THEME (B)

INVESTIGATING THE CELL AS A BASIC

UNIT OF LIVING THINGS

LEARNING AREA

4.0 CELL DIVISION

TEACHERS COPY

PREPARED BY :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

NAME

SCHOOL

HJH NAZLI BINTI ABDULLAH

IDA RAHAYU BINTI SHAMSUDDIN
SYED ABD RAZIB BIN SYED ABD MAJID
MOHD NOR BIN AHMAD
LATIFAH BINTI SAAT
ASPALELA BINTI MOHAMMAD

SM SAINS KOTA TINGGI

SMK BANDAR EASTER
SMK BANDAR PENAWAR
SMK(A) BANDAR PENAWAR
SMK TANJUNG DATUK
SMK TAMAN KOTA JAYA

THEME

: INVESTIGATING THE CELLS AS A BASIC UNIT OF LIVING

THING
LEARNING AREA
: 4. CELL DIVISION.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES : UNDERSTANDING MITOSIS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
:
1. State the necessity for the production of new cells in organisms.

2. Explain the necessity for the production of new cells identical to

parent cells.
3. State the significance of mitosis.
4. Identify the phases the cell cycle.
5. Explain the process of mitosis and cytokinesis.
6. Arrange the various stages of mitosis in the correct sequence.
7. Compare and contrast mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cell and
plant cell.
8. Explain the important of controlled mitosis.
9. Explain the effect of uncontrolled mitosis in living things.
10. Describe application of knowledge on mitosis in cloning.
11. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of cloning.
TASK :
l. State the necessity for the production of new cells in organisms :
a. Replace dead cells.
b. For growing process.
2. Explain the necessity for the production of new cells identical to parent cells.
All the new cells can carry out the same function as the parent cell.
3. State the significance of mitosis.
The number of chromosomes present in the nucleus of each cell is constant for the
species concerned.

4. Identify the phases of the cell cycle.

Name the stages in mitosis process shown in Table 1.

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

5. Explain the process of mitosis and cytokinesis.

Complete the table below :
Prophase
Chromatin in the nucleus begins to
condense and becomes visible in the

light microscope as chromosomes.

The nucleolus disappears.
Centrioles begin moving to opposite
ends of the cell and fibers extend
from the centromeres.
Some fibers cross the cell to form
the mitotic spindle.
Metaphase

Anaphase

Proteins attach to the centromeres

creating the kinetochores.
Microtubules attach at the
kinetochores and the chromosomes
begin moving.
Spindle fibers align the
chromosomes along the middle of
the cell nucleus. This line is referred
to as the metaphase plate. This
organization helps to ensure that in
the next phase, when the
chromosomes are separated, each
new nucleus will receive one copy
of each chromosome.
The paired chromosomes separate
at the kinetochores and move to
opposite sides of the cell. Motion
results from a combination of
kinetochore movement along the
spindle microtubules and through
the physical interaction of polar
microtubules.

Telophase

Chromatids arrive at opposite poles

of cell, and new membranes form
around the daughter nuclei. The
chromosomes disperse and are no
longer visible under the light
microscope. The spindle fibers
disperse, and cytokinesis or the
partitioning of the cell may also
begin during this stage

Cytokinesis

In animal cells, cytokinesis results

when a fiber ring composed of a
protein called actin around the
center of the cell contracts pinching
the cell into two daughter cells,
each with one nucleus. In plant
cells, the rigid wall requires that a
cell plate be synthesized between
the two daughter cells.

6. Rearrange the various stages of mitosis in the correct sequence.

Prophase
2

Interphase
1

Metaphase
4

Cytokinesis
6

Anaphase
3

Telophase
5

6. Compare and contrast mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cell and plant cell.
Animal Cell
Characteristic
Plant Cell
Present
Centriol
Absent
Cleavage furrow
Cytokinesis
Cell plate
7. Explain the importance of controlled mitosis.
The cells divide in a controlled and orderly manner and they must also be precise in
distributing an exact copy of each of their chromosomes to the new cells.
8. Explain the effects of uncontrolled mitosis in living things.
When a cell divides repeatedly, without control and regulation, it produce cancerous cells.
Cancerous cells divide freely and uncontrollably without heeding the cell cycle control
system. A cancerous cell divides uncontrollably to form a tumor. The tumour can invade
and destroy neighbouring cells.
9. Describe the application of knowledge on mitosis in cloning.
Mitosis is the basis for asexual reproduction in some organism, where a single cell gives
rise to a large number of cells, all identical to the original.
Explain the advantage and disadvantages of cloning.
Advantages
Large numbers of cloned young plants which are characteristically and genetically
identical to the parent plant can be propagated the tissue culture technique.
Disadvantages
Clones do not show any genetic variation. For example all clones share the same level of
resistance to certain diseases or pest. If a new disease or pest appears the entire
population of clones could be eliminated if they are not resistant the new threat.

THEME

: INVESTIGATING THE CELLS AS A BASIC UNIT OF LIVING

THING
LEARNING AREA
: 4. CELL DIVISION.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES : 4.2 : UNDERSTANDING MEIOSIS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
:
1. State the necessity of trait inheritance in offspring for
continuation of life.
2. State the necessity to maintain diploid chromosomal number
from generation to generation.
3. State the necessity for production of haploid gametes in sexual
reproduction.
4. State the significance of meiosis.
5. Identify the type of cell that undergoes meiosis.
6. Explain the process of meiosis.
7. Arrange the various stages of meiosis in the correct order.
8. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.
TASK :
1. State the necessity of trait inheritance in offspring for continuation of life.
To ensure all individuals of the same species have the same chromosomal number. In
order for the offspring to have the same chromosomal number as their parents, the cell
must undergo meiosis.
2. State the necessity to maintain diploid chromosomal number from generation to
generation.
The number of chromosomes present in the nucleus of each cell is constant for the
species concerned.
3. State the necessity for production of haploid gametes in sexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two haploid gametes during fertilization. This
result in the formation of a diploid zygote.
4. State the significance of meiosis.
Meiosis ensure that the diploid number of chromosomes is maintained from one
generation to the next.

5. Ide
ntify the type of cell that undergoes meiosis.
The type of cell that undergoes meiosis in human, animals & plants
Human/Animals

Plants

Cell

Organ

Sperm

ovum

pollen

ovule

testes

ovaries

anthers

ovaries

6. Explain the process of meiosis.

Meiosis is the process of nuclear division. It reduces the number of chromosomes in
new cell to half the number of chromosome in the parent cell.
7. Arrange the various stages of meiosis in the correct order.
Rearrange the stages of meiosis in the correct order.
Metaphase I
Telophase II
Prophase II
Anaphase I
Metaphase II
Prophase I
Telophase I
Anaphase II

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

8. Compare and contrast meiosis I and meiosis II.

9. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.

CELL DIVISION

10. Describe what will happen when the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and
meiosis do not occur in and orderly manner.
11. Know and avoid things that maybe harmful.