Kraftwerk

This article is about the band. For their debut album, see played the violin and guitar, all processed through a varKraftwerk (album).
ied array of electronic gadgets. Htter, who left the band
for six months in 1971 to pursue studies in architecture,
Kraftwerk (German pronunciation: [kaftvk], "power played synthesizer keyboards (including Farsa organ and
electric piano).
station") is a German electronic music band formed by
Ralf Htter and Florian Schneider in 1970 in Dsseldorf, Their rst three albums were free-form experimental
and fronted by them until Schneiders departure in 2008. rock without the pop hooks or the more disciplined song
The signature Kraftwerk sound combines driving, repet- structure of later work. Kraftwerk, released in 1970, and
itive rhythms with catchy melodies, mainly following a Kraftwerk 2, released in 1972, were mostly exploratory
Western classical style of harmony, with a minimalistic jam music, played on a variety of traditional instruments
and strictly electronic instrumentation. The groups sim- including guitar, bass, drums, electric organ, ute and viplied lyrics are at times sung through a vocoder or gen- olin. Post-production modications to these recordings
erated by computer-speech software. Kraftwerk was one were used to distort the sound of the instruments, particof the rst groups to popularize electronic music and are ularly audio-tape manipulation and multiple dubbings of
one instrument on the same track. Both albums are purely
considered to be pioneers.
instrumental. Live performances from 1972 to 1973 were
In the 1970s and early 1980s, Kraftwerks distinctive made as a duo, using a simple beat-box-type electronic
sound was revolutionary, and has had a lasting eect drum machine, with preset rhythms taken from an electric
across many genres of modern music.[2][3][4] According organ. These shows were mainly in Germany, with occato The Observer, no other band since the Beatles has sional shows in France.[7] Later in 1973, Wolfgang Flr
given so much to pop culture and a wide range of artists joined the group for rehearsals, and the unit performed
has been inuenced by their music and imagery.[5] In as a trio on the television show Aspekte for German teleJanuary 2014 the Grammy Academy honored Kraftwerk vision network ZDF.[9]
with a Lifetime Achievement Award.[6]
With Ralf und Florian, released in 1973, Kraftwerk began to move closer to its classic sound, relying more heavily on synthesizers and drum machines. Although almost entirely instrumental, the album marks Kraftwerks
1 History
rst use of the vocoder, which would in time become
one of its musical signatures. Kraftwerks futuristic and
1.1 Formation and early years (197073) robotic sound was inuenced by the 'adrenalized insurgency' of Detroit artists of the late '60s such as MC5 and
Florian Schneider (utes, synthesizers, electro-violin) and the Stooges.[10]
Ralf Htter (electronic organ, synthesizers) met as stuThe input, expertise, and inuence of producer and endents at the Robert Schumann Hochschule in Dsselgineer Konrad Conny Plank was highly signicant in
dorf in the late 1960s, participating in the German
the early years of Kraftwerk and Plank also worked with
experimental music and art scene of the time, which the
many of the other leading German electronic acts of
British music press dubbed "krautrock".[7]
that time, including members of Can, Neu!, Cluster and
The duo had originally performed together as part of a Harmonia. As a result of his work with Kraftwerk,
quintet known as Organisation. This ensemble released Planks studio near Cologne became one of the most
one album, Tone Float, issued on RCA Records in the sought-after studios in the late 1970s. Plank co-produced
UK; the group split shortly thereafter.[8]
the rst four Kraftwerk albums.[7]
Early Kraftwerk line-ups from 1970 to 1974 uctuated,
as Htter and Schneider worked with around a halfdozen other musicians during the preparations for and
the recording of three albums and sporadic live appearances; most notably guitarist Michael Rother and drummer Klaus Dinger, who left to form Neu![7] The only
constant gure in these line-ups was Schneider, whose
main instrument at the time was the ute; at times he also

1.2 International breakthrough (197476)

The release of Autobahn in 1974 saw Kraftwerk moving away from the sound of its earlier albums. Htter
and Schneider had invested in newer technology such as
the Minimoog and the EMS Synthi AKS, helping give
1

HISTORY

moved forward towards electronic pop tunes.[7]

In 1976, Kraftwerk went out on tour in support of the
Radio-Activity album. Enthused by the album, British
singer David Bowie had invited the band to support him
on his Station to Station tour but they declined.[12] Despite
some innovations in touring, Kraftwerk took a break from
live performances after the Radio-Activity tour of 1976.

1.3
Concert in Zrich, 1976

Trans-Europe Express, The ManMachine and Computer World (1977

82)

