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-IKHAIL $ 3USLOV
!BSTRACT 4HIS ARTICLE EXPLORES IDEAS OF RIGHT
WING 3OVIET DISSIDENTS USING THE EXAMPLE OF
WRITER AND THEORIST 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV 4HE AUTHOR INTERPRETS THE EVOLUTION OF 3HIMANOVS
IDEAS DURING THE S
S WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF FUNDAMENTALISM STUDIES 7ITH THE
TACIT AGREEMENT OF 3OVIET OFFICIALS 3HIMANOV SET FORTH A UTOPIAN CONCEPT OF THE IDEAL STATE
DRAWING FROM /RTHODOX RELIGION AND THE STRUCTURES OF 3OVIET IMPERIALISM
+EYWORDS #OMMUNISM CONSERVATISM DISSIDENT MOVEMENT FUNDAMENTALISM NATIONALISM
URING THE LEADERSHIP OF ,EONID "REZHNEV BETWEEN AND 3OVIET CULTURAL
IDEOLOGY UNDERWENT BARELY VISIBLE YET CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT IDEOLOGICAL CHANGES 4HE
STAUNCH -ARXIST
,ENINIST PARADIGM SUCCUMBED TO A MORE PRAGMATIC ORIENTATION 3ELF
SUSTAINING EXISTENCE AT hCOLD PEACEv WITH SOCIETY BECAME A PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVE OF THE RULING
ELITE %VAPORATION OF AN OFFICIAL IDEOLOGY PROMPTED A COMPROMISE WITH THE UPPER LEVELS
OF SOCIETY AND DROVE THE REGIME TOWARD A RELUCTANT RECOGNITION OF SOME NEW IDEOLOGICAL
SCHEMES COMBINING ,ENINISM AND NATIONALISTIC POPULISM
4HERE ARE VARIOUS POINTS OF COMPARISON BETWEEN LATE )MPERIAL 2USSIA MODERN 2USSIA
AFTER AND THE ADVENT OF NATIONALISM DURING THE "REZHNEV ERA )N THE LATE NINETEENTH
CENTURY WHEN THE MODEL OF THE hENLIGHTENED MONARCHYv WAS EXHAUSTED IN )MPERIAL
2USSIA THE TSAR AND HIS CAMARILLA WERE IMPELLED TO INCREASINGLY EMPLOY POPULIST RHETORIC
AND PROMOTE AN IDEOLOGICAL MODEL OF THE hPEOPLES MONARCHY v EXEMPLIFIED BY 3LAVO
PHILES AND THEIR FOLLOWERS 4HE DECREPIT 3OVIET %MPIRE REFLECTED A SIMILAR INTELLECTUAL
CONTEXT IN ITS FINAL DECADES )N BOTH CASES A TANGIBLE OPPOSITION FROM THE RIGHT APPEARED
PAINFULLY OBSERVING WHAT IT SAW AS hPERNICIOUS CHANGESv AND LARGE
SCALE SOCIETAL DECLINE
4HE hREVOLUTIONARIES FROM THE RIGHT v BOTH IN LATE )MPERIAL 2USSIA AND IN "REZHNEVS
5332 MANIFESTED A BLEND OF CONSERVATISM XENOPHOBIA AND /RTHODOX PIETISM UNDER THE
-IKHAIL $ 3USLOV IS A RESEARCHER IN THE DEPARTMENT OF (ISTORY AND #IVILIZATION AT THE
%UROPEAN 5NIVERSITY )NSTITUTE &LORENCE AND AT THE 2USSIAN )NSTITUTE FOR #ULTURAL 2ESEARCH -OS
COW )N THE SUMMER OF HE WAS A VISITING SCHOLAR AT THE +ENNAN )NSTITUTE OF THE 7OODROW
7ILSON )NTERNATIONAL #ENTER FOR 3CHOLARS IN 7ASHINGTON $# 4HIS PAPER HAS BEEN WRITTEN WITH
THE KIND ASSISTANCE OF THE /PEN 3OCIETY !RCHIVES AT #ENTRAL %UROPEAN 5NIVERSITY IN "UDAPEST
#OPYRIGHT (ELDREF 0UBLICATIONS
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
IDEOLOGICAL UMBRELLA OF 3LAVOPHILISM 4HE LATTER SERVED AS A REFERENT IDEOLOGY AND A GUID
ING STAR FOR MANY DISSIDENTS
)N 2USSIA TODAY THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE SILOVIKI SECURITY AND MILITARY GROUP CER
TAIN OLIGARCHS CHURCH HIERARCHY AND RADICAL RIGHT
WING IDEOLOGISTS IS OBVIOUS 4HE %UR
ASIAN -OVEMENT HEADED BY !LEKSANDR $UGIN HAS BEEN ESPECIALLY INFLUENTIAL AMONG TOP
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND IS BECOMING POPULAR IN 2USSIAN ACADEMIA AND THE MASS MEDIA
4HE MOST RECENT RESURGENCE OF MODERN 3LAVOPHILISM CAN BE SEEN -IKHAIL )UREVS PROVOCA
TIVE TEXT 4HE &ORTRESS 2USSIA WHICH SUGGESTS ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ISOLATIONISM
CLOSURE OF CULTURAL AND ACADEMIC TIES WITH THE 7EST INTRODUCTION OF AN OLD 2USSIAN NON
METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASURE REJECTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS IMPLANTATION
OF A MILITARY PERSPECTIVE AND RIGOROUS /RTHODOXY AND PROMOTION OF THE CONCEPT OF -OS
COW AS THE h4HIRD 2OMEv )UREV IS NO POLITICAL OUTSIDER BUT THE 0RESIDENT OF %UROFINANCE
'ROUP ONE OF THE RICHEST 2USSIANS FORMER $EPUTY 3PEAKER OF THE 3TATE $UMA AND AN
ACTIVE MEMBER OF $UGINS %URASIAN -OVEMENT
!LL DIFFERENT TENDENCIES OF MODERN 2USSIAN TRADITIONALISM 3LAVOPHILISM AND RELI
GIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM CAN BE GROUPED TOGETHER UNDER THE BANNER OF THE h2USSIAN IDEA v
OR MORE SPECIFICALLY THE h2USSIAN $OCTRINE v AS FORMULATED IN AND SUPPORTED BY
CONSERVATIVE INTELLECTUALS OF /RTHODOX BACKGROUND SUCH AS %GOR +HOLMOGOROV -IKHAIL
,EONTEV $MITRI 2OGOZIN AND .ATALIA .AROCHNITSKAIA 4HIS IDEOLOGY IS BASED ON
THE REVISED FUNDAMENTALS OF 2USSIAN -ESSIANISM 2USSIAN UNIQUENESS THE SPIRITUALITY
OF THE 2USSIAN PEOPLE IN CONTRAST TO THE CHARACTER OF THE 7EST THE NEED FOR A STRONG
STATE ECONOMIC AUTONOMY /RTHODOXY AS THE SPIRITUAL CORE OF THE 2USSIAN PEOPLE
AND 2USSIA AS THE h.ORTHERNvTHE %URASIANCIVILIZATION CHALLENGING THE CORRUPT
!TLANTIC CIVILIZATION 4HE 2USSIAN $OCTRINE MOVEMENT HAVING AMASSED CONSIDERABLE
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CAPITAL AND PROVIDED ITSELF WITH THE QUASI
ACADEMIC hSCHOOL OF
STUDIES ON CONSERVATISM v IS A SERIOUS POLITICAL PLAYER WHICH GIVES ANOTHER CHANCE TO
3OVIET UNDERGROUND FUNDAMENTALISTS 3INCE FORMER CONSERVATIVE DISSIDENTS LIKE
'ENNADY 3HIMANOV ,EONID "ORODIN AND 6LADIMIR /SIPOV HAVE BECOME NOTICEABLY MORE
ACTIVE IN POLITICAL JOURNALISM AND POLITICS AND HAVE PUBLISHED MEMOIRS AND COLLECTIONS OF
ARTICLES 4HIS PRESENT STUDY CONCERNS THE IDEOLOGICAL STIRRINGS OF THIS MOVEMENT DURING
THE 3OVIET PERIOD
4HE 3ETTING FOR &UNDAMENTALIST 2EVIVAL
3LAVOPHILISM AND NOSTALGIA FOR OLD RURAL 2USSIA WERE ESPOUSED BY 3OVIET INTELLECTUALS
SHORTLY AFTER .IKITA +HRUSHCHEVS DISMISSAL FROM POWER IN %XTREME POPULARITY OF
hVILLAGE PROSE v /RTHODOX REVIVALISM AND A FAST
GROWING CONCERN FOR 2USSIAN NATIONAL CUL
TURE PROVIDED THE INTELLECTUAL CONTEXT FOR 3OVIET OPPOSITION FROM THE RIGHT 4HE ADVENT OF THE
SO
CALLED 2USSIAN 0ARTY DURING THE MID
S GAVE WAY TO THE 2ODINA CLUB AN ORGANIZATION
SUPPORTING THE PRESERVATION OF 2USSIAN ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS WHICH LARGELY PROPAGAN
DIZED 2USSIAN TRADITIONS 4OGETHER WITH +OMSOMOL 4HE #OMMUNIST 5NION OF 9OUTH THE
2USSIAN BRANCH OF THE 5NION OF 7RITERS AND A NUMBER OF hTHICK JOURNALSvTOLSTYI ZHURNAL
LENGTHY WORKS OF MORE THAN PAGES SUCH AS -OLODAIA GVARDIIA .ASH SOVREMENNIK AND
3EVERIT FORMED THE INSTITUTIONAL CENTER OF THE 2USSIAN 0ARTY )N THE S AND S
THEMES AND VARIATIONS OF 2USSIAN MORAL SUPERIORITY WERE WIDELY REHASHED IN THE OFFICIAL
PRESS BY )URI $AVYDOV &IODOR .ESTEROV )URI 3ELEZNEV 6LADIMIR .AUMOV !RSENI 'ULYGA
AND MANY OTHERS
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
/NE HOWEVER SHOULD NOT OVERESTIMATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS NEW TREND 4HE TRADITIONAL
STRATEGY OF THE STATE WAS DIVIDE ET IMPERA AND THE "REZHNEV REGIME USED THE 2USSIAN 0ARTY
TO COUNTER THE INFLUENCE OF LIBERAL DISSIDENTS NOT TO GIVE THEM PASS )T IS NOT BY CHANCE
THAT AFTER THE REGIME REBOUNDED FROM ITS STRUGGLES OF THE S AND HAD RECOVERED FROM
INTERNAL UPRISINGS AND RIOTS IN %ASTERN %UROPE IT VEHEMENTLY ATTACKED THE 2USSIAN 0ARTY
IN %VEN -IKHAIL ! 3USLOV WHO WAS CONSIDERED TO BE THE CHIEF SUPPORTER OF THE
PATRIOTIC MOVEMENT EXPRESSED FEAR FOR THE DISSIDENT 2IGHT AS A FORCE POTENTIALLY ABLE TO
GALVANIZE THE POPULAR MOVEMENT IN THE 5332 4HUS UNDERGROUND CONSERVATIVES WERE
OFTEN DETAINED IN MENTAL HOSPITALS 3HIMANOV 6ALERY %MELYANOV AND !NATOLY )VANOV
3KURATOV ARE ALL EXAMPLES AND EVEN IN LABOR CAMPS SUCH AS &ELIKS +ARELIN )GOR /GURTSOV
-IKHAIL 3ADO %VGENY 6AGIN "ORODIN AND /SIPOV
4HERE IS VAST LITERATURE DEDICATED TO 2USSIAN NATIONALISM UNDER THE 3OVIET REGIME 4HE
FIRST TENDENCY IN HISTORIOGRAPHY EMBODIED BY !LEKSANDR )ANOV EMPHASIZES THE PERILS
OF THEOCRACY THAT ARE CONNECTED WITH SUCH A REVIVAL )ANOV CORRECTLY NOTED SIMILARITIES
BETWEEN )SLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM AND THE DISSIDENT 2IGHT 4HE OTHER TREND SEES THE
RELIGIOUS AND NATIONALIST REVIVAL OF THE 3OVIET 5NION AS AGREEABLE OR EVEN DESIRABLE
BECAUSE THE NATION STATE MODEL WAS CONSIDERED TO BE BETTER THAN -ARXIST IDEOLOGY FROM
THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE 7ESTS KEY INTERESTS 2USSIAN NATIONALISM WAS SUPPOSEDLY ABLE
TO FACILITATE THE MILD TRANSFORMATION OF THE 3OVIET %MPIRE TO AN AUTHORITARIAN STATE 4HE
UNDERLYING REASON WAS FAIRLY CLEAR AS *OHN $UNLOP PUT IT h!NY ATTEMPT TO APPLY THE
7HITE !RMY SLOGAN OF A @SINGLE INDIVISIBLE 2USSIA WOULD RESULT IN THE DISINTEGRATION OF
THE 3OVIET %MPIREv
)T SEEMS HOWEVER THAT 3OVIETOLOGISTSMEANING SPONSORS OF 3OVIET NATIONALISM AMONG
7ESTERN INTELLECTUALSMISCALCULATED NOT IN THE FINAL OUTCOME OF ENCOURAGING NATIONAL
ISM BUT IN UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE OF THE MOVEMENT THAT THEY SUPPORTED &IGURATIVELY
SPEAKING THEY RODE THE WRONG HORSE NOT BECAUSE IT FAILED BUT BECAUSE IT WAS NOT A HORSE
AT ALL -Y INTENTION IS TO PROVE THAT THE MOST RELEVANT INTELLECTUAL CONTEXT FOR INTERPRETING
3OVIET UNDERGROUND NEO 3LAVOPHILISM IS NOT NATIONALISM AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO -ARXISM BUT
FUNDAMENTALISM AS A COUNTERBLAST AGAINST MODERNITY AT LARGE &UNDAMENTALISM GENERALLY
hREPRESENTS A MOBILIZED RADICALIZED TRADITIONALISM v ATTEMPTING TO hRESTORE AN IDEALIZED OR
IMAGINED SOCIAL ORDERv OF THE PAST )T MOVES AWAY FROM THE COMPLEXITY OF MODERN LIFE
FROM URBAN LIFE FROM A MODERNIZED SOCIETY OF ALIENATION FROM THE hPERMANENT REVOLUTIONv
OF INDUSTRIALISM IT IMAGINES THE COMMUNITY AS BASED ON SIMPLICITY IN LIFESTYLE ON PERSONAL
RELATIONSHIPS RELIGIOUS VALUES AND A TRADITIONAL ECONOMY
4HE DISCURSIVE UNIVERSE OF 2USSIANS EVEN ADMITTING THE TERM hNATIONv AND ITS DERIVA
TIONS IN FACT IMBUED IT WITH A DIFFERENT MEANING MORE RELEVANT TO A -ESSIANIC WORLDVIEW
