Chapter 1

Chapter 1 The Problem and its Setting

The Chapter 1 of a thesis should contain a discussion of each of the following topics: (Click on the
link for a more detailed explanation.)

1. Introduction
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Assumptions and Hypotheses
4. Significance or Importance of the Study
5. Definition of Terms
6. Scope and Delimitation

7. Conceptual Framework
How to Write the Introduction in Chapter 1 of a Thesis?
Introduction
The introduction of a thesis should contain a discussion of any or all of the following:
The

Presentation of the problem. This is how you will start your introduction. Presentation of the
problem is stating what the problem is all about. This will show what you will cover in your
study.

The existence of an unsatisfactory condition, a felt problem that needs a solution. You need
to discuss the current situation and elaborate the problem that is present. Tell the readers
how grave the problem is, thus a solution is necessary.

Rationale of the study. Here, you need to discuss the reason/s why it is necessary to conduct
your study. What will you achieve if your study was conducted?

Historical background of the problem. You can actually add some information about the past.
This can give more details on how and why the main problem occurred.

Desire to have a deeper and clearer understanding of a situation, circumstance, or

phenomenon. You as the researcher must explain your earnest desire to have a deeper and
clearer understanding of the situation. Doing this will put you in a better position to initiate
remedial measures.

Desire to find a better way of doing something or improving a product. If you think that theres
something wrong with the usual way of doing things, you should explain your desire to find a
better way to improve the outcome.

A desire to discover something. State your desire to discover what is wrong with the current
situation. Aside from that, show your desire to discover a better way to improve it.

Geographical conditions of the study locale. This is necessary in anthropological and

economic studies. If the subject if the investigation is rice production, the terrain, soil, climate,
rainfall, etc. of the study locale should be described.

A link between the introduction and the statement of the problem. Two sentences can be
written to show the link between the introduction and the conducting of the researcher.

It is also recommended that you use the "macro-to-micro" (or general-to-specific) style of writing.
Discuss things in a general way at first and slowly lead the readers to what exactly your research is
all about.

How to Write the Statement of the Problem in Chapter 1 of a Thesis?

Statement of the Problem
There should be a general statement of the whole problem followed by the specific questions or sub
problems into which the general problem is broken up. Here are the guidelines in formulating the
general problem and the specific sub problems or specific questions. Tips below are
the characteristics of specific questions and are suggested to guide you in the formulation of your
general as well as your specific sub problems or questions:

The first thing to do before conducting your research is to formulate the general statement of
the problem and the specific sub problems or questions.

State your specific sub problems in the interrogative form. Sub problems are also called as
specific questions because they are in question form.

Do not use double-meaning questions. Specific questions should be clear and unequivocal.
Remember, it should have only one meaning.

Each specific question is researchable apart from the other questions. It means that you can
answer each specific question even without considering the other questions.

Each specific question should be based upon known facts and phenomena. And make sure
that those facts and phenomena are accessible to make the specific questions researchable.

Answer to each specific question can be interpreted apart from the answers to other specific
questions. It must also contribute to the development of the whole research problem or topic.

When you summed up the answer to all of those specific questions, it should give a
complete development of the entire study.

There should be enough number of specific questions to cover the development of the whole
research problem of the study. I remember some thesis examiner require having at least five
specific questions. Well, it depends upon the situation.

As stated above, there should be a general statement of the problem and that should be
broken up into as many sub problems (or specific questions) as necessary.

How to Write the Assumptions in Chapter 1 of a Thesis?

Assumptions
According to a dictionary beside me (Oxford Colour Dictionary, 2001), assumption is the feeling
that something must be true. On the other hand, another book describes it as a self-evident truth
which is based upon a known fact or phenomenon.
Oftentimes, assumptions are not used when writing descriptive and historical researches. Yes, they
are not explicitly expressed on those situations. Remember that generally, every specific question is
clearly based upon an assumption so if theres none of it, there can be no specific question.
Example:

Specific question: How effective are the methods used in the teaching of Mathematics?

Implicit assumption: There are certain methods that are effective in the teaching of science.

Here are some guidelines in the use of basic assumptions:

You cannot assume the value your study.

You cannot assume the reliability of the instruments you propose to use in your research. *

Validity of basic data is something you cannot assume too.*

Lastly, you cannot assume that your population is typical.*

Keep in mind that an assumptions is not tested, neither it is defended nor argued.

*Such a rationale and defense, validity and others can be established under methodology.

How to Write the Hypotheses in Chapter 1 of a Thesis?