After having nished the Radio-Activity tour Kraftwerk

began recording Trans-Europe Express (German: TransEuropa Express) at the Kling Klang Studio.[7] TransEurope Express was mixed at the Record Plant Studios
in Los Angeles. It was around this time that Htter and
Schneider met David Bowie at the Kling Klang Studio. A
collaboration was mentioned in an interview (Brian Eno)
with Htter, but it never materialised. The release of
Trans-Europe Express was marked with an extravagant
train journey used as a press conference by EMI France.
[7]
The year 1975 saw a turning point in Kraftwerks live The album was released in March 1977. The album
shows. With nancial support from Phonogram in the won a disco award in New York later that year.
US, it was able to undertake a multi-date tour to pro- In May 1978 Kraftwerk released The Man-Machine (Germote the Autobahn album. This tour took them to the man: Die Mensch-Maschine), recorded at the Kling Klang
US, Canada and the UK for the rst time. The tour also Studio. Due to the complexity of the recording the album
saw a new, stable, live line-up in the form of a quartet. was mixed at Studio Rudas in Dsseldorf. The band hired
Htter and Schneider both mainly played keyboard parts sound engineer Leanard Jackson from Detroit to work toon synthesizers such as the Minimoog and ARP Odyssey, gether with Joschko Rudas on the nal mix of the record.
with Schneiders use of ute diminishing. The pair also The Man-Machine was the rst Kraftwerk album where
sang vocals on stage for the rst time, with Schneider Karl Bartos was co-credited as a songwriter. The cover
also using a vocoder live. Wolfgang Flr and new recruit was produced in black, white and red; the artwork was inKarl Bartos performed live on self-made electronic per- spired by Russian artist El Lissitzky and the Suprematism
cussions. Bartos also used a Deagan Vibraphone on stage. movement. The image of the band on the front cover
The Htter-Schneider-Bartos-Flr formation remained in was photographed by Gunther Frohling. This showed
place until the late 1980s and is now regarded as the clas- the band dressed in red shirts and black ties. Kraftwerk
sic live line-up of Kraftwerk. Emil Schult generally ful- would not issue an album for another three years.[7]
lled the role of tour manager.[7]
In May 1981 Kraftwerk put out Computer World (GerKraftwerk a newer, disciplined sound. Autobahn would
also be the last album that Conny Plank would engineer.
After the commercial success of Autobahn in the USA
where it peaked at number 5 in the Billboard top 200,[11]
Htter and Schneider invested money in updating their
studio. This meant they no longer had to rely on outside
producers. At this time the painter and graphic artist Emil
Schult became a regular collaborator working in support
of the band. Schult designed artwork in addition to later
co-writing lyrics and accompanying the group on tour.[7]

After the 1975 Autobahn tour, Kraftwerk began work on

a follow-up album, Radio-Activity (German title: RadioAktivitt). After further investment in new equipment,
the Kling Klang Studio became a fully working recording
studio. It was decided that the new album would have a
central theme. This theme came from Kraftwerks shared
interest in radio communication, which had become enhanced on their last tour of the United States. While
Emil Schult began working on artwork and lyrics for
the new album, Kraftwerk began to work on the music.
Radio-Activity was less successful in the UK and American markets, but it did open up the European market for
Kraftwerk, gaining them a gold disc in France. Kraftwerk
produced some promotional videos and performed several European live dates to promote the album. With
the release of Autobahn and Radio-Activity, Kraftwerk
had left behind its avant-garde experimentations and had

man: Computerwelt) on EMI records.[7] It was recorded

at Kling Klang Studio between 1978 and 1981.[7] A lot
of this time was spent modifying the studio so the band
could take it on tour with them.[7] Some of the electronic
vocals on Computer World were created using a Texas Instruments Language Translator.[13] "Computer Love" was
released as a single from the album backed with the ManMachine track "The Model".[7] Radio DJs were more interested in the B-side so the single was repackaged by
EMI and re-released with The Model as the A-side.
The single reached the number one position in the UK,
making The Model Kraftwerks most successful record
in the UK.[7] As such, The Man Machine became a success in the UK, peaking at number 9 in the album chart
in February 1982.[14] The bands live set focused increasingly on song-based material, with greater use of vocals
and the use of sequencing equipment for percussion and

1.5

The Mix (199099)

musical lines. The approach taken by the group was to 1.5 The Mix (199099)
use the sequencing equipment interactively, thus allowing room for improvisation. Ironically Kraftwerk did not After years of withdrawal from live performance
own a computer at the time of recording Computer World. Kraftwerk began to tour Europe more frequently. In
Kraftwerk returned to the live scene with the Computer February 1990 the band played a few secret shows in Italy.
World tour of 1981, where the band eectively packed Karl Bartos left the band shortly afterwards. The next
up its entire Kling Klang studio and took it along on the proper tour was in 1991, for the album The Mix. Htter
road. The band also developed an increasing use of visual and Schneider wished to continue the synth-pop quartet
elements in the live shows. This included back-projected style of presentation, and recruited Fernando Abrantes as
slides and lms, increasingly synchronised with the music a replacement for Bartos. Abrantes left the band shortly
as the technology developed, the use of hand-held minia- after though. In late 1991, long-time Kling Klang Stuturised instruments during the set (for example, during dio sound engineer Henning Schmitz was brought in to
Pocket Calculator), and, perhaps most famously, the nish the remainder of the tour and to complete a new
use of replica mannequins of themselves to perform on version of the quartet that remained active until 2008.
In 1997 they had a famous appearance at dance festival
stage during the song The Robots.
Tribal Gathering held in England.[15] In 1998, the group
toured the US and Japan for the rst time since 1981,
along with shows in Brazil and Argentina. Three new
songs were performed during this period, which remain
unreleased. Following this trek, the group decided to take
[16]
1.4 Tour de France and Electric Caf (1983 another break.

