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Form 3 Science

Chapter 7 Electricity

Chapter 7 Electricity
7.1 Electrostatics
A. Structure of Atom
1. All matters are made of small particles called a...
2. Atom contains p, n and e
Protons and neutrons form the nucleus of an atom and electrons are

freely moved around the nucleus.


Structure of an atom
3. Protons have p electric charge, electrons have
n electric charge and neutrons have n. electric
charge.
4. An atom contains equal amount of protons and electrons, so the
positive and negative charge are c. out. Therefore, an
atom has no net electric charge.
B. Static Electrical Charges
1. Electrostatics is to study the electric charges at r./static.
2. Static electric charges can be produced through f and
can be detected by e.. The electroscope uses
r. of the gold leaf to indicate when something is
charged.

Electroscope
3. Objects can lose or gain electrons by rubbing with d
types of objects.
4. Matter carries out two types of charges: p... charge and
n... charge.
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Form 3 Science

Chapter 7 Electricity

5. An object is said to be neutral if the number of positive and


negative charge are s.. However, if a neutral object
l electrons, it becomes positively charged and if a neutral
object g.electrons, it becomes negatively charged.
6. When a charged object comes near to another object they will
either attract or repel each other.
If the charges are same they r
If the charges are opposite they a
If one is charged and the other is not they a

Attraction
Repulsion
Repulsion
Attraction and repulsion between charges
7. The figure below explains how a charged rod attracts small pieces
of tissue using repulsion and attraction principle.

Charged rod

a) A positive charged rod is placed near a small piece of silk cloth.


b) Negative charges are induced and move to the surface of the silk
cloth near the charged rod.
c) Unlike charges attract and the piece of silk cloth gets attracted
to the rod.
8. The attraction and repulsion effect of charged materials shows that
a f. exists between electric charges. This force is known as
e.. f..
C. Phenomena Related to Static Electric Charges
1. Clouds are charged when they are blown around. The charge that
builds up on one part of a cloud can flow out rapidly as a flash of
lightning to another cloud or to the ground.

Form 3 Science

Chapter 7 Electricity

2. Uses of electrostatics
a) Photocopiers and laser printers

b) Electrostatic dust precipitators

c) Paint spraying
3. Safety measurement to overcome electrostatics hazards.
a) Lightning conductor
Lightning can cause damage to t. building.
Lightning conductors are installed on the buildings to
r.. the chances of a lightning strike.
A lightning conductor consists of a copper strip or rod.
One end of the rod consists of several metal spikes
sticking up into the air. The other end is connected to a
metal plate buried in the g..

Form 3 Science

Chapter 7 Electricity

Lightning conductor provides a route for electric charges


to p.. into the ground if the lightning does occur.
This prevents lightning from striking the building.
b) Conducting strip in the rear of a petrol tanker
In a petrol tanker, charges can build up in the rubber
tyres. These charges can produce e
s.. that can cause explosion if the petrol vapour
is present in the air.
Therefore, all petrol tankers carry a metal chain or
conducting strip to pass the charges to the ground.

Lightning conductor
of a petrol tanker

Conducting strip in the rear

7.2 Electricity
A. Source of Electrical Energy
1. Electricity is a form of energy produced by e..
c..
2. Source of electrical energy comes from
Huge g. in power station
E. cells
B
Small g.
S cells
B. Current, Voltage and Resistance
1. Current is the rate at which charge is f. through a
conductor. Electric charge that is stored in the Van der Graaff
generator is a source of electrical energy. It has a very high
electrical potential.
2. Van der Graaff generator is a device that produces a high voltage by
collecting static electrical charges.

