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PREFACE
Thanks to the God almighty who has bless us to finishing this paper with
the title Sources and Uses of Alkane. This paper is made for our assignment in
Organic Chemistry I. In process to create this paper, the author found some
problem. It because of the authors knowledge still need to improvement. But
because of the guidance and big support from many people, so it can be finished.
Therefore, the author wants to say thanks to the:
1. Drs. I Wayan Muderawan, M.S., Ph.D. as Lecture who has guide the author,
2. The authors friends in A Class who has supported,
3. And many others who has supported the author.
This paper is still need improvement and still contains many of mistakes,
because of that the author need advice and critics to make this paper will be better
and can useful for many people.
Singaraja, September 2014
Author
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CONTENT
PREFACE................................................................................................................ii
CONTENT..............................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER I.............................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 Background.....................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement..........................................................................................2
1.3 Objectives.......................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II............................................................................................................3
EXPLANATION......................................................................................................3
2.1 The Source of Alkane.....................................................................................3
2.2 The Uses of Alkane.........................................................................................8
CHAPTER III.........................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................10
3.1 Conclusion....................................................................................................10
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................11
iii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Carbon can form more compounds than any other element because
carbon atoms are able not only to form single, double, and triple carboncarbon bonds, but also to link up with each other in chains and ring structures.
The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds is organic
chemistry. Most organic compounds are derived from a group of compounds
known as hydrocarbons because they are made up of only hydrogen and
carbon. On the basis of structure, hydrocarbons are divided into two main
classes
aliphatic
and
aromatic
(Raymond
Chang,
2010). Aliphatic
hydrocarbons do not contain the benzene group, or the benzene ring, whereas
aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings. Aliphatic
hydrocarbons are divided into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
The essential characteristic of alkane hydrocarbon molecules is that only
single covalent bonds are present. The alkanes are known as saturated
hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
that can bond with the number of carbon atoms present. The simplest alkane
(that is, with n=1 to n= 4) is methane CH4, which is a natural product of the
anaerobic bacterial decomposition of vegetable matter under water (Raymond
Chang, 2010).
Because it was first collected in marshes, methane became known as
marsh gas. A rather improbable but proven source of methane is termites.
When these voracious insects consume wood, the microorganisms that inhabit
their digestive system break down cellulose (the major component of wood)
into methane, carbon dioxide, and other compounds. An estimated 170 million
tons of methane are produced annually by termites! It is also produced in
some sewage treatment processes. Beside this source and uses of one kind of
alkane (methane), there are also various source and uses of alkane. This paper
will discuss about alkane especially the source and uses of alkane.
CHAPTER II
EXPLANATION
2.1 The Source of Alkane
The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, compounds containing
only carbon and hydrogen. There are some functional groups of hydrocarbon. A
functional group is a reactive portion of a molecule that undergoes predictable
reactions (Raymond Chang, 2010). Many functional groups contain an atom other
than carbon such as O, N, S and halogen. Some common functional groups are
listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Common Functional Groups
Structure
Prefix or suffix
Class of Compound
>C=C<
-ene
Alkene
CH2=CH2
-CC-
-yne
Alkyne
HCCH
-X
halo-
Haloalkane
CH3Cl
-ol
Alcohol
CH3OH
-oxy
Ether
-al
Aldehyde
R-CO-R
-one
Ketone
CH3COCH3
R-COOH
-oic acid
Carboxylic acid
CH3COOH
R-COO-R
-oate
Ester
R-NH2
-amine
Amina
CH3NH2
R-CO-NH-R
-amide
Amida
CH3CONHCH3
-O-H
R-O-R
-CHO
Typical example
CH3CH2OCH2CH3
CH3CHO
CH3COOCH3
In this paper is focusing in alkanes especially the source and uses of alkane.
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. The alkanes are the
simplest and least reactive class of organic compounds because they contain only
hydrogen and sp3 hybridized carbon, and they have no reactive functional groups.
The simplest alkane (that is, with n=1 to n= 4) is methane CH4, which is a natural
product of the anaerobic bacterial decomposition of vegetable matter under water.
Alkane is main component of natural gas and petroleum.
Petroleum
deposits are widely distributed throughout the world, but they are found mainly in
North America, Mexico, Russia, China, Venezuela, and, of course, the Middle
East. The actual composition of petroleum varies with location. In the United
States, for example, Pennsylvania crude oils are mostly aliphatic hydrocarbons,
whereas the major components of western crude oils are aromatic in nature.
Although petroleum contains literally thousands of hydrocarbon compounds, we
can classify its components according to the range of their boiling points. These
hydrocarbons can be separated on the basis of molar mass by fractional
distillation. Heating crude oil to about 400C converts the viscous oil into hot
vapor and fluid. In this form it enters the fractionating tower (Anonime, 2014).