89)
In 1982 Kraftwerk began to work on a new album that initially had the working title Technicolor but due to trademark issues was changed to Techno Pop. One of the songs
from these recording sessions was "Tour de France",
which EMI released as a single in 1983. This song was a
reection of the bands new-found obsession for cycling.
After the physically demanding Computer World tour,
Ralf Htter had been looking for forms of exercise that
tted in with the image of Kraftwerk; subsequently he
encouraged the group to become vegetarians and take up
cycling. Tour de France included sounds that followed
this theme including bicycle chains, gear mechanisms and
the breathing of the cyclist. At the time of the singles release Ralf Htter tried to persuade the rest of the band
that they should record a whole album based on cycling.
The other members of the band were not convinced, and
the theme was left to the single alone.[7] Tour de France
was released in German and French. The vocals of the
song were recorded on the Kling Klang Studio stairs to
create the right atmosphere.[7] Tour de France was featured in the 1984 lm Breakin', showing the inuence that
Kraftwerk had on black American dance music.[7]
During the recording of Tour de France, Ralf Htter
was involved in a serious cycling accident.[7] He suered
head injuries and remained in a coma for several days.
During 1983 Wolfgang Flr was beginning to spend less
time in the studio. Since the band began using sequencers
his role as a drummer was becoming less frequent. He
preferred to spend his time travelling with his girlfriend.
Flr was also experiencing artistic diculties with the
band. After his nal work on the 1986 album Electric
Caf (a.k.a. Techno Pop) he hardly returned to the Kling
Klang Studio.[9] Wolfgang Flr left the band in 1987 and
was replaced by Fritz Hilpert.

In July 1999 the single Tour de France was reissued

in Europe by EMI after it had been out of print for several years. It was released for the rst time on CD in
addition to a repressing of the 12-inch vinyl single. Both
versions feature slightly altered artwork that removed the
faces of Flr and Bartos from the four-man cycling paceline depicted on the original cover. In 1999 ex-member
Flr published his autobiography in Germany, Ich war
ein Roboter. Later English-language editions of the book
were titled Kraftwerk: I Was a Robot.
The single "Expo 2000" was released in December 1999.
The track was remixed and re-released as Expo Remix
in November 2000.

1.6 Touring the globe (200009)

In Stockholm, February 2004

In August 2003 the band released Tour de France Soundtracks, its rst album of new material since 1986s Electric
Caf. In January and February 2003, prior to the release

4
of the album, the band started the extensive MinimumMaximum world tour, using four customised Sony VAIO
laptop computers, eectively leaving the entire Kling
Klang studio at home in Germany. The group also obtained a new set of transparent video panels to replace
its four large projection screens. This greatly streamlined the running of all of the groups sequencing, soundgenerating, and visual-display software. From this point,
the bands equipment increasingly reduced manual playing, replacing it with interactive control of sequencing
equipment. Htter retains the most manual performance,
still playing musical lines by hand on a controller keyboard and singing live vocals and having a repeating
ostinato. Schneiders live vocoding has been replaced
by software-controlled speech-synthesis techniques. In
November, the group made a surprising appearance at
the MTV European Music Awards in Edinburgh, Scotland, performing Aerodynamik. The same year a promotional box set entitled 12345678 (subtitled The Catalogue) was issued, with plans for a proper commercial release to follow. The box featured remastered editions of
the groups core eight studio albums, from Autobahn to
Tour de France Soundtracks. This long-awaited box-set
would eventually be released in a dierent set of remasters in November 2009.
In June 2005 the bands rst-ever ocial live album,
Minimum-Maximum, which was compiled from the
shows during the bands tour of spring 2004, received
extremely positive reviews.[3] The album contained reworked tracks from existing studio albums. This included
a track titled Planet of Visions that was a reworking
of Expo 2000. In support of this release, Kraftwerk
made another quick sweep around the Balkans with dates
in Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Turkey, and Greece. In
December, the DVD release of Minimum-Maximum was
made available. During 2006, the band performed at festivals in Norway, the Czech Republic, Spain, Belgium
and Germany.

HISTORY

sical partner, Ralf Htter, four decades to discover musical dierences.[19] Kraftwerks headline set at Global
Gathering in Melbourne, Australia on 22 November was
cancelled moments before it was scheduled to begin, due
to a Fritz Hilpert heart problem.[20]
In 2009, Kraftwerk performed concerts in Wolfsburg,
Germany, Manchester, UK, and Randers, Denmark with
special 3D background graphics. Members of the audience were able to watch this multimedia part of the
show with 3D glasses, which were given out. During
the Manchester concert (part of the 2009 Manchester International Festival)[21] four members of the GB cycling
squad (Jason Kenny, Ed Clancy, Jamie Sta and Geraint
Thomas) rode around the Velodrome while the band performed Tour de France.[22] The group also played several festival dates, the last being at the Bestival in September 2009 on the Isle of Wight.[23]