TRADITIONALIST IMPLICATIONS AND ANTI 7ESTERNIST SENTIMENTS 4HE MOST PRONOUNCED TENSION
WAS NOT BETWEEN 2USSIANS AND NON 2USSIANS THOUGHT THIS JUXTAPOSITION ALSO TOOK PLACE
BUT BETWEEN THE CONCEPT OF THE hGOOD OLD DAYSv AND CORRUPT MODERNITY !NTI 3EMITISM
WHICH INCREASINGLY TOOK HOLD OF UNDERGROUND DISSIDENTS ANTI 7ESTERNISM IN PARTICULAR
ANTI !MERICANISM AND ELEMENTS OF XENOPHOBIA ARE NOT NECESSARILY CHARACTERISTIC OF
NATIONALISMONE COULD BE A XENOPHOBE BUT NOT A NATIONALIST
3HIMANOV AND THE 3EEDS OF &UNDAMENTALISM
4HE MOST RELEVANT AND VISIBLE FIGURE OF FUNDAMENTALIST TENOR WAS 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV
7HILE THERE IS LIMITED LITERATURE DEVOTED ENTIRELY TO HIM HIS IDEOLOGY WAS VIEWED AS QUITE
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
PARADIGMATIC IN THE REALM OF 3OVIET RIGHT
WING DISSIDENTS (E IS TYPICALLY IDENTIFIED AS A
.ATIONAL
"OLSHEVIK BUT AS *OHN " $UNLOP REMARKED HE IN FACT WAS HEAVILY INVOLVED
IN THE RESURGENCE OF REVIVALISM THE VOZROZHDENTSY MOVEMENT WHICH FORTIFIED THE ROLE OF
THE /RTHODOX #HURCH AND NATIONALISM PROMOTING XENOPHOBIA AND THE NOTION THAT h2US
SIA IS FOR THE 2USSIANSv )T WOULD ALSO BE ONE
SIDED TO EQUATE 3HIMANOV EXCLUSIVELY WITH
/RTHODOX -ESSIANISM AS IS DONE IN THE WORK OF *ANE %LLIS .IKOLAI -ITROKHIN IN HIS
GROUNDBREAKING STUDY ON THE DISSENT 2IGHT COMPARES 3HIMANOV TO THE hEPIGONES OF THE
2USSIAN 0ARTYvTHE WELL
ESTABLISHED CIRCLES OF NATIONALISTS AND #OMMUNISTS WHO SUP
PORTED +OMSOMOL LEADERS AND WERE OFTEN INVOLVED IN THE PUBLICATION OF hTHICK JOURNALSv
4HIS THESIS IS HARDLY CREDIBLE BECAUSE 3HIMONOVS IDEOLOGY CONSIDERABLY DIFFERS FROM
WHAT HAD BEEN SUGGESTED IN -OLODAIA GVARDIIA OR .ASH SOVREMENNIK WHICH SUPPORTED A
MORE MODERATE VERSION OF 2USSIAN NATIONALISM -OREOVER DESPITE HIS POLITICAL POSITION
AS AN OUTSIDER 3HIMANOV GAINED POPULARITY AMONG BOTH UNDERGROUND RIGHTISTS AND FOREIGN
ANALYSTS OF THE 3OVIET 5NION
3HIMANOV WAS BORN IN IN )DRITSA A VILLAGE IN 2USSIAS 6ELIKIE ,UKI REGION (IS
PARENTS WERE PEASANTS HIS FATHER HAD BEEN KILLED ON THE %ASTERN &RONT IN 7ORLD 7AR )) AND
HIS MOTHER SUPPORTED THE FAMILY AS A TEACHER (E GREW UP IN -OSCOW WHERE HIS PARENTS
HAD MOVED BEFORE THE WAR (E BECAME AN EXCELLENT STUDENT AND A +OMSOMOL ACTIVIST BUT
IN HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY HE DESCRIBES FEELINGS OF THE SENSELESSNESS AND FALSEHOOD
OF EVERYDAY LIFE WHICH HAUNTED HIM (E DESPONDENTLY OBSERVED THE GAP BETWEEN LOFTY
#OMMUNIST IDEALS AND THE STRUGGLES FACED BY THE MAJORITY OF THE 3OVIET PEOPLE /N THE
EVE OF HIS FINAL EXAMS HE QUIT SCHOOL AND SIGNED A CONTRACT FOR A TIMBER
CUTTING JOB IN
3IBERIA WHERE DISILLUSIONED 2USSIAN YOUTH OFTEN TRAVELED FOR WORK 7HAT HE FOUND THERE
IN ADDITION WERE INVETERATE CRIMINALS AND CORRUPT BUREAUCRATS 4HE FORMER ROUTINELY STOLE
HIS WARM CLOTHES THE LATTER DELAYED PAYING HIS WAGES FOR MONTHS &INALLY HE DECIDED TO
MOVE SOUTHWARD (E VAGABONDED FOR A YEAR AROUND 4ASHKENT NOW THE CAPITAL OF 5ZBEKI
STAN AND AFTER RECEIVING NOTIFICATION OF HIS MOTHERS SERIOUS ILLNESS MADE HIS WAY BACK
TO -OSCOW 4HERE HE WAS DRAFTED INTO THE 3OVIET ARMY WHERE HE BEGAN TO ACQUIRE A DEEP
ROOTED AVERSION TO MILITARY SERVICE AND A LOVE FOR THE WORK OF &YODOR $OSTOEVSKY WHOSE
BOOKS HE READ IN ABUNDANCE !FTER HIS RELEASE FROM MILITARY SERVICE IN 3HIMANOV
DEVOTED HIMSELF TO SELF
EDUCATION AT THE (ISTORICAL ,IBRARY OF -OSCOW AND ESPECIALLY IN
THE SMOKING ROOM OF THE LIBRARY WHERE A SORT OF DEBATE
SOCIETY HAD FORMED AMONG SIMILAR
ENTHUSIASTS OF TRADITIONAL IDEALS 3HIMANOV STUDIED 2USSIAN CLASSICAL LITERATURE PHILOSOPHY
AND MYSTICISM 4HE WRITINGS OF &RIEDRICH .IETZSCHE AND .IKOLAI "ERDIAEV MADE ESPECIALLY
STRONG IMPRESSIONS ON HIM "ERDIAEV GREATLY CONTRIBUTED TO 3HIMANOVS ASSOCIATION WITH
#HRISTIANITY AND HIS DISLIKE OF MATERIAL DECADENCE "UT HIS PREFERENCE FOR OLD PHILOSO
PHERS CAME INTO CONTRADICTION WITH THE RELATIVELY LOW SOCIAL STATUS OF AN UNSKILLED PART
TIME
LABORER RENDERING HIM CRITICAL OF HIS OWN SOCIAL SURROUNDINGS
2ELIGIOUS /VERTONES
3HIMANOVS CONVERSION TO RELIGIOUS FAITH CONSTITUTED ANOTHER FACTOR OF HIS INTELLECTUAL
EVOLUTION TOWARD FUNDAMENTALISM (IS ENTHUSIASM FOR RELIGION BEGAN AROUND WHEN
HE BEFRIENDED &ATHER $MITRY $UDKO ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL RELIGIOUS DISSIDENTS OF
THE TIME WHO BECAME 3HIMANOVS CONFESSOR 3HIMANOVS RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE WAS
SO INTENSE THAT HE GAVE UP WORK AND FOR TWO MONTHS SUBSISTED ON BREAD AND TEA GRADU
ALLY PAWNING HIS BELONGINGS (E BECAME MALNOURISHED AND ILL RECOLLECTING LATER THAT hIT
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
WAS PSYCHOLOGICALLY UNBEARABLE FOR ME TO CARE FOR ANYTHING EARTHLYv INDEED THE LOCAL
POLICE FORCE BECAME AWARE OF HIS DERELICT STATE THREATENING TO ARREST HIM FOR THE CRIME OF
hPARASITISMv )N ORDER TO AVOID CRIMINAL PROSECUTION 3HIMANOV FEIGNED HAVING A MENTAL
DISORDER AND IN HE WAS ADMITTED TO -OSCOWS 'ANNUSHKIN 0SYCHIATRIC (OSPITAL
WHERE HE SPENT TWO AND A HALF MONTHS BEING TREATED FOR HIS hBELIEF IN 'ODv VIA INSULIN
SHOCK
THERAPY
7HEN HE WAS FINALLY RELEASED HE WAS STILL NOT YET FULLY /RTHODOX VACILLATING
BETWEEN "APTIST THEOLOGY AND /RTHODOXY )N HE VISITED ONE -OSCOW CHURCH AND
FELT AN OVERWHELMING URGE TO RECEIVE #OMMUNION (E RECOLLECTED h)T STRAIGHTENED
MY LIFE ) PERCEIVED ITS INFLUENCE AS
TANGIBLE AS PEOPLE FEEL FOOD DRINK
h3HIMANOVS CONVERSION TO RELIGIOUS
ING WARMTH AND COLDv /FFICIAL RELI
GIOUS PERSECUTIONS PUSHED 3HIMANOV FAITH CONSTITUTED ANOTHER FACTOR OF
FURTHER TOWARD A DISSIDENT MINDSET HIS INTELLECTUAL EVOLUTION TOWARD
HE BEGAN TO PUBLISH ARTICLES ON RELI
FUNDAMENTALISMv
GION AND POLITICS AND PUT THEM INTO
CIRCULATION IN SAMIZDAT CONTRABAND
LITERATURE PRINTED AND PASSED BETWEEN
READERS AT AN UNDERGROUND LEVEL
(IS ESSAY 0USHKINSKAIA 0LOSHCHAD
DEVOTED TO THE CONCEPT OF THE JURAL STATE STRUCK A POSITIVE CHORD WITH LIBERAL DISSI
DENTS INCLUDING WRITER AND HUMAN
RIGHTS ACTIVIST 0AVEL ,ITVINOV 3HIMANOV BECAME
ACQUAINTED WITH 6LADIMIR "UKOVSKY AND !LEKSEI $OBROVOLSKY RECOGNIZED LEADERS IN
THE DISSIDENT MOVEMENT $OBROVOLSKY WHO LATER BECAME INVOLVED IN THE ACTIVITIES OF
THE .ATIONAL !LLIANCE OF 2USSIAN 3OLIDARISTS OCCULTISM PAGANISM AND ANTI
3EMITISM
PROBABLY IMPRESSED 3HIMANOV MOST OF ALL
!FTER HAVING BEEN ACCUSED OF DISSEMINATING RELIGIOUS PROPAGANDA 3HIMANOV WAS
AGAIN PLACED IN A MENTAL ASYLUM IN BUT THIS TIME UNDER PROTEST (E TRIED TO ATTRACT
PUBLIC ATTENTION TO HIS DETENTION WENT ON A HUNGER STRIKE AND OPENLY BLAMED DOCTORS FOR
CARRYING OUT THE INSTRUCTIONS OF THE +'" 0OTENTIALLY AS A RESULT OF THIS MORE
PUBLICIZED
INCARCERATION HE SPENT ONLY A COUPLE OF WEEKS THERE FOR A hMEDICAL CHECKUP v AND WAS
RELEASED 3OON AFTERWARD HE PUT HIS NOTES :APISKI IZ +RASNOGO DOMA .OTES FROM A 2ED
(OUSE MODELED AFTER $OSTOYEVSKYS NOVEL .OTES FROM A $EAD (OUSEINTO ILLEGAL
CIRCULATION (ERE 3HIMANOV CAUSTICALLY BERATED THE METHODS OF HIS PSYCHIATRISTS AGAIN
ACCUSING THEM OF BEING DIRECTED BY THE +'"
)N THE EARLY WINTER OF ANOTHER ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO ARREST 3HIMANOV ON THE
TRUMPED
UP CHARGE OF hBREACH OF LABOR DISCIPLINEv POLICE OFFICERS CAME TO HIS WORKPLACE
BUT HE WAS ABLE TO ESCAPE BEFORE THEY COULD ARREST HIM &OR SEVERAL MONTHS 3HIMANOV WAS
ON THE RUN HIDING IN HIS FRIENDS HOMES !S A GUEST AT ONE OF THESE HOMES HE MET WITH
6LADIMIR /SIPOV A RENOWNED MONARCHIST AND A RELIGIOUS GURU OF THE RIGHT
WING DISSIDENT
MOVEMENT )N /SIPOV LAUNCHED THE JOURNAL 6ECHE THE ONLY PERIODICAL OF THE UNDER
GROUND CONSERVATIVES WHICH WAS PRINTED AND DISSEMINATED IN SAMIZDAT FORM 3HIMANOV
BECAME A REGULAR CONTRIBUTOR TO THE JOURNAL AND A PARTICIPANT IN THIS CIRCLE
/SIPOV ALONG WITH &ATHER $MITRY $UDKO HAD A DECISIVE INFLUENCE ON 3HIMANOV WHO
WAS ALREADY PRONE TO RELIGIOUS UNIVERSALISM AND COSMOPOLITANISM (IS FIRST ARTICLE PUB
LISHED IN IN 6ECHE EXPRESSED PRONOUNCED /RTHODOX ECUMENISM 4HIS COLLABORATION
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
HOWEVER DID NOT LAST LONG AS 3HIMANOV SOON MOVED MORE ACTIVELY TO THE RIGHT GLORIFIED THE
3OVIET STATE AND THE #OMMUNIST 0ARTY AS hINSTRUMENTS OF THE DIVINE INTENT v AND ACCUSED
RELIGIOUS DISSIDENTS OF NOT BEING GOOD #HRISTIANS BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT SUFFICIENTLY LOYAL TO
THE GOVERNMENT 4HIS IDEOLOGICAL TURN OCCURRED IN LATER 3HIMANOV ACTIVELY COLLABO
RATED WITH SUCH RIGHT WING FIGURES AS !NATOLY )VANOV 3KURATOV 6LADIMIR 0RILUTSKY AND
&ELIKS +ARELIN (E EDITED -OSKOVSKII SBORNIK -OSCOW COLLECTION THE LITERARY MISCELLANY
-NOGAIA LETA -ANY 9EARS AND THE PERIODICAL .EPRIADVA (E WROTE A NUMBER OF ARTICLES
AND FULL FLEDGED TREATISES SUCH AS 4RAKTAT O LIUBVI ! 4REATISE ON ,OVE 0ISMA O 2OSSII
,ETTERS ON 2USSIA 0ROTIV TECHENIIA !GAINST THE #URRENT AND OTHERS "Y THE MID S
HE WAS ALREADY WELL KNOWN IN -OSCOW AS A DISSIDENT LEADER
0ROMOTING !NTI 7ESTERNISM
!LTHOUGH 3HIMANOV SAW THE ROOT OF ALL EVIL IN THE 7EST HE ALSO SUBSISTED ON 7ESTERN
HUMANITARIAN AIDIN THE FORM OF FOOD AND CLOTHINGTHAT WAS DISTRIBUTED AMONG 3OVIET
RELIGIOUS PROPAGATORS BY SOME #HRISTIAN ORGANIZATIONS (E ALSO RELIED ON SPREADING HIS
VIEWS VIA TAMIZDATLITERATURE SMUGGLED AND PUBLISHED ABROAD )N SO DOING HE GUARANTEED
HIS SECURITY INSIDE THE 5332 INTERNATIONAL PUBLICITY IN MANY CASES PREVENTED REPRESSION
BY THE +'" 4HUS HIS .OTES FROM A 2ED (OUSE WAS RECORDED AND BROADCASTED BY SOME
7ESTERN RADIO STATIONS IN SPARING HIM FROM MORE DETERMINED PROSECUTION AND FROM
ANOTHER INCARCERATION
(OWEVER FROM THE LATE S ONWARD AS HIS VISION OF THE 3OVIET STATE BECAME MORE
TOLERANT IN PROPORTION TO FAST GROWING HATRED OF THE 7EST 3HIMANOV SEEMED TO ENTER INTO A