Hypotheses
Based on Oxford Colour Dictionary (2001), hypothesis is an idea that has not yet been proved to be
true or correct. It is a tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question raised at the beginning of
an investigation. It is not just a simple guess but an educated guess about the answer to a
specific question.
Generally, there are two forms of hypotheses the operational form and the null form. These
two means:
Operational is in the affirmative form and states that there is a difference between two
phenomena.
Null is in the negative form and states that there is no difference between the two
phenomena. It shows equality and is more commonly used.
Here are some guidelines in the formulation of explicit hypotheses:
In experimental investigations, hypotheses have to be clear and detailed, they have to be expressed.
They have to be expressed also in comparative and correlational studies.
In descriptive and historical investigations, hypotheses are seldom used (or not used at all).
Your sub problems (or specific questions) raised before the beginning of investigation (that
are in the statement of the problem) will serve as the hypotheses.
As stated above, hypotheses are usually stated in the null form. It is easy to test a null
hypothesis than operational hypotheses.
Again, hypotheses are formulated from the specific questions (which they are based).
You know, hypotheses have important functions in research. They serve as bases for
determining assumptions and relevance of data. They can also help explain or discuss the data
gathered. Hypotheses can also guide you in consolidating your findings and making your
conclusions. And the best of all, hypotheses can help you on knowing what methods, research

instruments, sampling design and statistical treatment to use. In short, hypotheses can help you
design your study.

How to Write the Significance/Importance of the Study in Chapter 1 of a Thesis?

Significance/Importance of the Study
When writing the significance or importance of the study, there are some things you need to explain
and elaborate. It includes any or all of the following:

The rationale, timeliness, and/or relevance of the study. Yes, explain these things based on
the existing conditions.

Possible solutions to the existing problems or improvement to unsatisfactory conditions. I

think this is the main reason for this part. Of course, the goal of your study is to help
something/someone.

Who are to be benefitted and how they are going to benefit from your research. It will show
individuals, groups per communities who may be helped by the study. It may also include the
researcher himself and the future researchers who will conduct a related study.

Possible contribution to the fund of knowledge. If in your study something is found more
effective and better, it can be a contribution to the fund of knowledge.

Possible implications. Discussed here are the implications that include the possible causes of
the problems discovered, the possible effects of the problems and the solution to these
problems.

How to Write the Definition of Terms in Chapter 1 of a Thesis?

Definition of Terms
Even though it may look that the definition of terms is the easiest one to write, it also needs some
attention. Here are some general guidelines in writing the definition of terms:

Not every single word should be added. It should be terms, words or even phrases which
have special or unique meanings in the study.

We also have this operational definition and terms should be defined on that way. Defining
them operationally means defining them on how they are used in the study.

You may develop your own definition from the characteristics of the term defined. For
example, house of light materials may be defined as one made with bamboo posts; nipa
walls and roof and split bamboo floor. Does it sounds like an operational definition too?

You can take your definitions from books like encyclopedias, magazines and newspaper
articles, dictionaries (of course) and other publication that provide your needed meaning.
Definitions like this are called conceptual or theoretical definitions. Lastly, be sure to
acknowledge your sources!

As possible, your definitions should be brief, clear and unequivocal.

Fully spell out all acronyms if it is not commonly known or if it used for the first time.

Some school requires writing both the operational and conceptual definition of each term. Better ask
your thesis adviser about this matter.

How to Write the Scope and Delimitation in Chapter 1 of a Thesis?

Scope and Delimitation
Here are some guidelines in writing the scope and delimitation part of your thesis. Generally, you
should do or include the following:

A brief statement of the general purpose of the study.

The subject matter and topics studied and discussed. (Answer the question to whom your
research is directed to?)

The locale of the study, where the data were gathered or the entity to which the data belong.

State where the study will take place. It is the population or universe from which the
respondents were selected. This must be large enough to make generalizations significant.

The period of the study. This is the time, either months or years, during which the data were
gathered. Indicate the timeframe or the time coverage of the study.

Of course, the limitation of your study. (Try to answer questions like What is the incapability
of your research? or What your research cannot do?)

(Is it beneficial to all? Or to a certain person/institution only?)

This part of the thesis doesnt require being very long. Actually, as long as those important matters
have been discussed, its already done. Thats it!