Htter and Schmitz performing at the 2009 Bestival, Isle of Wight

Kraftwerk nally released The Catalogue box set on 16

November.[24] It is a 12 LP-sized box set containing all
eight remastered CDs in cardboard slipcases, as well as
LP-sized booklets of photographs and artwork for each
In April 2008 the group played three shows in US cities individual album.
Minneapolis, Milwaukee, and Denver, and was a coheadliner at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festi1.7 The Catalogue and continued touring
val. This was their second appearance at the festival since
(2010present)
2004. Further shows were performed in Ireland, Poland,
Ukraine, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Singapore later that year. The touring quartet consisted of Although not ocially conrmed, Ralf Htter suggested
Ralf Htter, Henning Schmitz, Fritz Hilpert, and video that a second boxed set of their rst three experimentechnician Stefan Pfae, who became an ocial mem- tal albumsKraftwerk, Kraftwerk 2 and Ralf and Flober in 2008. Original member Florian Schneider was ab- riancould be on its way, possibly seeing commercial
sent from the lineup. Htter stated that he was working release after their next studio album: We've just never
on other projects.[17] On 21 November, Kraftwerk o- really taken a look at those albums. They've always been
cially conrmed Florian Schneiders departure from the available, but as really bad bootlegs. Now we have more
band.[18] The Independent commented on that incident: artwork. Emil has researched extra contemporary drawThere is something brilliantly Kraftwerkian about the ings, graphics, and photographs to go with each album,
news that Florian Schneider, a founder member of the collections of paintings that we worked with, and drawGerman electronic pioneers, is leaving the band to pursue ings that Florian and I did. We took a lot of Polaroids
an iOS app called
a solo career. Many successful bands break up after just a in those days. Kraftwerk also released
[25]
The
Lenbach House
Kraftwerk
Kling
Klang
Machine.
few years. It has apparently taken Schneider and his muin Munich exhibited some Kraftwerk 3-D pieces in Au-

5
tumn 2011. Kraftwerk performed three concerts to open
the exhibit.[26]
Kraftwerk played at Ultra Music Festival in Miami on
March 23, 2012. The Museum of Modern Art of New
York organized an exhibit titled Kraftwerk - Retrospective
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 where the band performed their studio
discography from Autobahn to Tour de France over the
course of eight days to sell-out crowds. Kraftwerk performed at the No Nukes 2012 Festival in Tokyo, Japan.
Kraftwerk were also going to play at the Ultra Music Festival in Warsaw, but the event was cancelled; instead,
Kraftwerk performed at Way Out West in Gothenburg.
A limited edition version of the Catalogue box set was
made available during the retrospective - restricted to
2000 sets; each box was individually numbered and inverted the colour scheme of the standard box. In December, Kraftwerk stated on their website that they would
be playing their Catalogue in Dsseldorf and at Londons
Tate Modern. Kraftwerk tickets were priced at 60 in
London, but fans compared that to the $20 ticket price
for tickets at New Yorks MoMA in 2012, which caused
consternation. Even so, the demand for the tickets at The
Tate was so high that it shut down the website.
In March 2013, the band was not allowed to perform
at a music festival in China due to unspecied political reasons.[27] In an interview in June after performing
the eight albums of The Catalogue in Sydney, Ralf Htter
stated: Now we have nished one to eight, now we can
concentrate on number nine.[28] In July, they performed
at the 47th Montreux Jazz Festival. The band also played
a 3-D concert on 12 July at Scotlands biggest festival T in the Park - in Balado, Kinross. As well as 20 July at
Latitude Festival in Suolk, and 21 July at the Longtitude
festival at Marlay Park in Dublin.[29]
In October 2013 the band played four concerts, over two
nights, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The venue, Evoluon
(the former technology museum of Philips Electronics, now a conference center) was handpicked by Ralf
Htter,[30] for its retro-futuristic UFO-like architecture.
Bespoke visuals of the building, with the saucer section
descending from space, were displayed during the rendition of Spacelab.[31]

Kraftwerk performing in front of a 3D video screen at the Riviera Theatre in Chicago on March 27, 2014. L-R: Ralf Htter,
Henning Schmitz, Fritz Hilpert, Falk Grieenhagen.

Between 15 and 23 January 2015 the band performed

their catalogue-series in the iconic Paradiso concert hall
in Amsterdam, Netherlands, where they played before in
1976.[35] During the week, Ralf Htter, being told that
the Tour de France would be starting that year in the
nearby Dutch city of Utrecht, decided that Kraftwerk
would perform during the Grand Depart. Eventually the band played three concerts July 3 and 4 in
TivoliVredenburg performing Tour de France Soundtracks and visited the start of the Tour in between.
In May 2015 Kraftwerk extended their 2013/2014/2015
3D Concert Tour with a twelve-date North American
leg. The leg starts on 16 September 2015 in Edmonton,
Alberta and nishes on 9 October in Kansas City, Missouri.[36][37][38][39]

2 Music
The members of Kraftwerk are seen as electro-pop
pioneers.[40] At their beginning, the band was inspired
by the avant-garde compositions of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Htter has also listed the Beach Boys as a major
inuence.[41]

