CHEMISTRY

QUESTIONSHEETS

AS TOPIC 11

GROUP 7

AS Level

Questionsheet

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HALOGENS

16 marks

Questionsheet

REACTIVITY OF THE HALOGENS

17 marks

Questionsheet

REACTIONS OF THE HALOGENS WITH WATER AND ALKALIS

15 marks

Questionsheet

DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

14 marks

Questionsheet

EXTRACTION OF BROMINE FROM SEA WATER

13 marks

Questionsheet

HYDROGEN HALIDES

17 marks

Questionsheet

SOLID IONIC HALIDES WITH CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID

17 marks

Questionsheet

SILVER HALIDES

14 marks

Questionsheet

CHLORIC(I) ACID AND SODIUM CHLORATE(I)

18 marks

Questionsheet

10

THE CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY I

17 marks

Questionsheet

11

THE CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY II

13 marks

Questionsheet

12

USES OF THE HALOGENS

14 marks

Questionsheet

13

TEST QUESTION I

15 marks

Questionsheet

14

TEST QUESTION II

17 marks

Questionsheet

15

TEST QUESTION III

14 marks

Authors
Trevor Birt
Donald E Caddy
Andrew Jones
Editor
John Brockington

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urriculum

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AS Level

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HALOGENS

a) (i)

Give the states of matter and colours of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine under standard conditions.
Fluorine .....................................................................................................................................................
Chlorine ....................................................................................................................................................
Bromine .....................................................................................................................................................
Iodine .................................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) How do you account for the trend in boiling points suggested by your answer to a) (i)?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
b) (i)

Describe how the electron affinities of chlorine, bromine and iodine vary and explain why this variation
occurs.

...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) In what way is fluorine anomalous within Group 7 with regard to electron affinity values? Suggest an
explanation for this anomaly.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
c) Explain, on the basis of atomic structure, why it is impossible for fluorine to have a positive oxidation
number.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................... [3]

TOTAL / 16

AS Level

TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 2

REACTIVITY OF THE HALOGENS

a) Use the average bond enthalpy data to answer the questions that follow.
Bond
C-C
C-F
C-Cl
C-Br
C-I
H-Cl
H-I

(i)

Bond Enthalpy / kJ mol-1

348
484
338
276
238
431
299

Bond
F-F
Cl-Cl
Br-Br
I-I
H-F
H-Br
C-H

Bond Enthalpy / kJ mol-1

158
242
193
151
562
366
412

Outline the trend in strength of covalent bonding of halogens to other atoms and briefly explain this trend.

...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Consider the overall reaction: Cl2(g) + CH4(g) HCl(g) + CH3Cl(g)
Estimate the enthalpy of reaction ( r) of the above using the average bond enthalpy data.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) If similar separate experiments were carried out using bromine and iodine instead of chlorine, what
trend would there be in the r values obtained? Give an explanation based on the trends in bond
enthalpies.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) What conclusions can you draw concerning the reactivity of the halogens?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
b) Chlorine and hydrogen react explosively in sunlight at room temperature, but more slowly in the dark at this
temperature.
(i) Give a balanced equation for the reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) In view of the effect of light on the reaction rate, what type of reaction do you think is occurring?
Explain your suggestion.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Give the conditions for the reaction between hydrogen and, firstly, bromine and then iodine.
With bromine .............................................................................................................................................
With iodine ............................................................................................................................................ [3]
TOTAL / 17

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AS Level

TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 3

REACTIONS OF THE HALOGENS WITH WATER AND ALKALIS

(a) (i)

Chlorine appears to dissolve in water to form a solution commonly called chlorine water. Write a
balanced chemical equation for this reversible reaction.