How to Write the Limitation of the Study in Chapter 1 of a

Thesis?
Limitation of the Study
Actually, I have already written some guidelines on how to write the scope and delimitation on this
site, but I think the Limitation of the Study article needs to be elaborated more. So here it is.
Limitations of the study include the weaknesses of the study beyond the control of the researcher.
This is especially true in descriptive research where variables involved are uncountable or
continuous variables such as adequacy, effectiveness, efficiency, extent, etc. The weaknesses spring
out of the inaccuracies of the perceptions of the respondents.
For example, Smart Communications services may be rated as very adequate by 50 subscribers,
adequate by 75 subscribers, fairly adequate by 30 subscribers, inadequate by 20 subscribers
and very inadequate by 15 subscribers. It is sure that with this ratings, not all of them could be
correct in their assessment. It may not entirely a wrong perception but some could have inaccurate
realization.

How to Write the Conceptual Framework in Chapter 1 of a Thesis?

Conceptual Framework
There are a lot of students out there who become confused on how to write the conceptual literature.
Just like me when Im on college I also asked Where am I going to base this? But one thing is for
sure, continue reading and lets put away those confusions and hesitations.
Actually, before you do this part, you should have done writing your Review of Related Literature and
Studies. Its because from that, you may create a theoretical scheme for your research problem. (In
short, this part heavily relies on the chapter two.) This scheme is a tentative explanation or
theoretical explanation of the phenomenon or problem and serves as the basic for the creation of
research hypotheses. Therefore, the conceptual framework consists of the theories that have bearing
to the problem. It is your new model which has its roots on the previous models which earlier
researchers have studied.
Therefore, this conceptual framework becomes the focus (or central theme) of your study. It serves
as your guide in conducting your investigation. Here is a conceptual framework example by
J. Calderon, et al. for the teaching of science:
The effectiveness of a science instructional program depends upon the qualifications of the teachers,
the effectiveness of their methods and strategies of teaching, the adequacy of facilities, the
adequacy of supervisory assistance, and the elimination of problems hampering the progress.

Today, most theses dont have a discussion of their conceptual framework. But still, some still do the
explanation thing.
We also have the Paradigm thing. Do you know what it is? Well, according to
thefreedictionary.com, paradigm is one that serves as a pattern or model. It is also a set of
assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality for the
community that shares them, especially in an intellectual discipline. In research writing, a
paradigm is a diagrammatic representation of a conceptual framework. It depicts what a
conceptual framework wants to convey (in a more vivid way). Paradigm can be in different
diagrammatic forms but in most cases (here in the Philippines), it is in the Input-Process-Output
form. Here is an example:
Paradigm for "Chinese Investment in Africa"
INPUT

PROCESS
Review of appropriate
literature, this includes
examining studies related to
Chinese investment to Africa.
Qualitative data, perspective
of the selected respondents
regarding the impact of
Chinese investments to Africa.

Assessment and analysis of

acquired data through
observation and interpretation.

OUTPUT

Clarification regarding
Chinese investment in Africa.

Conclusion on the objectives

of the study.

Paradigm credit: IvyThesis

Chapter 2
Chapter 2 - Related Literature and Studies
The Chapter 2 of a thesis should contain a discussion of each of the following topics: (Click on the
link for a more detailed explanation.)
Rules in Writing Related Literature and Studies

1. Characteristics of the Material Cited

2. Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
3. What to Cite

4. Quoting a Material

5.

Justification of the Study

[

Characteristics of the Materials Cited - Related Literature and Studies of Chapter 2

of a Thesis
Characteristics of the Materials Cited
Writing or citing any related literature and studies is not as simple as just copying any related thing
you find. Of course, it should follow some nice rules. Here are some of good characteristics of the
materials cited:
It should be as recent/new, as possible. We are now living in a fast-paced world and everything
changes almost in an instant. Topics including social, political, scientific and technology have rapid
changes, improvements and updates. Even discoveries in historical and archaeological research are
experiencing some changes on historical facts. Unlike mathematical and statistical procedure, other
materials are not stable. What can we learn from this? It is recommended to cite materials or findings
that are 5 years old or later. Most of the time, the newer is the better.

It should be objective and unbiased, as possible. Do not cite materials and literatures that
discuss things in a one-sided way. If its political or religion, it should not obviously make
favorable statement to a certain people, group, party, sect or anything.

OF COURSE, it should be relevant to the study. If the materials have some similarity to or
bearing on the problem researched, then go for it! Enough said.