KIND OF BRITTLE ALLIANCE WITH THE STATE INSTITUTIONS 4HERE IS AN ASSUMPTION THAT 3HIMANOVS
UNDERGROUND ALMANAC -NOGAIA LETA PUBLISHED IN AND CAME INTO BEING WITH
THE DIRECT PERMISSION OF -IKHAIL ! 3USLOV THE #OMMUNIST 0ARTYS MAIN IDEOLOGIST
WHOSE INFLUENCE OFTEN SURPASSED THAT OF "REZHNEV 3OME SCHOLARS BELIEVE THAT THIS SEMI
UNDERGROUND JOURNAL WAS BOLSTERED BY THE +'" AS AN ATTEMPT TO DISCREDIT SO CALLED hRELI
GIOUS REVIVALv IN THE 3OVIET 5NION )T IS MORE LIKELY THAT THE +'" TURNED A BLIND EYE TO
3HIMANOVS ACTIVITY CONSIDERING IT A COUNTERBALANCE TO THE ACTIONS OF LIBERAL DISSIDENTS
6ECHE WAS ALSO TOLERATEDIN SPITE OF A CRITICAL REPORT ISSUED BY 'AVLIT THE #HIEF $IREC
TORATE ON ,ITERATURE AND 0UBLISHINGWELL UNTIL /CTOBER WHEN #OMMUNIST 0ARTY
MEMBER !LEKSANDR 9AKOVLEV PUBLISHED STRONG ANTI NATIONALIST SENTIMENTS
4EN YEARS LATER CONTINUOUS STAGNATION IN THE ECONOMY A PREVALENT AGRICULTURAL CRISIS
AND THE ONGOING WAR IN !FGHANISTAN AGAIN PRESSED THE REGIME TO APPEAL TO THE PATRIOTIC
FEELINGS OF THE 2USSIAN PEOPLE 6LADIMIR 3OLOUKHIN 6ADIM +OZHINOV AND 3ERGEI 3EMANOV
PUBLISHED OVERTLY NATIONALISTIC AND RELIGIOUS ESSAYS IN THE JOURNAL .ASH SOVREMENNIK
3HIMANOVS WRITINGS FLOURISHED IN THIS ATMOSPHERE (OWEVER SOON AFTER 3USLOV DIED IN
THE SECURITY SERVICE DECIDED TO PUT AN END TO hFLIRTING WITH THE LITTLE GODv hZAIGRYVA
NIIA S BOZHENKOIv 3HIMANOV WAS SUMMONED BY THE +'" AND INSTRUCTED TO STOP EDITING
-NOGAIA LETA
! SIMILAR FATE BEFELL OTHER PATRIOTIC UNDERTAKINGS IMMEDIATELY AFTER 3USLOVS DEATH
+OMMUNIST AND 0RAVDA OFFICIAL 3OVIET PUBLICATIONS ATTACKED 3OLOUKHIN .ASH SOVREMEN
NIK AND THE NATIONALIST INTELLIGENTSIA AT LARGE )N THE COURT HEARD THE CASE OF DIS
SEMINATION OF SAMIZDAT DOCUMENTS BY "ORODIN AND 3HIMANOV WAS SUMMONED AS A WITNESS
AGAINST HIM 3HIMANOV ACCORDING TO ONE SOURCE CONFIRMED THAT HE HAD HELPED DISSEMINATE
THE DOCUMENTS BUT LATER CLAIMED THAT HE WAS IRRESPONSIBLE WHEN HE HAD DONE SO CITING HIS
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
TIME IN MENTAL WARDS !NOTHER SOURCE HOWEVER CLAIMED THAT 3HIMANOV TESTIFIED AGAINST
"ORODIN BUT THEN PARTIALLY RENOUNCED HIS TESTIMONY
7HEN -IKHAIL 'ORBACHEVS 0ERESTROIKA REFORMS WERE INTRODUCED IN 3HIMANOVS
VOICE WAS MUFFLED BY THE LOUDER PROPAGANDA OF hLEGAL NATIONALISTSv AT THE .INETEENTH 0ARTY
#ONFERENCE SUCH AS 6ALENTIN 2ASPUTIN AND 6ASILY "ELOV AND BY STATEMENTS MADE BY THE
NATIONALISTIC GROUPS 0AMIAT AND 6//0)+ THE !LL 2USSIAN 3OCIETY FOR THE 0RESERVATION OF
(ISTORICAL AND #ULTURAL -ONUMENTS WITH WHICH HE WAS REPORTED TO BE IN CLOSE COLLABORA
TION )N THE TWILIGHT OF 0ERESTROIKA TWO INFLUENTIAL RIGHT WING DISSIDENTS PUBLISHED THEIR
MANIFESTOS )N )GOR 3HAFAREVICH A LEADING 2USSIAN MATHEMATICIAN AND A WELL KNOWN
DISSIDENT PUBLISHED HIS CONTROVERSIAL TEXT 2USSOPHOBIA WHICH HAD BEEN CIRCULATED IN
SAMIZDAT FORM SINCE 3HAFAREVICH WARNED AGAINST COPYING 7ESTERN MODELS EXPLOIT
ING OPENLY ANTI 3EMITIC ARGUMENTS IN ORDER TO SAVE THE 3OVIET STATE 7ITHIN THE NEXT YEAR
!LEKSANDR 3OLZHENITSYN PUBLISHED 2EBUILDING 2USSIA IN WHICH HE RESTATED MANY OF THE
IDEAS OF PRE REVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATIVES WHO CRITICIZED 7ESTERN DEMOCRACY AND ADVOCATED A
MODEL OF hPEOPLES MONARCHYv BASED ON A SYSTEM OF LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT ! KEY IMPULSE
BEHIND BOTH 2USSOPHOBIA AND 2EBUILDING 2USSIA WAS THE PREVENTION OF LETTING THE 3OVIET
5NION BECOME SIMILAR TO 7ESTERN DEMOCRACIES 3HIMANOV REACTED TO THE CHALLENGES OF 0ER
ESTROIKA IN HIS OWN SPECIFIC WAYS BUT HIS UNDERLYING MANTRA OF ANTI 7ESTERNISM WAS MUCH
THE SAME
)N 3HIMANOV LAUNCHED THE JOURNAL .EPRIADVA AND HAD RELEASED ISSUES OF IT
BY WHEN PHOTOCOPYING COSTS BECAME HIGH TO CONTINUE PRINTING IT "Y THAT TIME
3HIMANOV HAD BECOME A POLITICAL OUTSIDER VIGOROUSLY PROMOTING ANTI 3EMITISM AND CON
SPIRACY THEORIES AND HAD BROKEN OFF FROM MORE MODERATE FOLLOWERS OF THE h2USSIAN IDEAv
(IS ARTICLE ENTITLED /N THE 3ECRET .ATURE OF #APITALISM PRESENTS TYPICAL CONSPIRACY
THEORY CITING THE UNWANTED ENCROACHMENT OF THE h)SRAELITES AND -ASONSv ON THE 3OVIET
STATE !S A NOTE 3HIMANOV CURRENTLY LIVES IN -OSCOW AND SINCE HAS REGULARLY
PUBLISHED ARTICLESMOSTLY ON THE PROBLEMS OF RELIGION AND THE FAMILYIN WHICH HE HAS
TAKEN AN EVEN MORE /RTHODOX FUNDAMENTALIST STANCE FURTHER DENOUNCING THE 3OVIET STATE
AS A CONSTRUCT OF SECRET SECTS OF *EWS AND -ASONS
3HIMANOV AND #ULTURAL )DENTITY
4HE INTELLECTUAL EVOLUTION OF 3HIMANOV FROM A +OMSOMOL ACTIVIST TO AN UNDERGROUND
FUNDAMENTALIST CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO A PROFOUND CRISIS OF IDENTITY 4HE UNDERGROUND FUNDA
MENTALISTS USUALLY WERE OF SIMPLE ORIGINS BORN IN THE S WHO DID NOT WITNESS 3TALINS
PURGES AND GREW UP AFTER 7ORLD 7AR )) .ORMALLY THEY CAME FROM THE RANKS OF THE MOST
DEPRIVED AND DISPOSSESSED hNEW 3OVIET INTELLIGENTSIAv ,OWERING OF SOCIAL STATUS AND
THREATS TO THE SOCIAL IDENTITY OF CERTAIN GROUPS TRIGGERED MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATIONA
SYMBOLIC ESCAPISM THAT FAVORED RELIGION AND THE PAST INTERPRETED AS REPOSITORY OF EVERY
THING GOOD 4HE PRESENT BY CONTRAST WAS CONSIDERED CORRUPT AND IN DECLINE 2ADICALIZED
TRADITIONALISM BECAME CHARACTERISTIC OF FUNDAMENTALIST UNDERTAKINGS AND WAS POWERED
BY THE INTENSE FEELING OF IMPENDING SOCIAL CRISIS )N THIS CONTEXT /SIPOV WROTE h4HE LAND
IMPOVERISHED FISH BECAME SCARCE IN RIVERS MOUNTAINS LOST FORESTS AND FIELDS BEGET NO
LONGER CORN 4HE LAND BECAME POOR OF LOVEv 6LADIMIR 0ORESH AND !LEKSANDR /GORO
DNIKOV ECHOED THIS SENTIMENT CITING h!WFUL MORAL DECLINE ALCOHOLISM DEBAUCHERY TIDAL
WAVE OF BARBAROUS HOOLIGANISM v AND OBSERVING THAT h7E LIVE IN THE EPOCH OF GLOBAL
IDEOLOGICAL CRISIS 7E WITNESS THE DECLINE OF THE GREAT PERIOD OF LATE %NLIGHTENMENT
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
WHICH HAD LED THE WORLD TO THE VERGE OF COLLAPSEv 3HIMANOV HIMSELF OBSERVED INDUS
TRIALIZED MODERNITY WITH NO LESS SKEPTICISM POINTING TO A hDREARY UNIFORMITY OF LIFE v
FEELINGS OF hENDLESS ORPHANAGE v AND hVAGUE RECOLLECTIONS OF SOMETHING ELSEv .OT ONLY
THE UNDERGROUND FUNDAMENTALISTS BUT ALSO WORKING
CLASS RURAL CITIZENS WERE SUSCEPTIBLE
TO SUCH PESSIMISTIC AND APOCALYPTIC MOODS ESPECIALLY IN THE DECADE BEFORE THE COLLAPSE
OF THE 5332
!NTHROPOLOGICAL PESSIMISM GREATLY AUGMENTED 3HIMANOVS APOCALYPTIC VISION OF MODER
NITY (E CONTEMPTUOUSLY NOTED OBJECTING TO THE FAMOUS SAYING OF WRITER -AXIM 'ORKY h!
MAN IS NOT A WORD OF PRIDE HE CAN BE EASILY SQUEEZED TO COMPLETE NONENTITY 3OMETIMES
IT IS EVEN TEMPTING TO ASSUME THAT THE
HUMAN NATURE IS WORTH ANYTHING BUT A
h2ADICALIZED TRADITIONALISM BECAME
SPITv )N ANOTHER TEXT HE WROTE THAT h!
CHARACTERISTIC OF FUNDAMENTALIST
MAN IS A WORM MADE OF DUST WRITHING
UNDERTAKINGS AND WAS POWERED BY
WITH PAIN OF ENVY AND RESENTMENTv
THE INTENSE FEELING OF IMPENDING
4HE LEADERS OF THE #HRISTIAN 3EMINAR
ON 2USSIAS 3PIRITUAL 2EGENERATION A
SOCIAL CRISISv
GROUP OF /RTHODOX DISSIDENTS ESTAB
LISHED BY !LEKSANDR /GORODNIKOV AND
6LADIMIR 0ORESH IN LATER ARRIVED
AT THE SAME CONCLUSIONS STATING THAT
h! MAN THIS SOUNDS PITIFULLY AND SOMETIMES DISGUSTINGv 3HIMANOV INTERPRETED THE
DISRUPTION OF NATURAL ALLEGIANCES MORAL DEGRADATION ALIENATION TERRORISM INSECURITY AND
CONSUMERISM OF THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD AS SYMPTOMS OF HUMANS EMANCIPATION 4O HIM
THIS WAS THE WAY IN WHICH ONES MALEVOLENT CORE NOT RESTRICTED BY THE REGULATIONS OF A
TRADITIONAL SOCIETY MANIFESTED ITSELF
4HE 7EST TAKING PRIDE IN PERSONAL LIBERTY WAS BY THIS ANALYSIS A HOTBED OF CORRUPTION
,IKE )SLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISTS TROUBLED BY THE RELAXATION OF MORAL STANDARDS 3HIMANOV
ATTACKED THE 7EST FOR POISONING THE WHOLE WORLD WITH ATHEISM DRUGS SEXUAL PERMIS
SIVENESS AND hMORAL ANOMIEv (E PROCLAIMED THAT THE 7ESTERN WORLD WAS ROTTING AWAY
INDULGING hTHE DEVOURING SPIRIT OF MERCANTILISMv (E HAD HOWEVER RATHER NEBULOUS
NOTIONS OF THE 7ESTERN WORLDWHERE HE HAD NEVER BEENAND BORROWED MUCH OF HIS ARGU
MENT FROM OFFICIAL PROPAGANDA
6ERY INDICATIVE IN THIS CONTEXT IS 3HIMANOVS MISUNDERSTANDING OF 6ASSILY 3HULGIN
4HE LATTER A PRE
REVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATIVE AND THE DEPUTY OF THE 3TATE $UMA WHO HAD
SURVIVED WARS REVOLUTIONS EMIGRATION 3TALINS LABOR CAMPS AND EXILE TO THE COUNTRYSIDE
HOSTED 3HIMANOV AT HIS RESIDENCE IN !UGUST 4HERE THE FOLLOWING CURIOUS CONVERSA
TION TOOK PLACE
3HULGIN (OW MANY TIMES THERE HAVE BEEN SPOKEN OF THE hROTTING 7ESTv "UT IT IS ALWAYS
ROTTING AND ROTTING AND NEVER EVER ROTS AWAY
3HIMANOV )S THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION NOT TELLING OF DECAY &AMILIES FALL APART BECAUSE OF THIS
SEXUAL REVOLUTIONx %UROPE IS THE PESTHOLE OF DEBAUCHERY
3HULGIN 7HY DEBAUCHERY ) LIVED IN %UROPE FOR MANY YEARS BUT ) NOTICED NO DEBAUCHERY AT ALL
3HIMANOV ) SEE THAT WE ARE MORE CONSERVATIVE THAN YOU
3HIMANOV RECOGNIZED THE SOUNDNESS OF 7ESTERN CIVILIZATIONS FUNDAMENTAL AIMS AND THE
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
INHERENT WILLINGNESS OF ITS PEOPLE TO TRY TO DO GOOD "UT HIS GOAL WAS TO PREVENT THE 3OVIET
5NION FROM FOLLOWING THE SAME PURPORTEDLY PERNICIOUS PATH ALONG WHICH HE BELIEVED
!MERICA HAD ALREADY BEEN TROTTING TOWARD GLOBAL CRISIS
3HIMANOV CONTINUED TO SHARPEN HIS ANTHROPOLOGICAL PESSIMISM RAILING AGAINST 7ESTERN
PRECEPTS OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY h&REEDOM v HE SAID WAS TOO ABSTRACT A TERM TO BE
PRACTICALLY USED )T STOOD FOR NOTHING AND WAS A MERE FORMALITY ABLE TO BE ANALYZED AS