....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Using the chemical equation from a) (i) above, predict the effect on the odour of chlorine water when
acid is added to it.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) If a sealed flask, containing chlorine water, is left for several days a gas forms over the liquid. This gas
rekindles a glowing splint. Bromine water, however, does not produce this gas. Write a balanced chemical
equation for the overall reaction between chlorine and water to produce oxygen, and suggest why bromine
water does not behave like chlorine water.
Equation ................................................................................................................................................ [1]
Reason for Br2(aq) behaving differently ..................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
b) (i)

Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction at room temperature between chlorine and aqueous
sodium hydroxide.

...................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use this equation to explain the term disproportionation.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) When this solution is warmed to 70 oC, another disproportionation reaction occurs. Write a balanced
ionic chemical equation for this second reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) A test for gaseous chlorine is to use a piece of damp blue litmus paper. It appears to turn red instantaneously
and then it is bleached white. Explain why these two colour changes occur.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

TOTAL / 15

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 4

DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS
a) Of the common halogens, chlorine is the most powerful oxidising agent: it has the greatest tendency to
become reduced to hydrated halide ions. Bromine is less powerful, and iodine is the weakest of the three.
Use this information to predict what reaction (if any) will occur when the following pairs of species are
mixed together in aqueous solution. In each case state the expected colour of the mixture and write a balanced
ionic equation, including state symbols. (If there is no reaction, write down No reaction instead.)
(i)

Cl2(aq) and Br-(aq)

Colour of mixed solution ...........................................................................................................................
Equation ....................................................................................................................................................

(ii) I2(aq) and Br-(aq)

Colour of mixed solution ...........................................................................................................................
Equation ....................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Br2(aq) and I-(aq)

Colour of mixed solution ...........................................................................................................................
Equation ....................................................................................................................................................

(iv) Br2(aq) and Cl-(aq)

Colour of mixed solution ...........................................................................................................................
Equation ....................................................................................................................................................
[10]
b) A chemist attempted the reaction in a) (iii) but did not observe any obvious change in the colour of the
solution. How could the chemist be sure that iodine had been formed?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
c) If a displacement reaction does not take place in dilute solution at room temperature, give two suggestions as
to how the conditions could be changed so that the reaction might be made to occur.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

TOTAL / 14

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 5

EXTRACTION OF BROMINE FROM SEA WATER

Bromine can be extracted commercially from sea water. Chlorine gas is blown through sea water and bromide
ions are oxidised to bromine. The bromine is separated from the sea water by blowing low pressure air through
it and bromine is entrained in the air as bromine gas. This air stream is passed through a concentrated aqueous
solution of sulphurous acid. The bromine is reduced to bromide ions in solution by the sulphurous acid. The next
stage is the addition of sufficient chlorine gas to oxidise the concentrated aqueous bromide back to bromine.
Crude liquid bromine forms a heavy liquid phase and is run off from the aqueous phase for further purification.
a) Construct a full ionic equation for the reaction of chlorine with bromide ions in sea water, by writing two
ionic half-equations and then combining them.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
b) Bromine is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Explain why bromine can be blown out of solution
so easily.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
c) Write ionic half-equations for (i) the oxidation of sulphurous acid, H2SO3(aq), to sulphate ions, SO42-(aq), and
(ii) the reduction of bromine, Br2(aq), to bromide ions, Br-(aq). Finally, combine them to give (iii) the full
ionic equation for the reaction between sulphurous acid and bromine.
(i)

Ionic half-equation for the oxidation of sulphurous acid

............................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Ionic half-equation for the reduction of bromine

............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Full ionic equation
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]
d) What do you understand by the term phase?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
e) In the UK bromine is successfully extracted from sea water on the Isle of Anglesey. If a similar plant were to
be sited on the Severn estuary it would probably be much less successful. Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 6

HYDROGEN HALIDES
a) (i)

Which of the hydrogen halides has the highest boiling point?

....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Outline the reasons for this.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
b) (i)

Which of the hydrogen halides has the lowest boiling point?

....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Outline the reason for this.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
c) (i)

What is the meaning of the term weak acid?

