Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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MUNKSGAARD DANMARK
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1
Basic microbiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Pre-reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Domains of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
General bacteriology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Cell size of bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Cell forms of bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Interrelationships between bacterial cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Cell components of bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Transfer of genes between bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Breakdown of sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Breakdown of proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Growth of bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Cell architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Bacterial taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
16S rRNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
16S rRNA, cloning and sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Pyrosequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Whole genome sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Quantitative PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
DNA-DNA hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Microarray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Metagenomics, proteomics and metabolomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
The human oral microbiome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Phenotypic methods for taxonomy of cultivable bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Bacteriology in practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
General virology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
General mycology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
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Types of vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Contemporary vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Passive vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Oral immunology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Migration of cells from the intestine to other mucosal membranes
and exocrine glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Leukocytes in the oral mucosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Periodontal tissue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Caries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
The pulp tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
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Saliva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Buccal mucosal surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Dorsum of the tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Tooth surface (Dental plaque formation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
The gingival/periodontal pocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
The dental biofilm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Calculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Regulation of the microbiota and the oral ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Adhesion and mechanical retention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Nutrients and energy supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Oxygen metabolism and the redox-potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Nitrogen metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Sulphur metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Inhibiting factors on the bacterial metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Individual factors and variation in oral microflora between individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Gender and race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Food/diet and habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Medicine and general diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Population (geographical/cultural/socio-economic factors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Destruction of the dental plaque/biofilm homeostasis dental diseases . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Etiology of dental diseases plaque hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
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Lactobacilli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Actinomyces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Dental caries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Enamel and root caries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Dentinal caries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Caries-promoting characteristics of bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Physico-/chemical events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Caries vaccine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Antiseptics for caries prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Other substances with possible anticarious effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Prevention of caries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Diagnostic tests based on caries microbiota and saliva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
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Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
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Preface
This textbook, Oral Microbiology and Immunology, is based on the curricula for dental students in the Nordic countries, and the authors teach the subject at three universities in
Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Although primarily for undergraduates, the book may
also appeal to Ph.D. students and general practitioners. In addition, dental assistants and
trainees may find it a useful source of reference.
The contents are based on general microbiology and immunology. Oral microbiology is given particular attention, with examples relevant to oral infectious diseases. Each
chapter opens with a relatively short pre-reading section, followed by a fact box containing most of the relevant basic definitions concerning the particular chapter. The body of
the text is supplemented with more fact boxes and the essentials of each section are summarised in main points.
Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 13 present general topics. In chapter 1, fundamentals of
bacteriology, virology and mycology are examined. Chapter 2 describes the immune system, and in chapter 3 both favourable and damaging relationships between microorganisms and the human body are discussed. In chapter 13 the main principles for the use
of antimicrobial agents are discussed, together with an examination of relevant drugs in
dental practice. Based on the general principles given in chapter 3, ecological interactions and the formation of oral biofilms are a focus in chapter 4.
In subsequent chapters on infectious diseases in the oral cavity, the interactions between the oral microorganisms and the oral tissues are major topics, starting with an
introduction to anaerobic bacteria and infections, which are of great importance in the
oral cavity (chapter 5). The descriptions in the following chapters, concerning the understanding of caries (chapter 6), periodontitis (chapter 7), endodontic infections (chapter
8), mucosal and orofacial infections (chapters 9 and 10), are all based upon ecological
changes in biofilms. As the dentist must have a thorough knowledge of general infectious diseases, particularly infections in the respiratory system and systemic infections of
importance for oral diseases, chapters 11 and 12 are reserved for these topics. Infections
may be spread in connection with dental treatment in the dental surgery, and therefore
chapter 14, concerning control of infection, is addressed to the whole dental team.
It has been the authors intention that each chapter should be read as a self contained unit. This has resulted in deliberate repetition and cross-reference within and between chapters.
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Special thanks are given to professor Ulf Dahlgren, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, for his valuable contribution of chapter 2 on the Immune system, written especially for our textbook. We are also grateful to James Robinson, Cornwall, for
being our English linguistic advisor. He applied energy and dedication in forming his
advice and piloted us through a maze of linguistic problems.
June 2012
Gunnar Dahlen, Nils-Erik Fiehn & Ingar Olsen
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Chapter 1
Basic microbiology
Contents
Pre-reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Domains of life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
General bacteriology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Cell size of bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Cell forms of bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Interrelationships between bacterial cells . . . 18
Cell components of bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Transfer of genes between bacteria . . . . . . . 27
Breakdown of sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Breakdown of proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Growth of bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Cell architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Bacterial taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
16S rRNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
16S rRNA, cloning and sequencing . . . . . . . 39
Pyrosequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Whole genome sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quantitative PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DNA-DNA hybridization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Microarray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metagenomics, proteomics
and metabolomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The human oral microbiome . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phenotypic methods for taxonomy
of cultivable bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bacteriology in practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
40
41
41
41
42
43
43
44
45
PRE-READING. Only 10% of our cells are our own. The rest is microorganisms. Actually,
there are thousands of different microorganisms living on us or in us and in our surroundings.
Despite this, relatively few cause human disease. Van Leeuwenhoek was probably the first to
get a visual impression of microorganisms by analysing dental plaque in his home made microscope. After that, oral microbiology has developed tremendously and with new molecular
methods we have started to perceive the complexity of microorganisms in the mouth, (see
Chapter 4-10). Astonishingly, we do not need to go to hot springs or deep seas to detect
new species. They are right there in our own mouth waiting to be discovered. It is necessary
to have a deep knowledge about basic microbiology to understand how microorganisms are
built to survive on or in our body without causing disease and, conversely, why it occasionally
is not so favourable to host them.
Basic microbiology 15
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Domains of life
karyotes.
Fig.1.1. Major features of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (Redrawn from Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller
MA. Medical Microbiology. Sixth edition. Mosby Elsevier 2009).
16 Basic microbiology
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General bacteriology
ruses.
Main points
eukaryotes (Eukarya)
dred times larger than the average bacterial cell and can be seen with the naked
eye.
Fig.1.2. Relative sizes of DNA and RNA viruses and bacteria. (Redrawn from Murray PR, Rosenthal KS,
Pfaller MA. Medical Microbiology. Sixth edition. Mosby Elsevier 2009).
Basic microbiology 17
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Main points
Main points
Interrelationships between
bacterial cells
actinomycetemcomitans) is an intermediate
2009).
18 Basic microbiology
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