EITHER GOOD OR EVIL 4HE CONCEPT OF FREEDOM WAS THEREFORE LESS IMPORTANT THAN THE TRUE
SUBSTANCE OF A SOCIETYITS MORAL CORE &REEDOM ACCORDING TO 3HIMANOV SHOULD SIMPLY
DENOTE THAT hGOOD HUSBANDS AND WIVESv ACT BENEVOLENTLY AND USEFULLY WITHIN SOCIETY COUN
TERING THE ABILITY OF VILLAINS AND PLUTOCRATS TO EXPLOIT HONEST PEOPLE 4HE OTHER LIMITATION
FOR THE LIBERAL NOTION OF FREEDOM HE SAID WAS A FEELING OF OBLIGATION )F UNDERSTOOD AS
A NEGATION OF RESPONSIBILITY hFREEDOMv COULD MEAN MERELY THE PERPETUAL CAPITULATION TO
ONES PETTY PLEASURES AND PASSIONS
)N 3HIMANOVS OPINION 7ESTERN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS INFUSED WITH THIS WRONGLY UNDER
STOOD CONCEPT OF FREEDOM WERE NOT ABLE TO BESTOW TRUE INDEPENDENCE UPON PEOPLE )N FACT
DEMOCRACY WAS NOTHING MORE THAN A DECEPTIVE MIRAGE COVERING UP THE POWER OF MONEY AND
THE DOMINANCE OF CAPITAL AND AVARICE WITH THE SUMPTUOUS SHEEN OF REPRESENTATIVE INSTITU
TIONS (IS OTHER ARGUMENT WAS THAT DEMOCRACY WAS INDIFFERENT TO MORALITY AND UNABLE TO
RECOGNIZE AND REWARD SPIRITUALITY THUS PERSISTENTLY CONFUSING THE BEST SOCIETAL ELEMENTS
FOR THE WORST
4HAT DEMOCRACY BECAME REPULSIVE IN 3HIMANOVS VIEW IS NO SURPRISECONSERVATIVES
ROUTINELY MOCKED DEMOCRACY FOR BEING hA TYRANNY OF THE BASEST MAJORITYv 4O 2US
SIAN CONSERVATIVES DEMOCRACY POSED A DEADLY THREAT TO THE COUNTRYS UNIQUENESS "UT
3HIMANOV AND HIS COLLEAGUES EMPLOYED TWO ADDITIONAL ARGUMENTS FIRST THE CLASS APPROACH
OF -ARXISM
,ENINISM DISCLOSING ECONOMIC INTEREST BEHIND DEMOCRATIC PROCEDURES SEC
OND CONSPIRACY THEORY HINTING AT THE VAGUE FORCES THAT STAND BEHIND 7ESTERN PLUTOCRATS
)N THIS VEIN 3HIMANOV COMBINED THE ENORMOUS CRITICAL POTENTIAL OF OFFICIAL ANTI
7ESTERN
PROPAGANDA WITH -ASONIC
PLOT THEORIES
3HIMANOV PROCEEDED WITH HIS CRITICISM OF 7ESTERN DEMOCRACY ALSO ATTACKING FREEDOM
OF SPEECH (E INSTRUCTED HIS READERS THAT THIS WAS NOTHING BUT A FICTITIOUS CONSTRUCT NOT
ING THAT A PLURALISTIC AND CAPITALISTIC SYSTEM GIVES PRIORITY NOT TO A TRUTHFUL SPEAKER BUT TO
A WELL
PAID ONE #ULTIVATING A PLURALITY OF OPINIONS HE STATED ONLY OBFUSCATED TRUTH AND
CONSOLIDATED THE POWER OF A PLUTOCRACY )N HIS VISION THE MASS MEDIA SWALLOWED ANY
ATTEMPT AT HONEST CRITICISM OF THE EXISTING SOCIAL ORDER 4O WIN AN ELECTION IN MOST CASES
MEANT INVESTING MONEY IN THE MEDIA SO THAT IT BECAME NOTHING MORE THAN ANOTHER PLUTO
CRATIC INSTRUMENT OF INFLUENCE -OREOVER hELECTION FEVERv DISGUISED THE FACT THAT THERE WAS
NO REAL CHOICETO 3HIMANOV CANDIDATES WERE ALWAYS ESSENTIALLY THE SAME JUST PACKAGED
DIFFERENTLY
'OING FURTHER HE DISAVOWED THE NOTIONS OF LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTY
ADVOCATING ONLY A RIGORIST #HRISTIAN WORLDVIEWWHICH HE ASSERTED WAS UNDER ENORMOUS
PRESSURE FROM A hGODLESS SOCIETYv 4HERE WAS NO PERSECUTION OF RELIGIOUS FAITH IN THE 7EST
BUT THERE WAS ALSO NO FAITH HE STRESSED BECAUSE hRELIGION DIES UNDER THE ONSLAUGHT OF ;A=
GODLESS STYLE OF LIFEv 7HAT HAD INSTEAD TAKEN PRECEDENCE IN THE 7EST WAS THE hRELIGIONv
OF hPAN
LEGALISMv 3HIMANOV SUSPECTED THAT THIS FAKE SUPER
IDEOLOGY WAS BACKED BY
SOME SUSPICIOUS FORCES WRITING THAT THERE WAS hA STRIKING RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN MILDNESS
AND HYPOCRITICAL AMBIVALENCE OF PAN
LEGALISM AND -ASONRYv (E SAW THIS SITUATION OF
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
hVEILEDv GODLESSNESS AS EVEN WORSE THAN THAT OF OVERT ATHEISM IN THE 3OVIET 5NION 4HUS
3HIMANOV ADOPTED ELEMENTS OF THE OFFICIAL PHILOSOPHY WITH A CERTAIN INTELLECTUAL FINESSE
THE -ARXIST CONCEPT OF CONSCIOUSNESS AS DEPENDENT ON SOCIAL CONTEXT IS EMPLOYED HERE IN
ORDER TO PROVE THAT THE POLITICAL ORDER HAS BEEN ADJUSTED TO MEET THE NEEDS OF BELIEVERS )N
THE LONG RUN STATED 3HIMANOV THIS DEMAND CAN REACH THE POINT OF THEOCRACYTHE ONLY
REGIME CONFORMING TO THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF ARDENT #HRISTIANS
4HE OFFICIAL IDEOLOGY TO A LARGE EXTENT COINCIDED WITH THE IDEAS OF MANY RIGHT
WING DIS
SIDENTS LIKE 3HIMANOV ESPECIALLY IN REGARD TO THE MAINTENANCE OF DISCIPLINE THE STRENGTHEN
ING OF MORALITY THE PROMULGATION OF SOBRIETY AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF LABOR
PRODUCTIVITY
"UT WHAT PRIMARILY BROUGHT TOGETHER THESE TWO FORMER FOES WAS AN EXPLICIT REPUGNANCE
FOR THE 7EST 4HUS THE HIGH
RANK NOMENCLATURE OF THE PATRIOTIC PERSUASION SUCH AS
h0AVLOVS GROUPvA COLLECTIVE OF NATIONALISTS IN THE #ENTRAL #OMMITTEE OF +OMSOMOL
LED BY +OMSOMOL LEADER 3ERGEI 0AVLOVCARRIED ON A CAMPAIGN AGAINST 7ESTERN CLUBS
AND DANCES AND PROMOTED YOUTH GATHERINGS BASED ON 2USSIAN FOLKLORE TRADITIONS !RMED
WITH -ARXIST ARGUMENTATION 3HIMANOV OFFERED COGENT CRITICISM OF THE 7EST AND MODERNITY
MORE CONSISTENTLY THAN THAT OF PRE
REVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATIVES 4HE LATTER REJECTING THE
PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM CAPITALISM AND LIBERAL RIGHTS DID NOT PREJUDICE THE %NLIGHTENMENT
PARADIGM AS SUCH NOT MALIGNING FREEDOM OF SPEECH PRINCIPLES OF SELF
GOVERNMENT AND
CERTAINLY THE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN INDIVIDUALITY )F THE LATE
)MPERIAL 2IGHTISTS IDEALIZED
NOT TRADITIONAL SOCIETY BUT A CERTAIN STAGE OF ITS TRANSFORMATIONBE IT -USCOVY 2US OR THE
PERIOD OF #ATHERINE THE 'REATTHE UNDERGROUND CONSERVATIVES OF THE S
S DOUBTED
THE WHOLE OF THE hMODERNITY PROJECTv
4HERE ARE SIMILARITIES TO FUNDAMENTALISM IN THE RIGHT
WING DISSIDENTS PERSPECTIVES
ON NATIONALISM AND RELIGIOSITY )N PRINCIPLE NATIONALISM WAS UNACCEPTABLE TO THE FUNDA
MENTALISTS BECAUSE IT UNDERMINED THE SUPRA
NATURAL CHARACTER OF THE 3OVIET 5NION AND
CONTRADICTED UNIVERSALISTIC AND MESSIANIC /RTHODOXY (OWEVER FUNDAMENTALISTS SUCH AS
THOSE WHO CAME TO POWER IN ,IBYA AND )RAN OFTEN ADOPTED NATIONALIST RHETORIC IN ORDER TO
ETHNICALLY AND SPATIALLY ENHANCE THEIR VISIONS OF A hLAND OF PURITYv 3O THE 3OVIET UNDER
GROUND FUNDAMENTALISTS REFERRED TO THE 2USSIAN NATION AS h(OLY 2USSIAv AS IS STRESSED IN
THE PAGES OF 6ECHE (OLY 2USSIA DOES NOT RESIDE WITHIN EACH INDIVIDUAL 2USSIAN BUT THE
QUINTESSENCE OF h2USSIANNESSv DWELLS IN THREE OR FIVE UTTERLY RIGHTEOUS MEN PRAVEDNIKI
WHO MUST BE LIVING IN 2USSIA AT THE PRESENT TIME ,EONID "ORODIN INTERPRETED THE NATION
AS A MEDIUM BETWEEN PEOPLE AND DIVINE HARMONY AS A hMEANS FOR THE STRIVING FOR 'ODv
"OGOISKANIE !ND /SIPOVS OTHER WORK :EMLIA ALSO A SAMIZDAT JOURNAL PURPORTS THAT
h.ATIONALISM IS UNTHINKABLE IN SEPARATION FROM #HRISTIANITY !NY FORM OF PAGAN OR ATHE
ISTIC NATIONALISM IS DEVILRY 4HE PRINCIPAL AIM OF THE NATIONALISTS AT THE MOMENT IS TO
REVIVE PEOPLES GOOD MORALS AND NATIONAL CULTUREv )N THIS WAY INTEGRITY AND THE RESTORA
TION OF TRADITIONAL MORES WERE MATTERS OF GREATER CONSEQUENCE IN THE VIEW OF RIGHT
WING
DISSIDENTS THAN THE WELL
BEING OF ETHNIC 2USSIANS 4HE -ANIFESTO OF 0ORESHS #HRISTIAN
3EMINAR NOTES THAT THE QUINTESSENCE OF 2USSIA IS THAT IT HOUSES h#HRISTS PEOPLEv 3HI
MANOV ECHOED THESE IDEAS NOTING THAT ONLY AN ORTHODOX BELIEVER COULD BE TRUE PATRIOT
HE ALSO COINED THE PRINCIPLE h,OVE YOUR -OTHERLAND ;BUT DO= NOT IDOLIZE IT ,OVE IT AS FAR
AS IT IS NOT DISGUSTING TO 'ODv
4HUS NATIONALISM WAS OF SECONDARY IMPORTANCE FOR 3HIMANOV AND HIS CIRCLE THOUGH
IT COALESCED WITH HIS STRONG ANTI
LIBERALISM ,IKE OTHER UNDERGROUND RELIGIOUS REVIVALISTS
OF THAT TIME FOR EXAMPLE THE #HRISTIAN 3EMINAR 3HIMANOV BELIEVED THAT /RTHODOXY
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
INDISSOLUBLY BONDED WITH THE 2USSIAN PEOPLE 2USSIA IN THIS SENSE HAD HOUSED h#HRISTS
PEOPLEv FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD IN THE COUNTRYS HISTORY !S DISTINCT FROM 0ORESH AND HIS
CIRCLE 3HIMANOV ACCENTUATED THE CLOSE TIES BETWEEN #HRISTIANITY AND THE 2USSIAN STATE
3HIMANOVS UTOPIAN FORMULA OF COMBINING THE 3OVIET STATE AND /RTHODOXY WAS ALTOGETH
ER DEVOID OF NATIONALIST ELEMENTS )NSTEAD OF NATIONALISM 3HIMANOV PROPOSED UNIVERSALISTIC
-ESSIANISM )N AN OPEN LETTER TO ,IAH !BRAMSON A DISSIDENT WHO WROTE FOR THE SAMIZDAT
JOURNAL %VREI V 3332 *EWS IN THE 5332 3HIMANOV WROTE THAT AT THE MOMENT THERE
REMAINED THE TWO CULTURES IN THE WORLD THAT WERE STILL CAPABLE OF SPIRITUAL RENOVATION AND
GLOBAL LEADERSHIPTHE 2USSIANS AND THE *EWS 4HEY WERE BOTH INFATUATED WITH -ESSIANISM
AND HIGHLY CULTURED HE NOTED BUT THE *EWS SEDUCED BY :IONIST NATIONALISM AND LIBERALISM
HAD FORFEITED THE RIGHT TO CLAIM A LEADERSHIP ROLE 4HE !RAB )SRAELI CONFLICT IN 3HIMANOVS
UNDERSTANDING HAD MANIFESTED THE FALLACIOUSNESS OF *EWISH CONTEMPORARY POLICY 4HERE
FORE THERE REMAINED THE ONLY 2USSIAN PEOPLE WHO COULD STILL POSSESS A LEADERSHIP ROLE IN
A FORTHCOMING SPIRITUAL RENAISSANCE )N THIS SENSE 3HIMANOV CALLED FOR THE hSPIRITUAL 2US
SIAFICATION AND /RTHODOXING OF THE WHOLE UNIVERSEv -ANY OTHER UNDERGROUND 2IGHTISTS
DREW A PARALLEL BETWEEN THE /RTHODOX BELIEVERS IN THE 3OVIET 5NION AND EARLY #HRISTIANS
CONCLUDING THAT 2USSIAS CALLING WAS TO REDEEM HUMANKIND
"Y NO MEANS THOUGH WAS THIS AKIN TO A DECLARATION OF 2USSIAN NATIONALISM "UT THIS
DOES NOT MEAN THAT THERE WERE NO PURELY NATIONALISTIC AND QUASI FASCIST TENDENCIES WITHIN
THE RIGHT WING DISSIDENT MILIEU 4HOSE WHO OPPOSED IDEAS OF 2USSIAN UNIQUENESS AND
EXCLUSIVITY WERE ALSO PRONE TO DOWNPLAY THE ROLE OF #HRISTIANITY AND TO PRAISE PAGANISM
AND THE PROWESS OF ANCIENT 3LAVIC TRIBES 4HIS 2USSOPHILISM PERTAINING TO A DIFFERENT
EXTENT TO 6ALERY %MELIANOV 6ALERY 3KURLATOV !NATOLY )VANOV 3KURATOV AND OTHERS HAD
LITTLE IN COMMON WITH PRE REVOLUTIONARY 3LAVOPHILISM AND VISIBLY DIFFERED FROM THE 3OVIET
3LAVOPHILES IN ITS ACCEPTANCE OF THE 3OVIET REGIME
3HIMANOV DID NOT CRITICIZE THE 3OVIET 5NION AS FEROCIOUSLY AS DID THE LEADERS OF 63+H3/.