On November 26, 2013, Kraftwerk announced that they

Kraftwerks lyrics deal with post-war European urban life
would be bringing their four-night, 3D Catalogue tour to
and technologytraveling by car on the Autobahn, travthe Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles in March
eling by train, using home computers, and the like. Usu2014.[32]
ally, the lyrics are very minimal but reveal both an inIn January 2014, Kraftwerk played 4 3D concerts over nocent celebration of, and a knowing caution about, the
3 nights at the Cirkus in Stockholm, Sweden.
modern world, as well as playing an integral role in the
In July 2014, Kraftwerk played a 3d concert at the rhythmic structure of the songs. Many of Kraftwerks
songs express the paradoxical nature of modern urban
Positivus festival in Salacgrva, Latvia.
life: a strong sense of alienation existing side-by-side with
In August 2014 Kraftwerk played a 3D concert at the mu- a celebration of the joys of modern technology.
sic festival Summer Sonic in Tokyo, Japan.[33] In November 2014 the 3D Catalogue live set will be played in Paris, All of Kraftwerks albums from Radio-Activity onwards
France, at the brand new Fondation Louis-Vuiton from have been released in separate versions: one with German vocals for sale in Germany, Switzerland and Austria
November 6 to 14.[34]
and one with English vocals for the rest of the world, with

3 INFLUENCE ON OTHER MUSICIANS

occasional variations in other languages when conceptu- nel Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen), where it was played
ally appropriate.
by Wolfgang Flr.[46] They created drums machines for
[47]
On the RadioLive performance has always played an important part in Autobahn and Trans-Europe Express
Activity
tour
in
1976
Kraftwerk
tested
out
an experimenKraftwerks activities. Also, despite its live shows genertal
light-beam-activated
drum
cage
allowing
Flr to trigally being based around formal songs and compositions,
ger
electronic
percussion
through
arm
and
hand
movelive improvisation often plays a noticeable role in its perments.
Unfortunately,
the
device
did
not
work
as
planned,
formances. This trait can be traced back to the groups
[44]
The same year Ralf
roots in the rst experimental Krautrock scene of the late and it was quickly abandoned.
Htter and Florian Schneider commissioned Bonn-based
1960s, but, signicantly, it has continued to be a part of
its playing even as it makes ever greater use of digital Synthesizerstudio Bonn, Matten & Wiechers to design
and build the Synthanorma Sequenzer with Intervallomat,
and computer-controlled sequencing in its performances.
Some of the bands familiar compositions have been ob- a 48 / 216 / 132 step-sequencer system with some
features that commercial products couldn't provide at that
served to have developed from live improvisations at its
time.[44] The music sequencer was used by the band for
concerts or sound-checks.
the rst time to control the electronic sources creating the
rhythmic sound of the album Trans-Europe Express.[48]

2.1

Technological innovations

Throughout their career, Kraftwerk have pushed the limits of music technology with some notable innovations,
such as self-made instruments and custom built devices.
The group has always perceived their Kling Klang Studio as a complex music instrument as well as a sound
laboratory; Florian Schneider in particular developed a
fascination with music technology, with the result that
the technical aspects of sound generation and recording
gradually became his main elds of activity within the
band.[7] Alexei Monroe called Kraftwerk the rst successful artists to incorporate representations of industrial
sounds into non-academic electronic music.[42]

Early 1970s vocoder, custom built for Kraftwerk

Kraftwerk used a custom built Vocoder on their albums Ralf und Florian and Autobahn; the device was
constructed by electronic engineers P. Leunig and K.
Obermayer of the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt
Braunschweig.[43]

2.2 Seclusion
The band is notoriously reclusive, providing rare and
enigmatic interviews, using life-size mannequins and
robots to conduct ocial photo shoots, refusing to accept
mail and not allowing visitors at the Kling Klang Studio,
the precise location of which they used to keep secret.
Another notable example of this eccentric behavior was
reported to Johnny Marr of the Smiths by Karl Bartos,
who explained that anyone trying to contact the band for
collaboration would be told the studio telephone did not
have a ringer, since during recording, the band did not like
to hear any kind of noise pollution. Instead, callers were
instructed to phone the studio precisely at a certain time,
whereupon the phone would be answered by Ralf Htter,
despite never hearing the phone ring.[49] Chris Martin,
lead singer of UK group Coldplay, anecdotally recalled,
in a late 2007 article in Q about Kraftwerk, the process
of requesting permission to use the melody from the track
Computer Love in its 2005 release Talk from its album X&Y. He recalled writing them a letter and sending
it through the lawyers of the respective parties and several
weeks later receiving an envelope containing a handwritten reply that simply said 'yes.[50]

3 Inuence on other musicians

According to music journalist Neil McCormick,
Kraftwerk might be the most inuential group in pop
history.[40] NME wrote: "The Beatles and Kraftwerk
may not have the ring of The Beatles and the Stones,
but, nonetheless, these are the two most important bands
in music history.[3] Kraftwerks music has directly
inuenced all the electronic acts that followed in their
wake but also many popular artists from diverse genres
of music, including David Bowie and Depeche Mode.