It should not be too few or too many. Materials should be sufficient enough. This is to give
the researcher insight into his problem, or to indicate the nature of the present investigation.
Sometimes, the number of related materials may depend upon its availability. If you are
making a study that is first of its kind or rare, you may find few or even no related studies for
it. Ordinarily, you can cite ten to fifteen related materials for your undergraduate
thesis, fifteen to twenty-five for a masters thesis and above twenty for a doctoral dissertation.
Remember, those numbers are just recommendation.

Sources you can consider in preparing the Related Literature and Studies:
Books, encyclopedias, almanacs and other similar references.

Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers and other

publications.

Unpublished theses and dissertations.

Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities.

Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise.

You can locate those sources on the following:

Libraries, either government, school, or other private libraries

Government and private offices.

The national library.

Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies of Chapter 2 of a Thesis

Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
Assume that you have gathered all the necessary related literature and studies for your chapter 2.
The next move is to arrange them on paper. Today, there are several ways to cite them and those are
as follows:

By author or writer. When using this way, ideas, facts, or principles (even though they have
the same meaning), they are explained or discussed separately and cited in the footnote with
their respective authors or writers. Example:

According to Halcasid, singing relieves stress, etc., etc. 1

Pelasquez found out that singing is a good way to relieve stress, etc., etc.

Footnotes:
1
Bogie Halcasid. Singing in our Life. Manila: Protg Publishing Company, Inc., 2009, p. 89.
2
Regina Pelasquez, Benefits of Singing to Stressed People, (Unpublished Masters Thesis, St.
Andre Farm College, San Andrs Bukid, Manila, 2011.)

By topic. If different authors gave the same opinions and views about the same topic, the
topic is discussed and cited under the names of the writer. This is a summary of their
opinions and is to avoid separate and long discussions of the same topic. For example:

It has been found out that singing lively songs is a good way to relieve stress.1
Footnote:
1
Bogie Halcasid. Singing in our Life. Manila: Protg Publishing Company, Inc., 2009, p. 89 and
Regina Pelasquez, Benefits of Singing to Stressed People, (Unpublished Masters Thesis, St.
Andre Farm College, San Andrs Bukid, Manila, 2011.)

Chronological. Well, chrono means time and related materials can also be cited
chronologically, that is, according to the year it was written. You write those new/latest
materials first following those written later. If youre using the by author or writer way above,
then you may want to arrange them in chronological order too. In the by topic
way, chronological citation can be done in the footnote.

What to Cite in Related Literature and Studies of Chapter 2 of a Thesis

What to Cite
It should be emphasized that only the main findings, principles, generalizations, ideas, or
conclusions in related materials relevant to the problem under investigation must be discussed in the
chapter 2.
Generally, such findings, principles, generalizations, ideas, or conclusions are summarized,
paraphrased, or synthesized.
Definition of terms:

Summarizing - Give a brief statement of the main points of (something).

Paraphrasing - Express the meaning of (the writer or speaker or something written or

spoken) using different words, esp. to achieve greater clarity.

Synthesising - Combining ideas to form a theory or system.

Quoting a Material in Related Literature and Studies of Chapter 2

of a Thesis

Quoting a Material
You can exactly quote a material if the idea stated is so perfectly declared or it is controversial and it
is not too long. You can write it with single-spacing and with wider margins on both sides (left and
right). Some of you may also think of enclosing the line with quotation marks, but it is not

appropriate. Below is an example:

Suppose the following is a quotation: Said Pelazquez,
Singing is a good way to relieve stress. It exercise your lungs and dramatically reduces
stress. And the best thing about singing is that you can do it at any place etc., etc.1
Footnote:
1

Regina Pelasquez, Benefits of Singing to Stressed People, (Unpublished Masters

Thesis, St. Andre Farm College, San Andrs Bukid, Manila, 2011.)

Justification of the Study - Related Literature and Studies of

Chapter 2 of a Thesis

Justification of the Study

Remember that your research should not be a duplicate of another research! It should be stressed
also that despite of several similar studies, your research is still significant to find out if the findings
of the studies on other places are also analogous in the locale of yours.
There may also be a need to continue with your present research to affirm or negate the findings of
other inquiries about the same research problem or topic. From those, generalization or principles
may be formulated. These generalizations and principles would be the contributions of your research
together with other studies to the fund of knowledge. Technically, that is one of the more important
purposes of your research.