4HE !LL 2USSIAN 3OCIAL #HRISTIAN 5NION FOR THE ,IBERATION OF THE 0EOPLE WHO COMPARED THE
COMMUNIST REGIME TO FASCISM NOR DID HE EQUATE THE GOVERNMENT WITH THE !NTICHRIST AS DID
SOME RELIGIOUS EXTREMISTS "UT NONETHELESS HE WAS NOT ALTOGETHER LOYAL TO THE STATE $URING THE
EARLY S HE OPPOSED !NTI 3EMITIC TENDENCIES FURTHERED BY SOME STATE FIGURES AND INSTITU
TIONS HE ALSO FAIRLY BOLDLY DEMANDED THAT THE STATE STOP hTHE COLD WAR AGAINST BELIEVERS v HAVING
PUBLISHED IN 6ECHE AN ADDRESS TO THE 0RESIDIUM OF THE 3UPREME 3OVIET OF THE 5332 )N THIS
ARTICLE 3HIMANOV OPENLY CRITICIZED THE REGIME REFERRING TO IT AS hINHUMANv !ND HE RALLIED
AGAINST THE ABUSE OF PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT FOR POLITICAL REPRESSION DISPUTING #HRISTIAN 3EMINAR
ACTIVIST !LEKSANDR !RGENTOVS FORCED INSTITUTIONALIZATION IN
&ROM THE MID S ON AS THE REGIME VISIBLY YIELDED TO WHAT 3HIMANOV PERCEIVED
TO BE THE MAIN EVIL OF !MERICANIZATION HE BECAME MORE CENSORIOUS OF THE 3OVIET STATE
ESPECIALLY OF THE RULING BUREAUCRACY (E BLAMED IT FOR COSMOPOLITISM AND :IONISM AND
EVEN FOR -ASONIC CONSPIRACY STATING THAT hPARASITIC NOMENCLATUREv MIGHT BE THE hNATURAL
ALLYv TO THE hMERCENARY *EWRYv (E ALSO ATTACKED THE 3OVIET MASS MEDIA FOR INSTILLING
7ESTERN VALUES AND TRENDS WITHIN THE POPULATION )N THE LATE S 3HIMANOV VEHEMENTLY
WROTE OF A h:IONIST AND -ASONIC PLOTv THAT WAS POISONING THE 3OVIET PEOPLE VIA THE MASS
MEDIA %VEN POPULAR HEROES OF 3OVIET CARTOON FILMS SEEMED SUSPICIOUS TO HIM THE
BENEVOLENT BOA THE BEAR LIKE #HEBURASHKA AND THE CROCODILE 'ENA WERE BOTH FINGERED
AS -ASONIC SYMBOLS /NE OF 3HIMANOVS ARTICLES DENOUNCED THE NEWLY RELEASED ANIMATED
CARTOON +OLOBOK A ROUND LOAF OF BREAD A CHARACTER OF THE 2USSIAN POPULAR FAIRY TALE OF
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
THE SAME NAME 4HE STORYS HAPPY ENDING CLAIMED 3HIMANOV MERELY hENFEEBLES CHILDREN
LULLS AND DISARMS THEM SUGGESTING THAT THERE IS NO EVIL IN THE WORLD IT SOWS THE SEEDS
OF COSMOPOLITANISM IN CHILDRENS SOULSv
4HE OTHER DEFICIENCY OF THE 3OVIET REGIME WAS ACCORDING TO 3HIMANOV ITS MILD
NESSTHAT IS GOVERNMENTAL CONDONING OF CONSUMERISM URBANISM AND THE MATERIAL AIMS OF
LABOR WHICH RENDERED THE STATE AKIN TO THE 7ESTERN WORLD "UT ON 3HIMANOVS ACCOUNT
THE MAIN SOURCE OF EVIL LAY IN THE GODLESSNESS OR RATHER IN THE PSEUDO RELIGIOUSNESS OF
THE 3OVIET REGIME (E EXTENSIVELY AND NOT PARTICULARLY INGENIOUSLY WROTE OF THE PARALLELS
BETWEEN -ARXIST THEORY AND #HRISTIAN DOCTRINE (IS CONCLUSION WAS THAT THE h3OCIALIST
CARICATUREv HAD GRAVELY DISTORTED THE h#HRISTIAN ORIGINAL v AND THAT THE "OLSHEVIKS HAVING
ESTABLISHED THE MOST PERFECT STATE THUS FAILED TO ORGANIZE A SOCIETY THAT COULD HAVE BEEN
MORE WELL OFF THAN THE BOURGEOIS REGIME 4HE 3OVIET 5NION THEN POSSESSED THE IDEAL
FORM BUT THE WRONG CONTENT )T WAS NEITHER DEMOCRACY NOR HEGEMONY OF THE PROLETARIAT AS
HAD BEEN OFFICIALLY PROCLAIMED BUT PURE hIDEOCRACYvTHE POWER OF IDEOLOGY SIMILAR TO
WHAT MUST HAVE BEEN IDEAL #HRISTIAN THEOCRACY 4HIS COULD BE HE PURPORTED THE 3OVIET
TYPE OF INDIVIDUALISM THAT COULD HERALD THE FUTURE TRANSFORMATION OF THE COUNTRY INTO THE
PREEMINENT #HRISTIAN REALM
3HIMANOV DID NOT EMPHASIZE THE MYSTICAL ASPECTS OF #HRISTIANITY FOR HIM AS IS TYPICAL
IN A FUNDAMENTALIST OUTLOOK RELIGION WAS BUT AN INSTRUMENT OF PROPER SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
AND A CODE OF BEHAVIOR )N 3HIMANOVS VIEW RELIGION WAS DESIGNED TO BE A SUBSTITUTE FOR
THE -ARXIST IDEOLOGY AS A METHOD OF BETTER ORGANIZING OF THE SOCIETY ,IKE OTHER FUNDAMEN
TALISTS 3HIMANOV BELIEVED THAT 'OD HAD A DECISIVE INFLUENCE ON POLITICS AND THAT THE 3OVIET
STATE HAD BEEN PREDETERMINED TO ACCOMPLISH SOME UNIVERSAL MISSION IT WAS NOTHING LESS
THAN hTHE INSTRUMENT FOR MAKING THE MILLENARY KINGDOM ON THE EARTHv /N THE ONE HAND
3OVIET COMMUNISM REVEALED THE FALLACY OF hOLD #HRISTIANITY v UNABLE TO REALIZE ITS PRIN
CIPLES IN PRACTICAL LIFE AND THEREFORE CONSIGNED TO OBLIVION /N THE OTHER HAND THE 5332
BROUGHT A PRINCIPALLY NEW TYPE OF THE hIDEOCRATIC STATEv TO THE WORLD THIS WAS THE STATE THAT
PERFECTLY METAT LEAST IN THEORYTHE REQUIREMENTS OF A SOCIETY OF TRUE BELIEVERS 4HE CORE
OF THE 3OVIET SYSTEM WAS THE OMNIPOTENT #OMMUNIST 0ARTY PERMEATING EVERY SINGLE CELL
OF THE SOCIETY AND THEREFORE CAPABLE OF CARRYING OUT AN INDEPENDENT POLICY FREE OF SELF
INTERESTS AND THE hRABBLES WHIMSv )N PRINCIPLE THIS PROVIDED AN OPPORTUNITY TO TRANSFORM
THE #OMMUNIST 0ARTY INTO THE h/RTHODOX 0ARTY OF THE 3OVIET 5NION v AND CONSEQUENTLY
TO CREATE A hTRULY #HRISTIAN COMMUNITYv )N THIS WAY 3HIMANOV ACTUALLY TRIED TO JUSTIFY
THE 3OVIET REGIME CLAIMING THAT IT WAS h'ODS INSTRUMENTv
0ROMOTING 4RADITIONAL #ODES OF #ONDUCT
2ELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM UNDERSTOOD AS A PROTEST MOVEMENT AGAINST THE LIBERALIZATION
AND SECULARIZATION OF SOCIETY GENERALLY MAINTAINS A PATRIARCHAL SOCIAL MODEL AND OLD WORLD
ETHICAL STANDARDS OF FAMILY LIFE AND GENDER RELATIONS 4HIS IS NAMELY HOW 3HIMANOV
PERCEIVED THE ROLE OF THE h/RTHODOX 0ARTY OF THE 3OVIET 5NIONv (E PARTICULARLY PRAISED
THE POLICY OF INTERFERENCE IN PRIVATE LIFE SUCH AS PROSECUTING HOMOSEXUALITY AND PROSTITU
TION )N ADDITION HE INSISTED ON SEVERE PUNISHMENT FOR FORNICATION 3IMILAR IDEAS WERE
PRONOUNCED BY 6ALERY 3KURLATOV IN HIS #ODE OF -ORALS WHICH ADVOCATED CAPITAL
PUNISHMENT FOR WOMEN WHO HAD SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH FOREIGNERS THE LATTER WERE TO BE
STIGMATIZED AND CASTRATED "UT ON THE WHOLE THE RELIGIOUS LEADERS OF 3OVIET DISSIDENTS
WERE SKEPTICAL ABOUT THE PROSPECT OF MAKING AN /RTHODOX THEOCRACY OUT OF THE 3OVIET
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
5NION !NATOLY ,EVITIN +RASNOV FOR EXAMPLE MOCKED THIS IDEA SUGGESTING THAT IT WOULD
HAVE LED TO THE SAME SUPPRESSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AS IN THE 5332 hA DESPOTIC STATE HAVING
PROCLAIMED ITSELF #HRISTIAN WOULD NOT BECOME #HRISTIANv
3HIMANOV HAD ARRIVED AT THESE IDEAS AS FAR BACK AS THE EARLY S PERHAPS FIRST UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF -IKHAIL !NTONOV &ATHER $MITRY $UDKO AND THE PRIESTS 6ARSONOFY +HAIBUL
LIN AND 'EORGY 0ETUKHOV WHO AT THAT TIME COLLABORATED WITH HIM ON 6ECHE $UDKO FOR
EXAMPLE INSISTED THAT THE 3OVIET STATE WAS UNIQUE BECAUSE IT WAS hFROM 'ODv 4HESE
IDEAS WERE IN THE AIR AT THE TIME SOME COLLEAGUES OF /SIPOV OVERTLY PROFESSED AN AMAL
GAMATED IDEOLOGY OF -ARXISM AND NATIONALISM OR OF -ARXISM AND #HRISTIANITY 4HE FIRST
TENDENCY WAS EMBODIED BY !NATOLY )VANOV 3KURATOV THE SECOND BY &ELIKS +ARELIN
&OR THEM HATRED OF THE 7EST WAS A STRONGER INCENTIVE THAN LOVE FOR THE PRE REVOLUTIONARY
MONARCHY AND -ARXISM PROVIDED THEM WITH AN INTELLECTUAL WEAPON
)N 3HIMANOV BECAME INVOLVED IN ANOTHER CONTROVERSY THIS TIME WITH THE EDIT
ING OFFICE OF 6ECHE HAVING PRONOUNCED 3OVIET STATE hBENIGNv DUE TO THERE BEING NO REAL
POWER BUT THAT OF 'OD ,ATER HE ACKNOWLEDGED HIS SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE VIEWS OF THAT
TIME WHICH HAD SUCCEEDED IN ABRUPTLY DISASSOCIATING HIM FROM THE CREDO OF /SIPOV AND
HIS CIRCLE /SIPOV SUPPORTED THE CLAIM TO BE LOYAL BUT DID NOT ADVOCATE ULTRA LOYALTY TO
THE POINT OF NEGATING BASIC PERSONAL RIGHTS DECLARED BY THE 3OVIET STATE ITSELF 4HE EDITOR
OF 6ECHE RESPONDED TO 3HIMANOVS STATEMENTS INSTRUCTING THAT THE REGIME MUST hOBEY ITS
OWN CONSTITUTIONv )F /SIPOV CENSURED BELLICOSE LIBERAL DISSIDENTS WHO WERE NOT ALWAYS
hLOYAL v BUT SIDED WITH THEM ON THE ISSUE OF HUMAN RIGHTS 3HIMANOV DECIDEDLY POSI
TIONED HIMSELF IN OPPOSITION TO THE HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT
&OLLOWING THE THEORIES OF NINETEENTH CENTURY PHILOSOPHER .IKOLAI $ANILEVSKY TREMEN
DOUSLY POPULAR AMONG SEMI UNDERGROUND AND UNDERGROUND CIRCLES OF 2USSIAN PATRIOTS
3HIMANOV SKETCHED OUT 2USSIAN HISTORY AS HAVING BEEN TOTALLY DOMINATED BY CONFRONTATION
WITH THE 7EST )N HE PENNED A RESPONSE TO !LEKSANDR 3OLZHENITSYNS ! ,ETTER TO THE
,EADERS OF THE 3OVIET 5NION REVIEWING THE KEY POINTS OF 2USSIAN HISTORY 3HIMANOV ARGUED
THAT IT WOULD BE IMPRUDENT TO REJECT 3OVIET IDEOLOGY OUTRIGHT (IS ULTIMATE CONCLUSION
COINCIDES WITH THAT OF THE SO CALLED h%URASIANISTSv OF THE S WHO CLAIMED THAT 2USSIA
WAS PREORDAINED TO A GLOBAL MISSION 4HE 2USSIAN %MPIRE OF THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH
CENTURIES HOWEVER DID NOT ACHIEVE ITS LOFTY MISSION AND WAS THEREBY DESTINED TO FALL &IRST
IT SUCCUMBED TO 7ESTERN INFLUENCES THAT POLLUTED 2USSIA WITH ANARCHY AND ATHEISM THE
MONARCHY WITNESSED HOW THE SOCIETY WAS ROTTING AWAY AND DID NOT LIFT A FINGER TO STOP IT
3ECOND THE TSAR MADE A GRAVE MISTAKE IN SUBORDINATING THE VIEWS OF THE /RTHODOX #HURCH
TO HIS OWN INTERESTS 4HIRD THE TSAR SEPARATED HIMSELF FROM HIS PEOPLE AND THE GENTRY
HAVING SEVERED RELATIONS WITH PEASANTS AND INDULGED IN LIBERALISM AND CAPITALISM COULD
NOT MEDIATE BETWEEN THE TWO 0RE REVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATIVES LEVELED SIMILAR CRITICISM AT
THE 4SARIST REGIME BUT 3HIMANOV ALSO PLACED BLAME ON THE CONSERVATIVES WHO COULD NOT
EXPUNGE SOCIAL PREJUDICES AND INSISTED ON WATCHING OVER THE INTERESTS OF LANDLORDS TO THE
DETRIMENT OF THE REST OF POPULATION )N ADDITION THE 2USSIAN RIGHTISTS HAD TRIED TO REDEEM THE
TSARS RESPONSIBILITY IN MOVING THE COUNTRY TOWARD REVOLUTION &ROM 3HIMANOVS VIEWPOINT
PRE REVOLUTIONARY RIGHTISTS WERE TOO LIBERAL TO EXEMPLIFY TRULY 2USSIAN THOUGHT
!LSO BY 3HIMANOVS ACCOUNT THE "OLSHEVIK REVOLUTION THOUGH SELF DESTRUCTIVE WAS
LARGELY PREFERABLE TO THE MILD DEMOCRATIC TRANSFORMATION OF THE TSARIST REGIME h)T WOULD
HAVE BEEN IRREPARABLE COLLAPSE OF THE WHOLE #HRISTIAN WORLD v WROTE 3HIMANOV (E INTER
PRETED THE REVOLUTION OF AS A DESPERATE BUT SALUTARY ACTIONIT WAS THE WAY IN WHICH
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
THE h2USSIAN SOUL RAILED AGAINST 7ESTERNIZATION )N THIS VEIN 3HIMANOV ALSO HIGHLIGHTED
THE IMPORTANCE OF ISOLATIONISM INSISTING ON THE PROHIBITION OF MARRIAGES WITH FOREIGNERS
OF MIGRATION WITHIN THE 3OVIET 5NION AND OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM 4HESE IDEAS WERE
COMPARABLE TO WHAT WAS SUGGESTED BY )VANOV
3KURATOV AN AUTHOR OF 3LOVO NATSII ! .ATION
3PEAKS WRITTEN IN COLLABORATION WITH $UDKO /SIPOV AND OTHER LEADERS OF THE UNDERGROUND
2IGHT WHO WERE CLOSE TO 3HIMANOV )N THIS DOCUMENT )VANOV
3KURATOV INFERS THE NECES
SITY TO hPURIFYv AND CONSOLIDATE THE 2USSIAN NATION AND THE hWHITE RACEv AS A WHOLE IN VIEW
OF THE GROWING STRENGTH OF !SIAN AND !FRICAN NATIONS )N PRACTICE )VANOV
3KURATOV SET FORTH
IDEAS OF MAKING THE 3OVIET STATE MORE CENTRALIZED AND POWERFULBOLSTERING THE ECONOMY
INCREASING MILITARY PRODUCTION KEEPING CHECK ON SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE 5332
DEVELOPING AGRICULTURE ENCOURAGING VOLUNTEERISM IN THE AUXILIARY POLICE NARODNAIA DRU
ZHINA AND ADVANCING OTHER FORMS OF PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR THE STATE
!NTI
3EMITISM
4HE ANTI
3EMITIC PRONOUNCEMENTS OF 3HIMANOV DESERVE SPECIAL ATTENTION )N THE S
3HIMANOV WAS MORE OF AN ISOLATIONIST PERSUASION THAN AN ANTI
3EMITIC ONE )N AN INTERVIEW
WITH THE PERIODICAL 6ESTNIK 2+H$ PUBLISHED IN HE POINTED AT THE FACT THAT THE *EWS
COULD NOT BE ASSIMILATED REFERRING TO THEM AS hFOREIGN TISSUEv IN THE 3OVIET ORGANISM
)NSTEAD HE SUGGESTED ALLOTTING *EWS TERRITORY WITHIN THE 3OVIET 5NION THE #RIMEAN 0ENIN
SULA OR THE +ALININGRAD REGION WHERE THE h*EWS MUST LIVE AUTONOMOUS LIFE NOT INTERFER
ING TO THE LIFE OF THE OTHER NATIONSv "UT IN THE S ESPECIALLY DURING 0ERESTROIKA HIS