Htter and Schneider hold a patent for an electronic drum

kit with sensor pads, led in July 1975 and issued in
June 1977.[44] It has to be hit with metal sticks which
are connected to the device to complete a circuit that
triggers analog synthetic percussion sounds.[45] The band
rst performed in public with this device in 1973, on Kraftwerks musical style and image can be heard and
the television program Aspekte (on the all-German chan- seen in later electronic music successes such as Gary Nu-

7
man, Ultravox, John Foxx, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the
Dark, Human League, Depeche Mode, Visage, and Soft
Cell, to name only a few. Kraftwerk would also go on
to inuence other forms of music such as hip hop, house,
and drum and bass, and they are also regarded as pioneers
of the electro genre.[51] Most notably, Trans Europe
Express and Numbers were interpolated into "Planet
Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa & The Soul Sonic Force,
one of the earliest hip-hop/electro hits. Kraftwerk helped
ignite the New York electro-movement.[10] Techno was
created by three musicians from Detroit, often referred
to as the 'Belleville three' (Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson & Derrick May), who fused the repetitive melodies
of Kraftwerk with funk rhythms.[52] The Belleville three
were heavily inuenced by Kraftwerk and their sounds
because Kraftwerks sounds appealed to the middle-class
blacks residing in Detroit at this time.[10] Vince Clarke
of Erasure, Yazoo and Depeche Mode, is also a notable
disco and Kraftwerk fan. Daniel Miller, former boss of
Mute Records, purchased the vocoder used by Kraftwerk
in their early albums, comparing it to owning Jimi Hendrixs guitar.[53] Andy McCluskey and Paul Humphreys,
founding members of OMD, have stated that Kraftwerk
was a major reference on their early work,[54] and covered
Neon Lights on their 1991 album, Sugar Tax.[55] The
electronic band Ladytron were inspired by Kraftwerks
song The Model when they composed their debut single He Took Her To a Movie. Richard D James (Aphex
Twin), has noted Kraftwerk as one of his biggest inuences and called Computer World as a very inuential album towards his music and sound.[56] Bjrk has cited the
band as one of her main musical inuences.[57] Electronic
musician Kompressor has cited Kraftwerk as an inuence. The band was also mentioned in the song Rappers
We Crush by Kompressor and MC Frontalot (I hurry
away, get in my Chrysler. Oh, the dismay!/Someones replaced all of my Backstreet Boys with Kraftwerk tapes!").
Dr. Alex Paterson of The Orb listed The Man-Machine
as one of his 13 most favourite albums of all time.[58] According to NME, Kraftwerks pioneering robot pop also
spawned groups like Prodigy, and Daft Punk.[3]

ence for their sound by the time they were working on

their third album Parallel Lines. The worldwide smash hit
"Heart of Glass" turned radically from an initial reggaeavoured style to its distinctive electronic sound in order to imitate the technological approach of Kraftwerks
albums and adapt it to a disco concept. In this respect,
Blondies member Chris Stein has stated: We didn't expect the song to be that big (...) We weren't thinking
about selling out, we were thinking about Kraftwerk and
Eurodisco.[60] U2 recorded a cover version of Neon
Lights and included it as the B-side of their 2004 single "Vertigo". LCD Soundsystem sampled and built a
song entirely around the Kraftwerk single 'Robots. The
band also performed some Kraftwerk songs as snippets
during live shows. U2s frontman Bono also stated he
is a huge fan of the German electronic band. Simple
Minds recorded a cover of the Kraftwerk track "Neon
Lights" and included it on an all-cover tunes album by
the same name; they also played it live during their Grafti Soul tour of 2009. Early in their career the song
Real to Real from their 1979 album Real to Real Cacophony bore a close resemblance to Radioactivity.[61]
Franz Ferdinand were inspired by Kraftwerks song The
Model when writing their song "Walk Away". The similarity is especially heard in the intro of the song.[5]
Kraftwerk is mentioned in the Simpsons Season 7
Episode Raging Abe Simpson and his grumbling grandson in the Curse of the Flying Hellssh with the quote
from Baron von Herzenberger, Ja ja ja, mach schnell
mit der art things, huh? I must get back to Dancecentrum in Stuttgart in time to see Kraftwerk. The British
TV show Yonderland also paid tribute in a 2015 homage
with a song they wrote and performed in the guise and
style of the band. It was met with critical acclaim, Morgan Jerey of DigitalSpy titling his piece, The cast of
Yonderland nailed their tribute to Kraftwerk in tonights
episode.[62]

4 Members

Kraftwerk inspired many acts from other styles and genres. David Bowies "V-2 Schneider", from the 1977s Current members
Heroes album, was a tribute to Florian Schneider.[59]
Post-punk bands Joy Division and New Order were heav Ralf Htter lead vocals, vocoder, synthesizers,
ily inuenced by the band. Joy Division frontman Ian
keyboards, (1970-present) organ, drums and percusCurtis was a fan, and showed his colleagues records that
sion, guitar, bass guitar (1970-1974)
would inuence their music. New Orders song "Your
Silent Face" has some similarities with "Europe Endless",
Henning Schmitz electronic percussion, sound enthe rst song on Trans-Europe Express, and had a workgineering (1987present)
ing title of KW1, or Kraftwerk 1. New Order also
Fritz Hilpert electronic percussion, live keyboards
recorded a song called "Krafty" that appeared as a single
(1991present), sound engineering (1978present)
and on the album Waiting for the Sirens Call. New Order
also would sample Uranium in their 1983 songs "Blue
Falk Grieenhagen - live video technician (2013
Monday" and The Beach. Siouxsie and the Banshees
present)
recorded a cover of Hall of Mirrors on their Through
the Looking Glass album. Blondie have admitted on several occasions that Kraftwerk were an important refer- Former members