Chapter 3

Chapter 3 - Methods of Research and Procedures

On this chapter, you need to explain the research design. On the other hand, below are the topics
included in the research design which needed some kind of explanations: (Click on the link for a
more detailed explanation)

1. Methods of Research Used

2. Methods of Collecting Data and Development of the Research Instrument]
3. The Sampling Design]

4. Statistical Treatment of Data*

[The role of statistics in research]
[Guidelines on the selection and application of statistical procedures]

How to Write Methods of Research Used in Chapter 3 of a

Thesis?
Methods of Research
Today, we have different methods of research to choose from. It can be historical, descriptive or
experimental. Whichever you prefer from those three, you should explain it briefly. The procedural
part of the method, its appropriateness to the study, and some of its advantages should be given
attention and should be well discussed.
Example: Suppose the experimental method of research was used in a study that aimed to create
a computerized ticketing and reservation system for Company A. Briefly, the discussion follows:
The proponents used the experimental research design to observe the consequences of the
proposed system. Experimental design is a planned interference in the natural order of events by the
researchers. He does something more carefully by observing what is occurring. The emphasis on
experiment reflects the higher regard generally given to information to derive. There is good rationale
for this. Much of the substantial gain knowledge in all sciences has become actively manipulating or
interfering the stream of events. (This can be elaborated further.)

How to Write Methods of Collecting Data and Development of the

Research Instrument in Chapter 3 of a Thesis?

Methods of Collecting Data and Development of the Research Instrument

(also called as Data Gathering Instrument and Data Gathering Procedures)
On this part of the thesis, you should explain the method of collecting data and the development of
the instrument for gathering data. Below is an example:
Normative survey is the method of collecting data used on this study. This is concerned with looking
into the commonality of some elements. The present research is a status study thats why the
normative survey was the most appropriate method to use in gathering data.

The instrument used to collect data was the questionnaire. This was used because it gathers data
faster than any other method. Besides, the respondents were professionals and so they are
very literate. They could read, understand and answer the questionnaire with ease.
Development of the instrument. After reading and studying samples of questionnaire from the
related studies, the researchers construct their own questionnaire. They also consulted some skilled
and knowledgeable people about how to prepare one. Some websites with tutorials and ideas on the
web also helped them in the formulation. The researchers saw to it that there were enough items to
collect data to cover all aspects of the problem. Also, this is to answer all the specific questions
under the statement of the problem. Then, the researchers submitted their questionnaire to their
adviser for correction after which it was finalized.

How to Write Sampling Design in Chapter 3 of a Thesis?

The Sampling Design
Before you do the collection of data in any of your research project, the proportion of the population
to be used must have been determined already. You also must have finished the computation of the
sample by this time. Yup, you need to write about the complete procedure you used in determining
your sample. Below are some of the things you should discuss:

1. The size of the population;

2. The study population;
3. The margin of error and the proportion of the study population used;
4. The type or technique of sampling used whether pure random sampling, systematic random
sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling or a combination of two or more
techniques;
5. The actual computation of the sample; and
6. The sample.
You, as the researcher should explain very clearly how you come up with your sample. You need to
show that your sample is representative of the population. You can do that by showing that you used
the needed technique of sampling. It is essential to have the right representative for your sample or
else your findings as well as your conclusions will be faulty and may not be valid and reliable.

Chapter 4

Chapter 4 - Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Data

On this chapter, you write you analysis, presentation and interpretation of your data. Actually, I
just repeated the title above. Haha! Again, for the third time, here are what you're going to include
on chapter 4 of a thesis: (Click on the link for a more detailed explanation.)

1. Analysis
2. Presentation of Data

3.

Interpretation of Data

How to Write Analysis in Chapter 4 of a Thesis?

Analysis of Data
This analysis thing is actually the process of breaking up your whole study in its basic parts of
categories according to the specific questions that you have under your statement of the problem.
Analysis helps bring out into focus the important features of the study. Usually, analysis follows
presentation.
Sometimes, based on your specific questions, you can divide the whole study into its
constituent part. Each constituent part may still be divided into its necessary categories.
Classification of data is grouping together data with the same characteristics. Here are the bases
of classification:

Qualitative (kind) means data with same quality or same kind are grouped together.

Quantitative means data are grouped according to their quantity. For example, people can
be grouped according to their ages such as 6-12, 13-19, 20-30 and so on.

Geographical is classifying data according to their location.

Chronological is classifying data according to the order of their occurrence.

In short, analysis is the wordy explanation of your presentation.

How to Write Presentation in Chapter 4 of a Thesis?

Presentation of Data
Sometimes, presentation may come before analysis. It is the process of organizing data into logical,
sequential, and meaningful categories and classifications to make them amenable to study and
interpretation. Together with analysis, these two puts data into proper order and categories reducing

them into forms that are intelligent and interpretable so that the relationships between the research
specific questions and their intended answers can be established. You can do this in three ways;
textual, tabular and graphical.

