedade
Japonesa
de
Imunologia,
comeando
pelo
Presidente,
Dr
Masayuki
Miyasaka,
por
sua
genFl
direo
e
apoio
desde
a
origem
e
concepo
do
projeto.
Tambm,
ao
Dr
Hiroshi
Kiyono,
por
seu
trabalho
pesado
em
fazer
este
projeto
sair
do
cho.
E
aos
autores
colaboradores
deste
livro,
Dr
Hiroshi
Kawamoto,
Diretor
do
Comit
Promotor
de
Educao,
e
Dr
Toshiaki
Ohteki,
Dr
Noriko
Sorimachi,
Dr
Shinsuke
Taki,
e
Dr
Sachiko
Miyake,
do
Comit
de
Relaes
Pblicas,
por
seus
trabalhos
dedicados
em
decidir
sobre
o
contedo,
formato
e
texto
deste
livro.
Alm
disso,
sou
muito
grato
a
Sra
Shinobu
Yamashita
do
departamento
de
edio
da
Yodosha
por
sua
pacincia
em
lidar
com
nossas
negociaes
connuas
e
a
Sra
Tomoko
Ishikawa,
nossa
ilustradora,
por
sua
resposta
graciosa
a
nossas
solicitaes
muito
detalhadas.
April
2008
Japanese
Society
for
Immunology
Dr
Yousuke
Takahama
www.es.org
www.wiley-vch.de
www.efis.org
www.wiley-vch.de
www.efis.org
www.wiley-vch.de
ISBN 978-3-00-028073-3
ISBN 978-3-00-028073-3