...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Place the following hydrogen halides in their order of increasing acid strength: HI, HF, HCl, HBr.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Name any of these which are weak acids. Explain your reasoning and mention any special feature of the
acid(s) you have named.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [4]
d) A student wrote that Hydrofluoric acid is such a strong acid that it can even attack glass. Comment on this
statement.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]

TOTAL / 17

AS Level

TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 7

SOLID IONIC HALIDES WITH CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID

a) Hydrogen chloride can be produced by the reaction between any solid ionic chloride (e.g. NaCl) and excess
concentrated sulphuric acid. The reaction equation is:
H2SO4(l) + NaCl(s) NaHSO4(s) + HCl(g)
This reaction is in dynamic chemical equilibrium. Why then, with heating, does 1 mole of sodium chloride
react completely to give one mole of HCl(g)?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
b) With concentrated sulphuric acid, sodium bromide reacts similarly to sodium chloride, but some of the HBr
reacts further to reduce excess sulphuric acid.
(i)

Write an ionic half-equation for the reduction of sulphuric acid to sulphur dioxide.

....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Write an ionic half-equation for the oxidation of bromide ions to bromine.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Combine the ionic half-equations written above to derive the full equation for the reaction of sulphuric
acid with hydrogen bromide. Also, predict the observations which would be made when concentrated
sulphuric acid is added to sodium bromide.
Full equation ......................................................................................................................................... [2]
Observations .............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
c) When concentrated sulphuric acid is heated with sodium iodide, the sulphuric acid is reduced by the hydrogen
iodide formed initially. Amongst other products, hydrogen sulphide is evolved.
(i)

Write an ionic half-equation for the reduction of sulphuric acid to hydrogen sulphide (H2S).

....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Combine this with an ionic half-equation for the oxidation of iodide ions to iodine to obtain a full
equation for the reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) What would a chemist observe when carrying out this reaction?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Suggest why concentrated phosphoric acid rather than concentrated sulphuric acid is used to prepare
hydrogen iodide and hydrogen bromide in the laboratory.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
TOTAL / 17

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 8

SILVER HALIDES
a) The addition of silver nitrate solution, in order to precipitate silver halides, is a well known test for the
presence of halide ions in solution.
(i)

State the colours of the following precipitates.

Silver chloride ....................................................................................................................................... [1]
Silver bromide ....................................................................................................................................... [1]
Silver iodide .......................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest why aqueous silver nitrate does not give a precipitate with fluoride ions.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Why must the test solution be acidified with dilute nitric acid before silver nitrate solution is added?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
b) When aqueous ammonia is added to a silver halide, its reaction varies according to the nature of the halide
ion and the concentration of the ammonia solution. Describe how these reactions can be used to confirm the
difference between AgCl(s), AgBr(s) and AgI(s).
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
c) When silver chloride dissolves in aqueous ammonia, the salt [Ag(NH3)2]Cl is formed which contains a complex
ion, [Ag(NH3)2]+. This is formed by two molecules of ammonia forming coordinate (dative covalent) bonds
with a silver ion, Ag+.
(i)

Draw a diagram, showing lone pairs of electrons and using the normal symbol for a coordinate bond, to
show the formation of [Ag(NH3)2]+.

....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) How can you explain the existence of a single positive charge on the complex ion?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) What would you expect to be the shape of this complex ion?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 14

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 9

CHLORIC(I) ACID AND SODIUM CHLORATE(I)

a) Give the oxidation number of the halogen atom in each of the following oxoanions. Name these anions.
Oxidation number

Name

ClOClO3IO4b) (i)

[3]

Draw a dot and cross diagram of chloric(I) acid.

[2]
(ii) Chloric(I) acid decomposes slowly at room temperature. Write an equation for this decomposition.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
c) Excess aqueous silver(I) ions were added to an aqueous solution of sodium chlorate(I). A suspension X
formed and this was filtered. On warming the filtrate, a white precipitate Y formed slowly.
(i)

How do you account for the suspension X? (Note that silver chlorates are soluble in water)

...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why precipitate Y formed.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) ClO- is the active chemical species in bleach. What type of reaction occurs when an item is bleached?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
d) (i)

Describe how aqueous sodium chlorate(I), together with other reagents, can be used in the laboratory
to distinguish between aqueous solutions of NaCl, NaBr and NaI.