Form 3 Science

Chapter 7 Electricity
3. Voltage is the d. in charge
between two points.
4. Resistance is a materials tendency to
r the flow if charge (current).
Different materials have different resistance.
C. is a good conductor as it has a
very low resistance.
C. Direction of Electron Flow

1. In a conductor, there are millions of free


electrons moving randomly in all direction.
When a voltage is applied across the conductor
in an electric circuit, the electrons are
p away from the negative terminal
Van der Graaf
2. The flow of electrons causes an electric current flow from the
p terminal to the n terminal of an
energy source.
3. The electrons always flow in the direction o. to the
flow of electric current.

Flow of electrons and the direction of current


7.3 Measuring Electricity
1. V, c. and r.. of a circuit are
the three important quantities for measuring electricity.
2. Unit for current is a (A).
3. Unit for voltage is v.. (V).
4. Unit for resistance is ().
7.4 Relationship between Current, Voltage and Resistance
1. The h the resistance, the s the current that
flows through the circuit.
2. The h the voltage, the b the current that
flows through the circuit.
3. Voltage is d.. proportional to the current.

Form 3 Science

Chapter 7 Electricity

V IR(V =IR)R=

V
I

Where V = voltage, I = current (A) and R = resistance ()


4. The relationship between voltage, current and resistance ( R = V/I)
is known as Ohms Law.

Graph of current against voltage


against
resistance
7.5
The
Concept of Parallel and Series Circuits

Graph of current

A. Components of an Electric Circuit and Symbols


1. A simple circuit consists of a source of electrical energy. Connecting
wires and other electrical components.
2. A circuit diagram can be easily drawn by using symbols. The table
shows the electrical components, circuit symbols and their
functions.
Name of
electrical
component
Cell

Circuit
symbol

Function

A device that generates electrical energy from


chemical energy

Battery

A device consists of two or more electrochemical


cells that convert stored chemical energy into
electrical energy.
A device used to interrupt the flow of electrons
in a circuit

Switch
Ammeter

A measuring instrument used to measure the


electric current in a circuit

Voltmeter

An instrument used for measuring electrical


potential difference between two points in an
electric circuit.
A type of sensitive ammeter: an instrument for
detecting electric current.

Galvanometer
Fixed resistor

Used to reduce the flow of electricity in an


electric circuit.

Form 3 Science
Variable
resistor
(rheostat)
Power supply
Fuse

Two-way switch

Thermistor
Transformer

Earth
connection

Chapter 7 Electricity
Used to control the current flowing in a circuit.

An electronic device that supplies electric energy


to an electrical load.
An electrical safety device that can stop current
from flowing if it becomes overloaded, or a
device that is used to ignite an explosive device.
A two way lighting circuit enables one circuit to
be turned on or off by either of two switches.
(e.g. two switches in different locations to
control one lamp).
A type of resistor whose resistance is dependent
on temperature
An electrical device that transfers electrical
energy between two or more circuits through
electromagnetic
induction.
Commonly,
transformers are used to increase or decrease
the voltages of alternating current in electric
power applications.
A direct electrical connection to the earth, a
connection to a particular point in an electrical
or electronic circuit.

Bulb
Capacitor

A passive two-terminal electrical component


used to store electrical energy temporarily in an
electric field.

An

electric

circuit

A circuit diagram
B. Complete, Series and Parallel Circuits
1. A series circuit is connected to next to each other in a circuit to form
a s path. There are no branches in the circuit.
2. A parallel circuit is a complete circuit that has t.. or more
paths for the current flow.
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Form 3 Science

Chapter 7 Electricity

3. The similarities and differences between a series and a parallel


circuit.
Similarities:
All electrical components in the circuit are connected to one power
source and are controlled by a switch.
Diferences:
A series circuit

A parallel circuit

All
electrical
components
are
connected end to end following
.. electrical path to the ends
of the battery.
If one bulb is removed, the circuit is
b. The other bulb does
.. light up.
Each of two bulbs glows .
but are equally

The electrical components are


connected side by side following
.. electrical
paths to the ends of the battery.
If one bulb is removed, there is
still an . circuit
through the other bulb.
Each bulb has direct connections
to the battery so each bulb glows
.

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