6
Florian Schneider synthesizers, background vocals, vocoder, computer-generated vocals, acoustic and electronic ute, live saxophone, percussion,
electric guitar, violin (19702008)
Houschng Njadepour electric guitar (1970-71)
Plato Kostic (a.k.a. Plato Riviera) bass guitar
(1970)

Peter Schmidt drums (1970)

Karl Charly Weiss drums (1970, died 2009)
Thomas Lohmann - drums (1970)
Andreas Hohmann drums (1970)
Eberhard Kranemann bass guitar (1970-71)[63]
Klaus Dinger drums (19701971, died 2008)
Michael Rother electric guitar (1971)
Emil Schult electric guitar, electronic violin (1973)
Wolfgang Flr electronic percussion (19731987)
Klaus Rder electric guitar, electronic violin
(1974)

Karl Bartos electronic percussion, live vibraphone,

live keyboards (19751991)
Fernando Abrantes electronic percussion, synthesizer (1991)
Stefan Pfae live video technician (20082012)
Timeline

Discography

Main article: Kraftwerk discography

REFERENCES

6 References
[1] Kraftwerk. AllMusic. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
[2] Petridis, Alexis. Desperately Seeking Kraftwerk. The
Guardian, 25 July 2003. Retrieved 8-8-2013
[3] Tony Naylor. Kraftwerk: Minimum-Maximum Live.
NME, June 2, 2005. Retrieved 8-8-2013
[4] Harrington, Richard (27 May 2005). These Days,
Kraftwerk is Packing Light. Washington post. p. WE08.
Retrieved 2006-07-06.
[5] Rogers, Jude (27 January 2013). Why Kraftwerk are
still the worlds most inuential band. The Observer. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
[6] Grammy Academy. Lifetime Achievement Award:
Kraftwerk. Grammy.com, 14 January 2014. Retrieved
23-1-2014
[7] Bussy, Pascal (1993). KraftwerkMan, Machine & Music. SAF Publishing. ISBN 978-0-946719-70-9.
[8] Pascal Bussy: Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music,
SAF Publishing Ltd., Reprinted 1993, 1997, 1999, ISBN
978-0-946719-70-9
[9] Flr, Wolfgang (1993). Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot.
Sanctuary Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86074-417-4.
[10] Simon, Reynolds (1999). Generation Ecstasy: into the
world of techno and rave culture. Routledge.
[11] allmusic ((( Kraftwerk > Charts & Awards > Billboard
Albums )))". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
[12] Witts, Richard. Vorsprung durch Technik ? Kraftwerk
and the British Fixation with Germany. reproduced in
Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop. Continuum Books 2012
[13] Datamath. Datamath. 2001-12-05. Retrieved 201408-24.
[14] Kraftwerk albums Chart. www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
[15] 2 Cents: Kraftwerk, Tribal Gathering (25 May 1997).

Kraftwerk (1970)
Kraftwerk 2 (1972)
Ralf and Florian (1973)
Autobahn (1974)
Radio-Activity (1975)
Trans-Europe Express (1977)
The Man-Machine (1978)

[16] Kraftworld, Kraftwerk 1998 Tour. kraftworld.com. Retrieved on 5 March 2009

[17] Reid, Graham (2008-09-27). Interview: Ralf Hutter of
Kraftwerk. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 200809-27.
[18] Music. Kraftwerks co-founder Florian Schneider leaves
band. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
[19] Editorials leading article: Nice Werk. The Independent.
7 January 2009. Retrieved 8-8-2013

Computer World (1981)

[20] Illness forces Kraftwerk to miss Melbourne Global Gathering, inthemix.com.au (2008-11-23)

Electric Caf (1986; name changed to Techno Pop in

2009)

[21] MIF.co.uk. MIF.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-12-07.

Tour de France Soundtracks (2003)

[22] Simpson, Dave (3 July 2009). Kraftwerk/Steve Reich.

The Guardian (London). Retrieved 7 May 2010.

[23] Kraftwerk to headline Bestival, ventnorblog.com (200902-26)

[24] More and more remastered Kraftwerk eight-CD promo
boxed sets auctioned via eBay. Side-line.com. 2012-1201. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
[25] Witter, Simon (Spring 2006). article. Dummy (magazine).
[26] Lenbachhaus - Kunstbau | Stdtische Galerie im
Lenbachhaus und Kunstbau Mnchen: Kraftwerk. 3-D
Video-Installation. Lenbachhaus.de. Retrieved 201212-14.
[27] Kraftwerk denied festival appearance in China.
Guardian. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 8-8-2013

The

[28] P Street, Andrew. Kraftwerks Ralf Htter: 'Now we

can concentrate on album number nine'. The Guardian.
12June 2013. Retrieved 8-8-2013

[44] Aktivitaet Online - Archive - General articles - Kling

Klang: The Electronic Garden. Aktivitaet-fanzine.com.
Retrieved 2012-12-14.
[45] ""Tomorrows world (1976 Tv performance)". YouTube.
2008-01-23. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
[46] Flr, Wolfgang (2001). Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot.
Sanctuary Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86074-417-4.
[47] Reynolds, Simon.
2013.