...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) What chemical principles are involved in the above test?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]

TOTAL / 18

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 10

THE CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY I

a) Draw a labelled sketch of the diaphragm cell used for the manufacture of sodium hydroxide by the electrolysis
of purified saturated brine.

[4]
b) Write ionic half-equations for the reactions occurring at the anode and at the cathode.
Anode .................................................................................................................................................................
Cathode ......................................................................................................................................................... [2]
c) The anode is not manufactured from steel, because there would be a rapid chemical reaction between the
anode and the product of electrolysis. Give a balanced chemical equation for this unwanted reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
d) Suggest the function of the diaphragm.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
e) The brine is purified to remove magnesium and calcium ions before electrolysis. Suggest why this is done.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
f) How would this plant be modified to manufacture sodium chlorate(I)?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
g) Give two major industrial uses of sodium hydroxide.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
h) Give one major industrial application for each of the two other co-products of sodium hydroxide.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
TOTAL / 17

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 11

THE CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY II

Sodium chloride is the major important feedstock for the chlor-alkali industry. It can be electrolysed in aqueous
solution to produce sodium hydroxide or sodium chlorate(I). It can also be electrolysed in order to produce
sodium metal.
a) Give the state of matter of sodium chloride when it undergoes electrolysis in the industrial extraction of
sodium.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
b) Write equations for the reactions occurring at each electrode.
Anode .................................................................................................................................................................
Cathode ......................................................................................................................................................... [2]
c) A further halide is added to sodium chloride in this electrolysis. Name this, give the approximate proportions
of each salt used and outline the purpose of this salt.
Name .............................................................................................................................................................. [1]
Proportions .................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
d) Why is only a small amount of the metal from which this salt is formed discharged with sodium or instead of
sodium?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
e) Why is the anode made from processed carbon rather than steel?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
f) One use of sodium is in the extraction of titanium from purified titanium(IV) chloride by a redox reaction.
Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
g) Explain why sodium metal is not produced in the electrolysis of brine.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

TOTAL / 13

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 12

USES OF THE HALOGENS

a) The chlorination of methane yields a mixture of the four organic chlorides shown below, all of which are
useful in industry.
(i)

How can this mixture be separated?

....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State one use for each.
CH3Cl .................................................................................................................................................. [1]
CH2Cl2 .................................................................................................................................................. [1]
CHCl3 .................................................................................................................................................. [1]
CCl4

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

b) Chlorine is also used for the manufacture of the following compounds. State one use for each.
(i)

CF3CHBrCl (Fluothane)

....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) CBrClF2 (BCF)
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) CH2=CHCl (Chloroethene)
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
c) Why is it that some chlorine-containing pesticides, such as benzene hexachloride (BHC), are now regarded
as harmful environmental pollutants?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
d) Until recently, most bromine was immediately converted to 1,2-dibromoethane.
(i)

Write an equation for this conversion.

....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the use of 1,2-dibromoethane and explain its purpose.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
e) State one use of iodine, excluding tincture of iodine which is now little used.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
TOTAL / 14

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 13

TEST QUESTION I
a) The word halogen means salt-maker. Suggest why Group 7 was originally given this name.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
b) When solid potassium chloride is reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid, white fumes are given off. Suggest
the identity of the gas, Z, responsible for these fumes.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
c) Suggest two tests which could help to confirm the identity of Z.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
d) Write a full equation for the reaction in b).
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
e) Z is readily soluble in water. When Z is dissolved in water a solution, Y, of low pH value is formed. Write an
equation for this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
f) Why can the concentrated sulphuric acid test for ionic halides only be used on solids and not on aqueous
solutions?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
g) Read through the account of experiments I and II and answer the questions that follow.
I A solution X gave a white precipitate with aqueous silver nitrate, which dissolved in dilute aqueous
ammonia to give a colourless solution.
II When solution X was treated with dilute nitric acid, followed by aqueous silver nitrate, it gave no precipitate.
(i)

Suggest the identity of the anion present in X and write ionic equations for the reactions in experiment I.