The vapor rises and condenses on various collecting trays according to the
temperatures at which the various components of the vapor liquefy. Some gases
are drawn off at the top of the column, and the unvaporized residual oil is
collected at the bottom. Gasoline is probably the best-known petroleum product. A
mixture of volatile hydrocarbons, gasoline contains mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes,
and a few aromatic hydrocarbons. Some of these compounds are far more suitable
for fueling an automobile engine than others, and herein lies the problem of the
further treatment and refinement of gasoline.
Table 2. Formulas and Physical Properties of Alkanes
Alkane
Methane
Number
of
Carbon
1
Formula
CnH2n+2
Structure
bp
(oC)
mp
(oC)
Density
(g/mL)
H-CH2-H
CH4
-164
-183
0.55
Ethane
H-(CH2)2-H
C2H6
-89
-183
0.51
Propane
H-(CH2)3-H
C3H8
-42
-189
0.50
Butane
H-(CH2)4-H
C4H10
-138
0.58
Pentane
H-(CH2)5-H
C5H12
36
-130
0.63
Hexane
H-(CH2)6-H
C6H14
69
-95
0.66
Heptane
H-(CH2)7-H
C7H16
98
-91
0.68
Octane
H-(CH2)8-H
C8H18
126
-57
0.70
Nonane
H-(CH2)9-H
C9H20
151
-51
0.72
Decane
10
H-(CH2)10-H
C10H22
174
-30
0.73
Undecane
11
H-(CH2)11-H
C11H24
196
-26
0.74
Dodecane
12
H-(CH2)12-H
C12H26
216
-10
0.75
Tridecane
13
H-(CH2)13-H
C13H28
235
-5
0.76
Tetradecane
14
H-(CH2)14-H
C14H30
254
0.76
Pentadecane
15
H-(CH2)15-H
C15H32
271
10
0.77
Hexadecane
16
H-(CH2)16-H
C16H34
287
18
0.77
Eicosane
20
H-(CH2)20-H
C20H42
343
37
0.79
Triacontane
30
H-(CH2)30-H
C30H62
>450 66
0.81
Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene have high octane numbers
(106 and 120, respectively), as do aliphatic hydrocarbons with branched chains.
The octane rating of hydrocarbons can be improved by the addition of small
quantities of compounds called antiknocking agents (Raymond Chang, 2010). A
fractional distillation column for separating the components of petroleum crude
oil can be seen as figure below.
State
Uses
Methane
C1
CH4
-161
-182.5
Gas
Fuel,
carbon
black,
gasoline
Ethane
C2
C2H5
-88
-183.3
Gas
Chemistry
Gas
Cigarette
lighters
fuel,
and
barbecues
Gas
Cigarette
lighters
fuel,
and
barbecues
Propane
Butane
C3
C4
C3H8
C4H10
-46
-1
-189.7
-138.40
Pentane
C5
C5H12
36.1
-127.7
Liquid
Solvents,
dry
cleaning,
refrigerant
Hexane
C6
C6H14
68.7
-95.3
Liquid
Motor fuel
Heptane
C7
C7H16
98.4
-90.6
Liquid
Solvents
Octane
C8
C8H18
125.7
-56.5
Liquid
Solvents
Nonane
C9
C9H20
150.8
-29.7
Liquid
Solvents
Decane
C10
C10H22
174.1
Liquid
Solvents
Kerosene
C12
C16
200
315
Liquid
Diesel,
heating oil,
lighting/oil
stove fuels
Fuel Oil
C15
C18
Up to
375
Liquid
Furnace
oils, dieels
C16
C20
350 up
Liquid
Lubricating
Oils
Lubrication
Grease,
Vaseline
C20 &
up
ParaffinWax
C26 &
up
Pitch an
Tar
C26 &
up
Petroleum
Coke
C26 &
up
Semisolid
Lubrication,
sizing paper
Solid
Candles,
match
sticks,
household
canning
Residue
Roofing,
paving,
rubber
Residue
Fuel,
carbon
electrode
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion
1. The main source of alkane is natural gas and petroleum.
2. The uses of alkane are as fuel, cigarette lighters fuel, motor fuel,
solvent and barbecues, its depend on the product of alkane.
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REFERENCES
Anonime. (n.d.). Alkane. Retrieved August 28, 2014, from Source and Uses of
Alkane: http://www.google.com/bpoc/source-use-alkane-pdf.
Chang, Raymond. 2010. Chemistry Tenth Edition. New York: Mc Graw Hill
Company.
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