Textual. Uses statements with numbers to describe data. You may find it boring to read this
kind of presentation if its too long.

Tabular. Uses tables which classes or numerical facts or data are given each a row and their
subclasses are given each a column. Its easier to read data (especially those numerical
ones) with this presentation.

Graphical. Uses charts that represents the quantitative variations or changes of a variable
itself, or quantitative changes of variable in comparison with those of another variable or
variables in pictorial or diagrammatic form. If your goal is to present a variation or a change
of variable, then you can go for graphs. Its the appealing and convincing way to do it.

We will be posting more and more samples here on this site.

How to Write the Interpretation in Chapter 4 of a Thesis?

Interpretation of Data
Interpretation of data refers to the statements of the possible meaning, probable causes and
probable effects of a situation or condition as revealed by the findings. It also includes the covered
suggestion to continue the situation if its good or to adopt some corrective actions to eliminate or
lessen its bad effects. You should also indicate who are those benefiting and who will suffer from
the bad effects. This part has at least four components:

Condition. In here, you discuss the present condition or situation based upon the findings.

Cause. Just the cause of the current condition. See to it that theres a logical and valid
relationship between the condition and cause.

Effect. Whether its good or bad, you should indicate here the result of the condition.

Continuance or remedial measure. If the effect above is disastrous or harmful, there must be
some remedial measure you need to provide. On the other hand, if the effect of the condition
is good then lets just allow the condition to continue.

Chapter 5

Chapter 5 - Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

The chapter 5 is the last chapter of the thesis. It is also considered as the most important part of it
because here, findings and the whole thesis are summarized. Also, here is where you made your
generalizations in the form of conclusions. And of course, dont forget your recommendations! Here
are those you need to consider: (Click on the link for a more detailed explanation.)

1. Summary of Findings
2. Conclusions
3. Recommendations

How to Write the Summary in Chapter 5 of a Thesis?

Summary
We follow several guidelines when writing the summary. Here are some of its characteristics:

There should be a short statement about the main purpose of the study, the population or
respondents, the duration of your study, methods of research used, the research instrument
and the sampling design. Remember, just a brief statement for all of those, and theres no
need to elaborate.
You can bring together the findings but to make everything clear, each specific question
which is on your statement of the problem must be written first. Those are to be followed by
the findings that would answer it.
The findings must be a summary of the important data consisting of text and numbers.
Statement of facts is written in words, numbers, or statistical measures written into a
meaningful statement. No new data should be brought out here. Do not make deduction or
interpretation. Reserve those for the conclusion part.
You should not make explanations nor elaborations of the findings anymore. Just state them
in a few words (and straight to the point) as possible.
Since this is a summary, find only the important findings and the highlights of data which
your conclusion (later) should be based.

How to Write the Conclusions in Chapter 5 of a Thesis?

Conclusions
There are several terms to describe conclusion. Deductions, abstractions, implications, general
statements, inferences, and/or generalizations based upon the findings are some.
We follow several guidelines when writing the conclusion. Here are some of its characteristics:

Do not include numerals because it may limit the compelling impact and scope of a
generalization.

Your conclusion should be all based upon the findings.

It should answer your specific questions in the order they are given under the statement of
the problem. If those questions are not clearly answered by the conclusions, it will leave your
study meaningless.

It may point out what were factually learned from the inquiry.

Conclusions should be written in a brief manner. However, you should make it sure that all
the important details resulting from the study as required by the specific questions are
brought out.

Do not make a conclusion that will sound like you are doubtful or not reliable. Avoid using
words like perhaps, probably, maybe, and the like. Be positive! Write it as if they are 100%
accurate, true and correct.

How to Write the Recommendations in Chapter 5 of a Thesis?

Recommendations
These are basically appeals you do to people or entities concerned to solve the problems discovered
in the inquiry.
We follow several guidelines when writing the recommendation. Here are some of its characteristics:

Again, it aims to solve problems discovered in the investigation.

Be sure that your recommendations are pointed to a problem that has been discussed in
your study.

You can also make a recommendation for the continuance of a good system. If it needs
improvement, then recommend for it too.

They should be feasible, practical and attainable. Dont suggest for an irrelevant or
impossible thing.

You should direct your recommendations to people, of course. It can also be entities,
agencies or offices that are in the position to implement them.

Recommendation for further research regarding the study will also do.