IDEAS DRIFTED MORE TO THE RIGHT AND HE IRONICALLY MOCKED HIS OWN PREVIOUS KINDHEARTEDNESS
REGARDING *EWS &ROM
HE PUBLISHED SEVERAL ISSUES OF HIS PERIODICAL .EPRIADVA
WITH THE SLOGAN h4ODAY IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE A TRUE 2USSIAN NOT BEING A MILITANT ANTI
:IONISTv (E BLAMED THE *EWS FOR DISCREDITING COMMUNISM AND FOR TRANSFORMING THE
3OVIET STATE APPARATUS INTO A hCOSMOPOLITE BUREAUCRACYv "Y HIS ACCOUNT THE *EWS AND
SOCIALISM WERE IRRECONCILABLE AS hSOCIALISM IS POSSIBLE ONLY ON THE BASIS OF PATRIOTISMv
(IS EXTREME ANTI
3EMITISM WAS MANIFESTED BY THE ASSERTION THAT THE *EWS DID NOT CONSTITUTE
A NATION BUT A SOCIAL hCANCERv FOLLOWING THIS LOGIC HE NOTED THAT THERE COULD BE hSURGICALv
METHODS OF CURING IT
/BSERVING THE TRIUMPH OF 7ESTERN
STYLE VALUES IN THE 3OVIET 5NION DURING THE PERIOD OF
0ERESTROIKA 3HIMANOV AND OTHER RIGHTIST DISSIDENTS SOUGHT OUT SCAPEGOATS FOR THESE PRINCI
PLES !NTI
3EMITISM WAS HOWEVER NOT PART OF A NATIONALIST PROJECT BECAUSE THE VALUE OF
AN EMPIRE WAS TO 3HIMANOV ALWAYS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THAT OF NATION
STATE (E INSISTED
THAT THE 3OVIET 5NION WAS NOT A hMECHANICAL CONGLOMERATION OF ETHNICALLY AND RELIGIOUSLY
DIFFERENT NATIONS v BUT RATHER A hMYSTICAL ORGANISM OF COMPLEMENTARY NATIONSv
!NTI
-ODERNISM
4HIS hMYSTICAL ORGANISM v AS DEPICTED BY 3HIMANOV WAS ESSENTIALLY MORE TRADITIONAL
AND PATRIARCHAL THAN NATIONALISTIC 4HESE FEATURES ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF A FUNDAMENTALIST
WORLDVIEW 4RADITIONALISM IS DESIGNED IN ORDER TO WITHSTAND THE PRESSURE OF MODERNITY
AND LARGE
SCALE SOCIAL CHANGE 0ATRIARCHALISM OPPOSES THE ALIENATING INSTITUTIONS OF THE
MODERN WORLD SUCH AS FORMALISM OF THE WRITTEN LAW AN EXPLOITATIVE BOURGEOIS SYSTEM AND
THE COMPLEXITIES OF URBAN LIFE )NSTEAD OF THIS FUNDAMENTALISTS LIKE 3HIMANOV PROPOSED
TO REVIVE A TRADITIONAL SOCIETY WITH STRONG FAMILIAL AND COMMUNAL TIES PERSONAL ECONOMIC
RELATIONSHIPS AND AGRARIAN
CENTERED CYCLES OF LABOR
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
3HIMANOV &ELIKS +ARELIN AND SOME OTHER DISSIDENTS OF CONSERVATIVE PERSUASION SEC
ONDED THIS TYPE OF BACK
TO
LAND MOVEMENT AND PROMOTED IDEAS OF DE
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
DE
URBANIZATION 7RITER -IKHAIL !GURSKY REMARKED THAT THE PATRIOTIC DISSIDENT MOVEMENT
GREW MAINLY OUT OF hTHE OPPOSITION TO THE NEWLY CONSTRUCTED 3OVIET INDUSTRIAL SOCIETYv
! COTERIE OF UNDERGROUND CONSERVATIVES DIAGNOSED DEEP CRISIS OF THE h2ENAISSANCE PARA
DIGM v AND OBSERVED SYMPTOMS OF THE ADVENT OF A h.EW -IDDLE !GES v MANIFESTED BY
AN hINCLINATION TO ARCHAISM TO DOMOSTROI ;DOMESTIC ORDER= TO THE COUNTRYSIDE TO NATURE
SILENCE AND CHASTITYv
!NTI
MODERNIST TENDENCIES BECAME ESPECIALLY PALPABLE DURING 0ERESTROIKA 3HIMANOVS
PERIODICAL .EPRIADVA MAINTAINED THE NECESSITY OF RETURNING TO AN AESTHETIC OF hSAILS WIND
MILLS CAMELS AND HORSESv 4HERE WERE ALSO APPEALS TO INCREASE THE SHARE OF MANUAL LABOR
IN COMPARISON TO MECHANIZED LABOR TO hLIBERATEv 3OVIET AGRICULTURE FROM INDUSTRY AND TO
BRING THE HORSE BACK AS A MODE OF WORK AND TRANSIT )URY !VERIANOV WHO COLLABORATED
ON .EPRIADVA CALLED FOR ABANDONING CARS CITING THEM AS THE hMAIN INSTRUMENT FOR ;THE=
!MERICANIZING OF THE 3OVIET ECONOMYv (OWEVER 3HIMANOV NOTED THAT UNTIL THE WHOLE
WORLD RENOUNCED INDUSTRY THE 3OVIET 5NION COULD NOT UNDERMINE ITS DEFENSE CAPABILITIES
IN SUCH A WAYTHAT IS THE WAR INDUSTRY SHOULD REMAIN STRONG +ARELIN SPECIFIED THAT
ANCIENT 2USSIAN TOWNS MUST BE FREE FROM FACTORIES WHILE NEW INDUSTRIAL CENTERS SHOULD
PLAY THE ROLE OF hMILITARY AND ECONOMICAL ADVANCED POSTS OF THE 3OVIET POWERv THE OUT
COME WOULD BE A hDEFENSIVE AND DEVELOPING OBORONNO
BLAGOUSTROITELNAIA EMPIRE v
ABLE TO MONITOR 7ESTERN ENCROACHMENTS AND SUPPORT CITIZENS WELL
BEING )N THIS SENSE
THE IDEAS OF THESE DISSIDENTS DID NOT CONFLICT WITH THE ASPIRATIONS OF THE 3OVIET ESTABLISH
MENT MANY OF THEIR VIEWS HAD BEEN UTTERED BY THE IDEOLOGISTS OF THE 2USSIAN 0ARTY IN THE
S /SIPOV FOR EXAMPLE SPOKE OF THE IDEA TO CURTAIL THE ENTIRETY OF THE AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY IN THE 3OVIET 5NION EXCEPTING ONLY THE CONSTRUCTION OF TAXIES BUSES AND AMBU
LANCES 3OLZHENITSYNS PLAN FOR TRANSMITTING ALL 3OVIET INDUSTRY TO 3IBERIA ALSO HAD DEEP
RESONANCE THOUGH IT WAS PROBABLY BORROWED FROM THE IDEAS OF THE SO
CALLED h&ETISOVS
CIRCLE v A S
ERA UNDERGROUND GROUP SIMILAR TO THE .ATIONAL
"OLSHEVIKS THAT WAS HEADED
BY -OSCOW RESEARCHER !LEKSANDR &ETISOV
)DEAS OF A 4RADITIONAL %CONOMY
4HE ECONOMIC PROJECTS OF +ARELIN ARE ALSO OF SPECIAL INTEREST (IS IDEAS EPITOMIZED IN
THE WORK "IBLEISKIE OSNOVY POLITEKONOMII "IBLICAL "ASES OF 0OLITICAL %CONOMY VOICED
THE VIEWS OF 3HIMANOVS CIRCLE WITH THE SINGLE RESERVATION THAT +ARELIN ADVOCATED A MORE
RISKY ALLIANCE OF -ARXISM AND /RTHODOXY WHILE 3HIMANOV EXCLUDED -ARXISM FROM HIS
THEORIES +ARELIN SPOKE OF CAPITALISM WHICH WAS BY HIS ACCOUNT EXACTLY THE SAME AS
WHAT HAD BEEN DESCRIBED ABOUT THE !POCALYPSECAPITALISM hREQUIRES SINv AND DRAWS
THE WORLD TOWARD THE END OF THE DAYS ! SOCIALIST ECONOMY CONVERSELY COULD BRING
ABOUT IDEAL CONDITIONSIT IS THE ONLY TYPE OF ECONOMY THAT IS CONCERNED WITH VIRTUES
ALTRUISM AND ENTHUSIASM $URING 0ERESTROIKA THESE PROPOSALS SOUNDED LIKE AN APPEAL
TO REVITALIZE THE 3OVIET SYSTEM BLENDED WITH ESCHATOLOGY AND THE NOTION OF A MORAL
ECONOMY SUCH AN EXTREME MIXTURE OF FUNDAMENTALIST ELEMENTS WAS INTENDED TO PROVIDE
SOLACE FOR THOSE LIVING IN A TIME OF DISORDER AND INSTABILITY #ONSERVATIVES OF LATE )MPE
RIAL 2USSIA HAD ALSO ENTERTAINED THE IDEA OF FORGING AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM BASED ON MORAL
PRECEPTS BUT UNLIKE THEIR 3OVIET COUNTERPARTS THEY DID NOT ALLOW FOR STATE INTERFERENCE
IN FIDUCIARY RELATIONS
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
)T WOULD NOT HOWEVER BE CORRECT TO ASSUME THAT THE UNDERGROUND CONSERVATIVES PINNED
ALL THEIR HOPES ON THE STATE ,IKE OTHER FUNDAMENTALISTS THEY WERE MORE CONCERNED WITH
PERSONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS THAN WITH DEFENDING THE STATES ECONOMIC MONOPOLY )N A CER
TAIN SENSE JUSTIFYING THE 3OVIET STATE WITH ITS ALIENATING ECONOMIC PRACTICES CONTRADICTED
THEIR VIEWS ON THE IDEAL SOCIETY !S A RULE THE 3OVIET UNDERGROUND CONSERVATIVES SPOKE
IN SUPPORT OF PARTIAL ADMITTANCE OF PRIVATE PROPERTY IN THE 3OVIET 5NION "UT THE STATE
PROVIDED A NECESSARY BACKDROP FOR THIS VIEW SIMPLY BECAUSE THESE CONSERVATIVES HAD NEVER
EXPERIENCED ANY OTHER SOCIAL REALITY )N FACT THEIR POLITICAL VIEWS WERE FAIRLY UNCERTAIN
UNLIKE THE LEADERS OF 63+H3/. OR THE PRE REVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATIVES THEY NEVER LAID
OUT A DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THEIR DESIRED STATE PERHAPS BECAUSE THEY
WERE TOO FAR FROM THE POLITICAL CENTER TO HAVE AN OBJECTIVE VIEW OF IT
#OMMUNAL ,IFE &AMILY ,IFE AND THE 2ETURN TO #LAN 3OCIETY
3HIMANOV AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES INDULGED IN LENGTHY TREATISES ON DOMESTIC AND COMMUNAL
LIFE RECONSTRUCTING AN IDEAL SOCIETY ACCORDING TO hTHE LETTER AND THE LAW OF THE ANCIENT COM
MUNITYv 3HIMANOV ADVOCATED FOR A PATRIARCHAL AND CLAN BASED SOCIETY IN HIS VOLUMINOUS
WORK 4RAKTAT O ,YUBVI AND IN A SERIES OF ARTICLES THAT APPEARED IN SAMIZDAT IN THE S
3TRICT BEHAVIORAL CONTROL AS SUGGESTED BY 3HIMANOV IS CHARACTERISTIC OF ANY KIND OF
FUNDAMENTALISM BUT IN THE CASE OF 3OVIET UNDERGROUND CONSERVATISM THIS CONTROL PERTAINED
MORE TO THE RESTORATION OF THE PATRIARCHAL ORDER THAN TO RELIGIOUS RITUAL 3HIMANOV DID NOT
REFERENCE OBLIGATORY PRAYERS OR COLLECTIVE RELIGIOUS MEETINGS AS IS COMMON IN 0ROTESTANT
OR -USLIM FUNDAMENTALISM THOUGH THIS WAS CERTAINLY IMPLIED (E EXHORTED HIS READ
ERS TO STAND BEHINDBOTH LEGALLY AND PRACTICALLYA HUSBANDS POWERS OVER HIS WIFE AND
CHILDREN (E CONCEIVED HIS PLAN IN MORALISTIC AS WELL AS PATRIARCHAL TERMS IN HIS OPINION
A HUSBAND POSSESSED ALL RIGHTS AND POWERS BECAUSE THIS STATE WAS hNATURALv AND TRADITIONAL
AND BECAUSE IT CONFORMED TO DIVINE LAWS &ROM 3HIMANOVS PERSPECTIVE GIVEN AN INNATE
INEQUALITY BETWEEN SPOUSES ANY ATTEMPT TO EQUATE THEM WOULD HAVE LED TO DISHARMONY AND
THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE FAMILY UNIT %QUALITY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN HE POSTULATED WAS
THEREFORE DISADVANTAGEOUS PRINCIPALLY TO WOMEN WHO WOULD CONSEQUENTLY BECOME DISPOS
SESSED OF FAMILIAL HAPPINESS AND OF EVERYTHING THAT CONSTITUTES SPECIFICALLY FEMININE BEHAV
IOR IN GENDER RELATIONS !S 3HIMANOV PUT IT hEQUAL RIGHTS RUIN ;THE= SPIRITUAL PECULIARITY OF
WOMENv 4HERE IS FEMINIST LITERATURE THAT CLAIMS THAT FUNDAMENTALISM A REACTION AGAINST
WOMENS EMANCIPATION )N THIS VEIN 3HIMANOVS SPEECHES CAN PERHAPS BE INTERPRETED AS
A PATRIARCHAL ATTACK AGAINST THE WOMENS MOVEMENT )T IS WORTH NOTING HOWEVER THAT
FEMALE UNDERGROUND CONSERVATIVES LARGELY AGREED WITH 3HIMANOVS PROPOSALS 4HE ALMANAC
:HENSHCHINA I 2OSSIIA ! 7OMAN AND 2USSIA THE SINGLE FEMALE RUN SAMIZDAT JOURNAL IN
THE 5332 HELD TO THESE PRINCIPLES REJECTING FORMAL EQUALITY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN
THE 3OVIET 5NION 4ATIANA 'ORICHEVA AN ACTIVIST IN 2USSIAN /RTHODOX MOVEMENT SPELLED
OUT THAT hIT WAS NOT WOMEN WHO WERE EMANCIPATED IN THE 3OVIET SOCIETY BUT MEN WHO HAD
BEEN FEMINIZEDv
)N PRACTICE 3HIMANOV PROPOSED INTRODUCING ANCIENT FAMILY RITUALS SUCH AS FOR EXAMPLE
ONE FROM THE MEDIEVAL STATE +IEVAN 2US WHEREIN A BRIDE TOOK THE SHOES OFF HER BRIDEGROOM
SIGNIFYING HER NEW HUSBANDS ASSUMPTION OF POWER OVER HER AND THE WHOLE HOUSEHOLD 3HI
MANOV TOUTED THE DOMINANCY OF THE HUSBAND AND SUGGESTED PROVIDING ONLY RUDIMENTARY
EDUCATION TO WOMEN NOTING THAT THIS WOULD BE SUFFICIENT FOR THEM TO PERFORM THEIR hNATURALv
ROLES AS MOTHERS AND WIVES
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
3HIMANOV ALSO DEVOTED MANY OF HIS WORKS TO IDEAS OF THE FAMILY AND EXPRESSED SUPPORT
FOR THE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF DISOBEDIENT CHILDREN (E POSTULATED THAT THE MOST IMPOR
TANT ELEMENT IN EDUCATION WAS OBEDIENCE SAYING THAT hIT IS NECESSARY TO TEACH CHILDREN
OBEDIENCE AT THE FIRST OR AT LEAST AT THE SECOND WORD v AND THAT hKNOWLEDGE PERFECTLY ENTERS
;CHILDRENS= MINDS FROM THE BOTTOM v WHILE MAINTAINING THAT BEATING SHOULD NEVER BECOME
TOO EXTREME 4HE IDEA OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT GREATLY FASCINATED MANY CONSERVATIVE DIS
SIDENTS OF THE TIME 6ALERY 3KURLATOV WHOSE PROPOSALS WERE CLOSELY ALIGNED TO 0URITANISM
IN EDUCATION WAS SPONSORED BY 3HIMANOV HE SPOKE OF INTRODUCING CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
AT SCHOOL IN THE MILITARY AND AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL
!SCETIC BEHAVIOR WAS LARGELY PROPAGATED IN CONSERVATIVE SAMIZDAT 3HIMANOV HELD FOR
EXAMPLE THAT GIRLS AND YOUNG WOMEN SHOULD NOT DRESS MORE ELEGANTLY THAN ELDERLY LADIES
THAT MODESTY IN DRESS MUST BE DEEPLY INSTILLED IN PEOPLE FROM CHILDHOOD THAT PLAY SHOULD
BE SCARCE AND SIMPLE THAT THE ABUNDANCE OF TOYS CORRUPTED CHILDREN MAKING THEM CAPRI
CIOUS AND FASTIDIOUS AND THAT ANY ALLOWABLE TOYS SHOULD BE MADE FROM NATURAL MATERIALS
AND SHOULD RESEMBLE TRADITIONAL WOODEN OR CLAY DOLLS THE INTERACTIONS WITH WHICH WOULD
TEACH CHILDREN IMAGINATIVE THINKING AND MODESTY (E ALSO GRIMLY JOKED THAT FACTORIES
THE PRODUCERS OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL TOYS MADE FROM PLASTIC AND METAL SHOULD BE
BLOWN UP AND THEIR DESIGNERS SHOT .UTRITION HE SAID SHOULD BE SIMILARLY SIMPLE CHILDREN