...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [5]
(ii) Why was there no precipitate in experiment II?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

TOTAL / 15

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 14

TEST QUESTION II
a) (i)

In aqueous solution at room temperature, chlorine reacts with water according to the following equation:
Cl2(aq)

H2O(l)

Name
Oxidation no. of chlorine

.................

HCl(aq)

HOCl(aq)

...............................

............................

...............................

............................

Write down, on the dotted lines, the name of each product and the oxidation number of chlorine in
each chlorine-containing substance.
[3]
(ii) Explain why the solution is yellowish-green in colour and smells of chlorine.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
b) A diagnostic test for the presence of chlorine gas involves the use of wet blue litmus paper, which turns red
and then rapidly becomes colourless. State the type of chemical reaction which is occurring in the bleaching
of litmus, and identify the chlorine-containing compound which is responsible.
Type of reaction ............................................................................................................................................. [1]
Compound responsible .................................................................................................................................. [1]
c) Originally, chlorine gas was widely used as a swimming pool disinfectant, but more recently granular products,
such as Trichlor, have been introduced.
(i)

Suggest how chlorine works as a water disinfectant.

...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest health and safety reasons for switching from gaseous to granular chlorinating agents.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]

(Continued....)
TOTAL /

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TOPIC
TOPIC
11 Questionsheet
11 Questionsheet
14 Continued
15

TEST QUESTION II
d) The reaction of water with Trichlor can be summarised as follows:
TCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) TH3(aq)
Trichlor

3HOCl(aq)

Isocyanuric acid

HOCl is a weak acid and partially dissociates in water:

HOCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + ClO-(aq)
HOCl is more effective as a disinfectant than its anion, ClO-. However, if the concentration of HOCl is too
high, side reactions occur with urea (from the body) and nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, is formed which is very
irritating to delicate eye tissue. Controlling [H3O+(aq)], the hydrogen ion concentration, of swimming pool
water within an optimum range is therefore very important.
(i)

State and explain the effect of increasing the hydrogen ion concentration.
Effect ..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Explanation ........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State and explain the effect of decreasing the hydrogen ion concentration.
Effect ..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Explanation ........................................................................................................................................... [1]

TOTAL / 17

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TOPIC 11 Questionsheet 16
15

TEST QUESTION III

a) Fluorine can be prepared by the electrolysis of a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and potassium fluoride.
(i)

Write ionic half-equations to represent the reactions occurring at the anode and at the cathode.
Anode reaction ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
Cathode reaction ................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Why would it be very dangerous is the gaseous products of this process were to mix? Support your
answer with the equation for the chemical reaction between the two products.
Reason ................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Equation ................................................................................................................................................ [1]
b) (i)

Chlorine appears to dissolve in water to form a solution commonly called chlorine water. Write a
balanced chemical equation for this reversible reaction.

....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Fluorine, by contrast, reacts violently with water. White, steamy fumes are produced together with
another gas, which will rekindle a glowing splint. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What type of chemical reaction occurs in each case?
Chlorine with water .............................................................................................................................. [1]
Fluorine with water ............................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) What conclusion can you draw concerning the relative oxidising powers of chlorine and fluorine?
....................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
c) From your knowledge of the reactions between concentrated sulphuric acid and NaCl(s), NaBr(s) and NaI(s),
predict what reactions are likely to occur when concentrated sulphuric acid is added to crystals of (i) sodium
fluoride, and (ii) sodium astatide. In each case describe what you would expect to observe and write a
chemical equation (or equations) for the reactions likely to occur.
Sodium fluoride
Observation ................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Equation ........................................................................................................................................................ [1]
Sodium astatide
Observation ................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Equations ...........................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

TOTAL / 14