Generation Ecstasy.

Routledge.

[48] Synthanorma Sequenzer - description by D. Matten

(PDF). Elektropolis.de. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
[49] Top 100 Albums: Kraftwerk Trans-Europe-Express
commented by Johnny Marr and Mark Radclie.
YouTube. 2007-04-01. Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[29] Sun cream at the ready as Longtitude festival gets underway in Marlay Park Irish Times, 2013-07-19.

[50] Goddard, Simon. The 21 people who changed music They are the robots. Q Magazine. November 2007, p.
106.

[30] Reageren Uw reactie Naam E-mail adres Versturen.

Kraftwerk: 'Optreden in Evoluon is geweldig'". Ed.nl.
Retrieved 2014-08-24.

[51] Fink, R.. The story of ORCH5, or, the classical ghost in
the hip-hop machine. " Popular Music 24.3 (2005): 339356. 9 Nov. 2009.

[31] saret97. Kraftwerk - Spacelab (Live @ Evoluon 18-102013)". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-08-24.

[52] Pop goes electronic at KEXP

[32] Kraftwerk - KRAFTWERK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 - LAPhil.

Kraftwerk.laphil.com. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2014-0211.
[33] LINEUP | SUMMER SONIC 2014.
Summersonic.com. 2014-05-19. Retrieved 2014-08-24.

[53] Synth Britannia, BBC Four, 19 October 2009. Excerpt.

[54] OMD biography. OMD.uk.com. Retrieved 2012-1207.
[55] OMD discography. OMD.uk.com. Retrieved 2012-1207.

[34] http://www.myconcertarchive.com/en/event?id=38271
[35] http://www.nltimes.nl/2014/09/09/
kraftwerk-sets-8-night-paradiso-residency/
[36] Kraftwerk 2015 North American 3D Concert Tour
Schedule. May 4, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
[37] CONCERTS. Retrieved May 4, 2015.

[56] Lester, Paul (5 October 2001). Tank boy. The

Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 29
May 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
[57] Pytlik, Mark (2003). Bjrk: Wow and Flutter. ECW
Press. p. 126. ISBN 1-55022-556-1.

[38] Kraftwerk Calculate New Slate of 3-D Concert Dates.

May 4, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.

[58] Bakers Dozen: Alex Paterson Of The Orb Chooses His

Favourite 13 Albums. Thequietus.com. 4 November
2010. Retrieved 2012-12-07.

[39] Kraftwerk bringing its 3D Concert Tour to Kansas City.

May 4, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2015.

[59] Roy Carr & Charles Shaar Murray (1981). Bowie: An

Illustrated Record: p.92

[40] McCormick, Neil. Kraftwerk: the most inuential group

in pop history?". The Telegraph. 30 January 2013. Retrieved 10-8-2013
[41] D>Elektro - MATERIAL - Kraftwerk - Interview 11/76
- P. Alessandrini. Thing.de. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
[42] Monroe, Alexei (2005). Interrogation Machine: Laibach
and NSK. Cambridge: The MIT Press. p. 212. ISBN
0-262-63315-9.
[43] Kraftwerk Vocoder (Barth / Leunig) sold: $12,500 | Synthesizer Database, Sequencer & Drummachines, News &
Forum Community. Sequencer.de. Retrieved 2012-1214.

[60] Various. "Blondie - Parallel Lines. The Mojo Collection:

the ultimate music companion. 4th edition, Mojo Books,
2007, p. 410.
[61] Kellman, Andy. Real to Real Cacophony - Simple
Minds. AllMusic. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
[62] Morgan Jeery (2015-08-10). The cast of Yonderland
nailed their tribute to Kraftwerk in tonights episode. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
[63] http://www.ksta.de/stadt-leverkusen/
kraftwerk-ueber-leverkusen-in-den-musik-olymp,
15189132,25984564.html

10

Sources
Bussy, Pascal (1993). KraftwerkMan, Machine &
Music. SAF Publishing. ISBN 9780946719709.
Flr, Wolfgang (2001). Kraftwerk": I Was A Robot.
Sanctuary Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86074-417-4.

Further reading
Tim Barr, Kraftwerk: From Dsseldorf to the Future 1998
Vanni Neri & Giorgio Campani: A Short Introduction to Kraftwerk 2000
Albert Koch: Kraftwerk: The Music Makers 2002
Kraftwerk: Kraftwerk Photobook 2005 (included
in the Minimum-Maximum Notebook set)
Sean Albiez and David Pattie: Kraftwerk: Music
Non-Stop 2010
David Buckley: Kraftwerk: Publikation 2012
Toby Mott: Kraftwerk: 45 RPM 2012

External links
Ocial website
Kraftwerks channel on YouTube
ANTENNA The International Kraftwerk Mailing
List (since 2003 September)
Kraftwerk discography at Discogs
Kraftwerk FAQ The Kraftwerk FAQ: Frequently
asked questions and answers
Kraftwerk And The Electronic Revolution 2008
documentary from Rob Johnstone.
BBC Radio 1 Kraftwerk documentary 2006
Kraftwerk documentary with Alex Kapranos
Kraftwerk Vinyl Site for collectors
AllKraftwerk

EXTERNAL LINKS

11

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