SHOULD BE FED BY COARSE RAW AND VEGETARIAN FOOD !NY CONFECTIONARY SHOULD BE ABSOLUTELY
EXCLUDED FROM EVERYDAY LIFE SO THAT HOLIDAY SWEETS WOULD HOLD MORE MEANING 4HE MOST
IMPORTANT INGREDIENTS OF 3HIMANOVS hFUTURE CUISINEv WERE hHUNGER AND WORK ON THE FRESH
WINDv
3HIMANOV ALSO PRESCRIBED RITUALS FOR COMMUNAL DINING )N PARTICULAR HE EMPHASIZED THAT
ELDERLY PEOPLE SHOULD TAKE THE MOST HONORABLE PLACES AT THE FAMILY DINNER TABLE AND THAT
CHILDREN SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED AT THE TABLE OF THE ADULTS )N A PICTURE SKETCHED BY 3HIMANOV
A FAMILY SOLEMNLY EATS EACH MEMBER HAS BROUGHT HIS OR HER OWN PERSONAL SPOON CUP AND
PLATEALL PREFERABLY HOMEMADE AS NON
ASSEMBLY
LINE
MANUFACTURED ITEMS hERADICATE
THINGS FROM IMPERSONALITYv !NOTHER GROUP OF ADVISED RITUALS PERTAINED TO SPORT AND
HEALTH AND CLOSELY CONNECTED THE WARRIOR TRADITION WITH RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES (E ALSO
WROTE OF REINTRODUCING THE CUSTOM OF DUELING
3HIMANOVS CIRCLE TOUTED A SPECIFIC PROGRAM FOR REFORMING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM TO
BE MODELED AFTER PRE
REVOLUTIONARY SCHOOLS OR RATHER HIS VISION OF WHAT THEY HAD LOOKED
LIKE (E VEHEMENTLY ATTACKED $R "ENJAMIN 3POCKS CHILDCARE METHODS INSISTING THAT hLES
SONS SHOULD BE HARDvSEVERE DISCIPLINE AND RESPECT FOR SENIORS SHOULD REIGN AT SCHOOL
(E STATED THAT EDUCATION SHOULD AIM PRIMARILY TO TEACH STUDENTS PRACTICAL SKILLS AND PREPARE
THEM FOR FUTURE ROLES AS FARMERS ARTISANS MOTHERS AND FATHERS 3ECONDARY EDUCATION WAS
TO BE RELIGIOUSLY CENTERED BASED ON THE STUDY OF SCRIPTURE AND OTHER #HRISTIAN DOCTRINE
6ERY FEW UNIVERSITIES WHICH 3HIMANOV RELUCTANTLY CONSENTED TO RETAIN SHOULD BE CLOSELY
CONNECTED WITH THE #HURCH IN ORDER TO FOSTER SCHOLARSHIP PRODUCED BY MONKS OR BY A
MONASTERYS NOVICES
4HE UNDERGROUND FUNDAMENTALISTS OF 3HIMANOVS GROUP CIRCULATED APPEALS TO CAREFULLY
RESTORE ANCESTRAL MORES AND WAYS OF LIFE PURGED OF 7ESTERN INFLUENCE THESE COULD SERVE
AS A LATENT FORCE FOR INSTILLING PATRIOTISM AND PIETY AND FOR MAKING PEOPLE ACCUSTOMED TO
2USSIAN TRADITIONS 4HUS 3HIMANOV MAINTAINED 2USSIAN DRESS ANCIENT 3LAVIC CALLIGRAPHY
AND THE USE OF THE SAMOVAR WERE hMORE IMPORTANT FOR THE 2USSIAN FUTURE THAN ALL WRITINGS
OF 6LADIMIR 3OLOVEV .IKOLAI "ERDIAEV AND ,EV 3HESTOV EVEN PUT TOGETHERv
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
3HIMANOVS PROPOSED UTOPIA OF A PATRIARCHAL CLAN SOCIETY CONCEIVES OF FAMILY LIFE AS
INVOLVING NUMEROUS RITUALS SUCH AS COMING
OF
AGE AND MARRIAGE CEREMONIES %NGAGE
MENTS 3HIMANOV NOTED SHOULD BE ARRANGED EARLY
ON SO AS TO PREPARE TEENAGERS FOR AN
ADULT LIFE FULL OF RESPONSIBILITIES ,ASTING FOR MANY YEARS ENGAGEMENTS COULD REVEAL WEAK
NESSES OF THE FUTURE SPOUSES AND hREMOVE BOYS MORBID ROMANTICISMv OF THAT AGE ,ATER
AT THE AGE OF A BOY SHOULD CELEBRATE REACHING MANHOOD FROM THAT POINT ON HE WOULD
HAVE A PERSONAL RIFLETO BE USED ONLY UNDER SPECIFIC CONDITIONSAND MAY BE ALLOWED TO
DRINK LIGHT WINE 4HEN BETWEEN THE AGES OF AND MEN WOULD POSSESS THE STATUS OF
hFATHERSv AND HAVE THE RIGHT TO DRINK SPIRITS &ROM AGE ON hPATRIARCHSv WOULD BE THE
MOST RESPECTED AND POWERFUL FIGURES IN A CLAN WHO WOULD WEAR THE MOST SUMPTUOUS CLOTHES
AND DRINK THE MOST ELEGANT DRINKS 3HIMANOV WAS NOT ALONE IN SUGGESTING THE RESTORATION
OF THE ANCIENT PEASANTS COMMUNE h&ETISOVS GROUPv AND )VANOV
3KURATOV WERE IN MANY
RESPECTS PREDECESSORS OF 3HIMANOVS UTOPIAN THEORIES
)N OTHER WORDS 3HIMANOV ESPOUSED ONLY hNATURALv HIERARCHIESSUCH AS THOSE DETER
MINED BY GENDER AND AGEAND REJECTED THE MORE COMPLICATED STRUCTURES OF THE MODERN
WORLD THAT HAD BEEN PRODUCED BY MODERN EDUCATION AND THE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY (IS
IDEAL WAS EXTREMELY ARCHAICEVEN MORE ARCHAIC THAN WHAT HAD BEEN SUGGESTED BY PRE
REVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATIVES )T HAS BEEN MENTIONED IN THE LITERATURE THAT RELIGIOUS FUN
DAMENTALISTS HAVE TWO hGOLDEN AGESv THE FOUNDING PERIOD OF THEIR RELIGION AND A RECENT
PERIOD IN WHICH THE PRESSURES OF MODERNITY HAD NOT YET BECOME SO EXPLICIT )N THIS SENSE
3HIMANOVS FIRST hGOLDEN AGEv WAS POSITIONED DURING THE TIME OF THE TRIBAL SYSTEM (E
EXPLICITLY STATED THAT THE MOST URGENT TASK OF THE MODERN AGE WOULD BE THE REVIVAL OF ANCIENT
PEASANT COMMUNES THIS WAS NECESSARY BECAUSE A COMMUNAL SYSTEM WOULD FACILITATE THE
PRESERVATION AND TRANSMISSION OF TRADITIONS FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION
4HIS ARTICULATED FORM OF TRADITIONALISM COMMON IN BOTH FUNDAMENTALISM AND UTOPIA
NISM WAS ESPECIALLY TANGIBLE IN THE MILIEU OF THE 3OVIET UNDERGROUND CONSERVATIVES 5NLIKE
RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISTS HOWEVER THEY RENDERED IT MORE STATE
AND NATION
FOCUSED &OR
CONSERVATIVES TRADITIONAL CLANS COULD FURTHER THE DEFENSE CAPABILITIES OF THE 3OVIET 5NION
MAKING THE SOCIETY MORE MILITANT AND DISCIPLINED WITH RESPECT TO THE 7EST )T IS IMPOR
TANT TO NOTE THAT 3HIMANOV AND OTHER DISSIDENTS HAD RATHER LOOSE NOTIONS OF WHAT THIS CLAN
CULTURE SHOULD BE CONFLATING IT WITH THE PEASANTS COMMUNES OF LATE )MPERIAL 2USSIA WITH
THE PAROCHIAL SYSTEM OR WITH THE 3OVIET KOLKHOZ COLLECTIVE FARMING
#ONCLUSION
)N THE S AFTER THE DETENTION OF /SIPOV 3HIMANOV EXEMPLIFIED THE IDEALS OF UNDER
GROUND CONSERVATISM BUT BY THE S WHEN HIS VIEWS MOVED CLOSER TO NATIONALISM AND
ANTI
3EMITISM HIS VOICE HAD BEEN MUFFLED BY THOSE OF MANY OTHER RIGHT
WING IDEOLOGISTS
!FTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE 3OVIET 5NION HE BECAME A SHEER OUTSIDER A LEGEND BUT NOT A
RELEVANT POLITICAL FIGURE (IS UTOPIAN FUNDAMENTALISM WAS NOT ABLE TO COMPETE WITH THE LIB
ERAL AND DEMOCRATIC MODEL DUE TO SEVERAL REASONS &IRST HIS STATIST PROPENSITY PUSHED HIM
TOWARD COLLABORATION WITH THE 3OVIET ELITE AND THEREFORE DISCREDITED HIM AND WEAKENED
HIS ARGUMENTS 3ECOND HIS LOYALTY TO THE STATE MADE HIM LESS NOTICEABLE BOTH WITHIN AND
OUTSIDE OF THE 3OVIET 5NION 4HIRD HIS CONSISTENT FUNDAMENTALISM HAD LITTLE APPEAL BOTH
TO THE POLITICAL ESTABLISHMENT AND TO THE PEOPLE BECAUSE OF ITS UNABASHED ARCHAISM UNDER
MINING THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF MODERNITY IN 2USSIA &OURTH THE ESCHATOLOGICAL BENT OF 3HI
MANOVS THOUGHTS DESIGNED FOR BETTER INFLUENCING MASS CONSCIOUSNESS WAS NOT EFFECTIVE
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
IN A SECULARIST COUNTRY &IFTH THERE REMAINED UNSOLVABLE CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN THE -ARX
IST METHODOLOGY AND #HRISTIAN ONTOLOGY IN 3HIMANOVS IDEOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS THAT
IS BETWEEN POSITIVIST OPTIMISM AND RELIGIOUS ANTHROPOLOGICAL PESSIMISM BETWEEN SOCIAL
ACTIVISM AND CONTEMPLATIVE #HRISTIANITY AND BETWEEN HISTORICAL DETERMINISM AND VISION
ARY ESCHATOLOGY 4HE MOST IMPORTANT MISREADING OF REALITY WAS HOWEVER 3HIMANOVS
PARADOXICAL ETATISME 4HE STATE REMAINED THE SOLE AGENT OF MODERNIZATION DURING THE
#OMMUNIST PERIOD AND WAS THEREFORE RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL EVILS FROM THE TRADITIONALIST VIEW
POINT "UT AT THE SAME TIME THE UNDERGROUND FUNDAMENTALISTS PINNED ALL THEIR HOPES ON THE
STATE WHICH ALONE MAY HAVE UNDONE THE WRONG 3LIGHTLY REVISING !LEKSANDR )ANOVS SAYING
THE CONSERVATIVE UTOPIA OF THE FUNDAMENTALIST DISSIDENTS COMBINED POLITICAL INFANTILISM AND
-ESSIANISM
4HE UTOPIAN FUNDAMENTALISM OF 3OVIET DISSIDENTS WAS ONE OF SEVERAL RESPONSES TO THE
CHALLENGES FACED BY "REZHNEV
ERA SOCIETY .OTWITHSTANDING ITS INNER CONTRADICTIONS THIS
FUNDAMENTALISM WAS AN ATTEMPT TO CONTROL THE SITUATION OF GROWING NATIONALISM INSIDE AND
OUTSIDE OF THE 3OVIET 5NION TO WORK FOR THE DISSOLUTION OF THE WORLDS COLONIAL EMPIRES
AND TO SPARK GLOBAL RELIGIOUS REVIVAL NEO
CONSERVATISM AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
4HE 3OVIET VERSION OF FUNDAMENTALISM WAS LESS RELIGIOUS AND MORE SOCIAL AND STATIST THAN
OTHER FUNDAMENTALIST MOVEMENTS THAT WERE DEVELOPING IN THE 7EST AND IN THE 4HIRD 7ORLD
AT THE TIME )T PURPORTED TO SAVE THE SPIRIT OF THE 5332A SOCIALIST ECONOMY THE ONE
PARTY SYSTEM AND hIDEOCRACYvBY REINVIGORATING IT WITH THE ELEMENTS OF THE ARCHAIC PAST
SUCH AS PATRIARCHAL CLANS AND THE DOMINANCE OF RELIGION 3OVIET FUNDAMENTALISTS SAW THEIR
hGOLDEN AGESv IN THE MEDIEVAL -USCOVY 2US AND THE IDEALIZED 3OVIET SYSTEM OF THE S
%VERYTHING IN BETWEEN FROM LIBERAL RIGHTS TO INDUSTRIALIZATION HAD BEEN SKIPPED OVER IN
THE NAME OF hNEW FEUDALISMv
./4%3
3IMON #OSGROVE 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM AND THE 0OLITICS OF 3OVIET ,ITERATURE 4HE #ASE OF .ASH
3OVREMENNIK
.EW 9ORK 0ALGRAVE -ACMILLAN
/N THIS SEE 2ICHARD 7ORTMAN 3CENARIOS OF 0OWER -YTH AND #EREMONY IN 2USSIAN -ON
ARCHY 6OL 0RINCETON .* 0RINCETON 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
4HE
STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PRE
REVOLUTIONARY NEO
3LAVOPHILISM AND THE IDEALS OF RIGHT
WING 3OVIET
DISSIDENTS WERE NOTED IN $MITRY 0OSPELOVSKY h! #OMPARATIVE %NQUIRY INTO .EO
3LAVOPJILISM AND
ITS !NTECEDENTS IN THE 2USSIAN (ISTORY OF )DEAS v 3OVIET 3TUDIES NO
)T IS
HOWEVER ILL
CONSIDERED TO ATTRIBUTE 3LAVOPHILE IDEOLOGY TO THE 3OVIET UNDERGROUND THINKERS WHO
BELONGED TO AN ABSOLUTELY DIFFERENT INTELLECTUAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT 3LAVOPHILISM AS PERTAINED TO
SUCH FIGURES AS 3HIMANOV AND /SIPOV MIGHT BE MERELY A METAPHOR
3OMETIMES THE TERM IS USED LITERALLY THE LEADERS OF THE 63+H3/. !LL
3OVIET #HRISTIAN
5NION OF ,IBERATION OF THE 0EOPLE PREPARED A MILITARY PUTSCH AND AN OVERTHROW OF 3OVIET POWERS
4HEY WERE SHATTERED BY THE +'" IN AND THEIR LEADERS BARELY ESCAPED CAPITAL PUNISHMENT BEING
DETAINED FOR MAXIMUM OF YEARS IN LABOR CAMPS /N THIS SEE *OHN $UNLOP 4HE .EW 2USSIAN
2EVOLUTIONARIES "ELMONT -ASS .ORDLAND 0UBLISHING #O
4HIS PHRASE IS TAKEN FROM 6LADIMIR /SIPOV h+ ZEMLE v )Z ZHURNALA @:EMLIA 6OLNOE SLOVO
3AMIZDAT )ZBRANNOE NO &RANKFURT AM -AIN
)AN "REMMER AND 3AMUEL #HARAP h4HE 3ILOVIKI IN 0UTINS 2USSIA 7HO 4HEY !RE AND 7HAT
$O 4HEY 7ANT v 4HE 7ASHINGTON 1UARTERLY NO
!NDREAS 5MLAND h&ORMIROVANIE FASHISTSKOGO @NEOEVRAZIISKOGO INTELLEKTUALNOGO DVIZHE
NIIA V 2OSSII v !B )MPERIO
-IKHAIL )UREV h@+REPOST 2OSSIIA +ONTSEPTSIIA DLIA PREZIDENTA v .OVAYA 'AZETA
3EE AN ABRIDGED %NGLISH VERSION -IKHAIL )UREV h&ORTRESS 2USSIA v 2USSIA IN 'LOBAL !FFAIRS
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
*ULY 3EPTEMBER HTTPENGGLOBALAFFAIRSRUNUMBERSHTML ACCESSED -ARCH
/N THE VARIETY OF h2USSIAN IDEAv MOVEMENTS SEE 3TANISAW "IELE h)DENTITY 0ROBLEMS IN THE
.EW 2USSIA v 4HE 0OLISH &OERIGN !FFAIRS $IGEST 6OL .O
4HE h2USSIAN $OCTRINEv IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE h3ERGIUS 0ROJECT v NAMED AFTER 3T 3ERGIUS OF
2ADONEZH 4HE MAIN SOURCE HERE IS HTTPWWWRUSDOCTRINARU ACCESSED -ARCH 3EE ALSO
'RIGORIJUS 0OTAENKO h@2USSIAN $OCTRINEn.ATIONALIST )DEAS OF THE 2IGHT 7ING #ONSERVATIVES OF
2USSIA v ,ITHUANIAN &OREIGN 0OLICY 2EVIEW
4HIS SCHOOL APOLOGETICALLY CONCEIVES OF PRE REVOLUTIONARY CONSERVATIVES 3EE THE LATEST BOOKS
IN THIS hGENREv 3TANISLAV +HATUNTSEV AND +ONSTANTIN ,EONTEV )NTELLEKTUALNAIA BIOGRAFIIA
-OSCOW !LETEIA 2OMAN 'OGOLEV h!NGELSKII DOCTORv RUSSKOI ISTORII &OLOSOFIIA
ISTORII +. ,EONTEVA -OSCOW !IROn88)
6LADIMIR /SIPOV h$UBROVLAG v .ASH SOVREMENNIK -OSCOW !NATOLY )VANOV 'OLOS
V PUSTYNE -OSCOW ,EONID "ORODIN h"EZ VYBORA !VTOBIOGRAFICHESKOE POVESTVOVANIE v
-OLODAIA GVARDIIA -OSCOW 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV 3POR O 2OSSII -OSCOW '
3HIMANOV .UZHEN LI NAM SOTSIALIZM -OSCOW ' 3HIMANOV $A VOZRODITSIA RUSSKAIA
OBSHCHINA -OSCOW AND ' 3HIMANOV :APISKI IZ KRASNOGO DOMA -OSCOW !
NUMBER OF 3HIMANOVS RECENT ARTICLES CAN BE FOUND IN HTTPWWWSHIMANOVNARODRU ACCESSED
-ARCH
4HE TERM COMES FROM .IKOLAI -ITROKHIN 2USSKAIA PARTIIA $VIZHENIE RUSSKIKH NATSIONALISTOV
V 3332 -OSCOW
6LADIMIR 3HLAPENTOKH 3OVIET )NTELLECTUALS AND 0OLITICAL 0OWER 4HE 0OST 3TALIN %RA ,ON
DON
/N THIS TOPIC SEE 6LADIMIR +OZLOV -ASS 5PRISINGS IN THE 5332 0ROTEST AND 2EBELLION IN
THE 0OST 3TALIN 9EARS !RMONK .EW 9ORK -% 3HARPE
+EVIN /#ONNOR )NTELLECTUALS AND !PPARATCHIKS 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM AND THE 'ORBACHEV
2EVOLUTION ,ANHAM -D ,EXINGTON "OOKS )T MIGHT BE SAID WITH CERTAINTY THAT
THE 3OVIET REGIME RETAINED ITS GENERALLY IMPERIALIST AND UNIVERSALISTIC CHARACTER UNTIL THE END THIS
WAS THE ONLY PRUDENT POLICY IN RESPECT TO CULTURAL ETHNIC AND ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES AMONG THE
POPULATION 3EE FOR EXAMPLE 'EOFFREY (OSKING ! (ISTORY OF THE 3OVIET 5NION ,ONDON &ONTANA
0RESS#OLLINS
4HERE IS A PUBLISHED MEMORANDUM OF THE +'" SENT TO THE #ENTRAL #OMMITTEE OF THE #OM
MUNIST 0ARTY OF THE 3OVIET 5NION IN 3EE )STOCHNIK
!LEKSANDR )ANOV 4HE 2USSIAN .EW 2IGHT 2IGHT 7ING )DEOLOGIES IN THE #ONTEMPORARY 5332
"ERKELEY )NSTITUTE OF )NTERNATIONAL 3TUDIES 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA 'EOFFREY (OSKING
h4HE 6OICE OF 63+H3/. v 4IMES ,ITERARY 3UPPLEMENT $ECEMBER - /RTOV A PSEUD
ONYM h0RAVOSLAVNOE GOSUDARSTVO I KHRISTIANSTVO v 0OISKI I RAZMYSHLENIIA .O
-IKHAIL -EERSON !KSENOV AND "ORIS 3HRAGIN EDS 4HE 0OLITICAL AND 2ELIGIOUS 4HOUGHT OF 2USSIAN
h3AMIZDATv "ELMON -ASS .ORDLAND 0UBLISHING #O , "EK ALSO A PSEUDONYM
h3POR O SLAVIANOFILAKH I NATSIONALNOM PATRIOTISME v 2ADIO ,IBERTY *ULY
!NATOLY )ANOV 2USSKAYA IDEYA I Y GOD .EW 9ORK ,IBERTY
*OHN $UNLOP 4HE .EW 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM .EW 9ORK 0RAEGER * $UNLOP 4HE
&ACES OF #ONTEMPORARY 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM 0RINCETON .* 0RINCETON 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
3TEPHEN #OHEN h7RONG 4HINKING ON 3OVIET $ISSIDENTS v 4HE ,OS !NGELES 4IMES &EBRUARY
2ADIO &REE %UROPE2ADIO ,IBERTY 0ARIS !PRIL
* $UNLOP 4HE .EW 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM
-ARTIN 2IESEBRODT h&UNDAMENTALISM AND THE 2ESURGENCE OF 2ELIGION v .UMEN NO
-ARTIN -ARTY h&UNDAMENTALISM AS A 3OCIAL 0HENOMENON v "ULLETIN OF THE !MERICAN !CADEMY
OF !RTS AND 3CIENCES NO .OVEMBER /N THE BROADER CONTEXT FOR THE FUNDAMENTAL
IST AND BACK TO LAND MOVEMENTS SEE ,EO -ARX 4HE -ACHINE IN THE 'ARDEN 4ECHNOLOGY AND THE
0ASTORAL )DEAL IN !MERICA .EW 9ORK
h5NTIL WELL AFTER THE 3ECOND 7ORLD 7AR 2USSIAN POLITICAL AND INTELLECTUAL ELITES ORGANIZED
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO A CONCEPTUAL APPARATUS THAT HAD MORE IN COMMON WITH
THE UNIVERSAL ABSOLUTE RELIGIOUS CATEGORIES OF MEDIEVAL #HRISTENDOM THAN WITH THE PARTICULARIST
RELATIVE AND SECULAR CATEGORIES OF MODERN %UROPEv 3EE $AVID 2OWLEY h)MPERIAL VERSUS .ATIONAL
$ISCOURSE 4HE #ASE OF 2USSIA v .ATIONS AND .ATIONALISM NO *ANUARY
/N HIS BIOGRAPHY AND IDEAS SEE !LEKSEI +OZHEVNIKOV .ATSIONALNO
PATRIOTICHESKIE TECHENIIA
RUSSKOI INTELLIGENTSIA
KHPERVOI POLOVINY
KH GG 0H$ 4HESIS -OSCOW
4HE TERM hNATIONAL
"OLSHEVISMv IS INCORRECT IN THIS CONTEXT BECAUSE IT ACCENTUATES hDEMO
CRATIC CENTRALISMv AND DISAVOWS RELIGION WHICH WAS UNCHARACTERISTIC FOR 3HIMANOV 3EE .IKOLAI
5STRIALOV .ATSIONAL
BOLSHEVIZM -OSCOW
* $UNLOP 4HE .EW 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM $UNLOP FIGURES OUT SOME SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
3HIMANOVS IDEOLOGY AND FASCISM BUT THIS IS HARDLY PRUDENT IN REGARD TO ABSOLUTELY DIFFERENT HISTORI
CAL SITUATION
*ANE %LLIS 2USSKAIA PRAVOSLAVNAIA TSERKOV 3OGLASIE I INAKOMYSLIE ,ONDON
. -ITROKHIN 2USSKAIA PARTIIA
(E EXPRESSED HIS AVERSION TO SEMI
OFFICIAL hPATRIOTS v SAYING THAT THEY HAD SUBSTITUTED THE REAL
PROBLEMS FOR A DESIRE FOR POWER 3EE ' 3HIMANOV h&UNDAMENT v :APISKI IZ KRASNOGO DOMA
' 3HIMANOV h0ERED SMERTIU ;= v :APISKI IZ KRASNOGO DOMA -OSCOW
' 3HIMANOV h)UNOST v :APISKI IZ KRASNOGO DOMA
4HIS TYPICALLY ESCAPIST REACTION TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE OUTSIDE WORLD LATER ACQUIRED SYMBOLIC
FORMS ALL HIS WRITINGS REPRESENTED THIS MOVEMENT AWAY FROM THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE PRESENT TO THE
SIMPLICITY OF TRADITIONAL AGRARIAN RELIGIOUS AND PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY 3EE %ZHI 3HATSKY ;*ERZY 3ZACKI=
5TOPIIA I TRADITSIIA -OSCOW
3HIMANOV WROTE THAT h"ERDIAEV LED ME OUT OF THE DARKNESS OF DECADENCE AND BROUGHT CLOSE TO
THE INFINITE TRUTH OF #HRISTIANITYv ' 3HIMANOV )UNOST
"ERDIAEV WAS A SEMINAL WRITER FOR
THE 3OVIET RIGHT
WING DISSIDENTS (E SERVED AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN THEM AND THE 2USSIAN RELIGIOUS
TRADITION &OR EXAMPLE HE PLAYED A DECISIVE ROLE IN BUILDING UP THE IDEOLOGY OF THE 63+H3/. 3EE
ALSO %VGENY 6AGIN -OIE ZNAKOMSTVO S "ERDIAEVYM 2USSKAIA MYSL -ARCH * $UNLOP
4HE .EW 2USSIAN 2EVOLUTIONARIES
(IS TOPICAL SERMONS BROUGHT HIM FAME AS A hSHADOW PATRIARCHv 3EE 3 0 DE "OER ET AL EDS
"IOGRAPHICAL $ICTIONARY OF $ISSIDENTS IN THE 3OVIET 5NION n 4HE (AGUE .ETHERLANDS
' 3HIMANOV h:A DVERIAMI @2USSKOGO KLUBA v .ASH SOVREMENNIK
' 3HIMANOV h6 SUMASHEDSHEM DOME RAZMYSHLIAIU O RAZUME v :APISKI IZ KRASNOGO DOMA
' 3HIMANOV h6 SUMASHEDSHEM DOME RAZMYSHLIAIU O RAZUME v
' 3HIMANOV h/TNOSHENIE K 43ERKVI v :APISKI IZ KRASNOGO DOMA
(E WROTE SUCH ARTICLES AS h!BSURDNOST ISTINY v h+HRISTOS VOSKRES v h.A SOBSTVENNYKH POKHO
RONAKH v ETC 3EE ' 3HIMANOV h:A DVERIAMI @2USSKOGO KLUBA v .ASH SOVREMENNIK
' 3HIMANOV h:APISKI IZ +RASNOGO $OMA v :APISKI IZ KRASNOGO DOMA n
!RCHIVE OF 3AMIZDAT !3 NO &ROM !LBERT "OITER ED 0OLNYI SPISOK DOKUMENTOV
S PODROBNYM NOMERNYM UKAZATELEM -UNICH /BSHCHESTVO h!RKHIV 3AMIZDATAv
' 3HIMANOV :A DVERIAMI @2USSKOGO KLUBA v
6ECHE !3 NO
' 3HIMANOV +AK NAM PONIMAT NASHU ISTORIIU I K CHEMU V NEI STERMITSIA 6 SVIAZI S PISMOM
3OLZHENITSYNA
. -ITROKHIN 2USSKAIA PARTIIA
* $UNLOP 4HE .EW 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM 3USLOV AS THE ORCHESTRATOR OF THE UNION WITH
THE h2USSIAN PARTYv APPEARS ALSO IN THE STUDY #HRISTIAN 3CHMIDT
(AUER 'ORBACHEV 4HE 0ATH TO
0OWER 4OPSFIELD -ASS 3ALEM (OUSE
.ASHA STRANA &EBRUARY )N SOME CASES COLLABORATION OF THE RIGHT DISSIDENTS WITH
THE SECURITY SERVICES IS BEYOND DOUBT 4HUS EX
GENERAL OF THE +'" / $ +ALUGIN CONFIRMED COM
MUNICATION WITH 6 ) 3KURLATOV THE AUTHOR OF NOTORIOUS NEO
FASCIST MEMORANDUM 5STAV NRAVOV
3EE ,ENINSKAIA 0RAVDA .OVEMBER
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
9ITZHAK "RUDNY 2EINVENTING 2USSIA 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM AND THE 3OVIET 3TATE
#AMBRIDGE (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS FOOTNOTE
3TEPHEN + #ARTER 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM 9ESTERDAY 4ODAY 4OMORROW ,ONDON 0INTER 0UB
LISHERS
!3 NO
0OSEV 4O JUDGE FROM "ORODINS MEMOIRS HE DID NOT CHANGE HIS FAVORABLE OPINION
ABOUT 3HIMANOV AFTER HIS CONVICTION OF 3EE ,EONID "ORODIN "EZ VYBORA !FTOBIOGRAFICHESKOE
POVESTVOVANIE -OSCOW
3TEPHEN + #ARTER 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM 9ESTERDAY 4ODAY 4OMORROW ,ONDON 0INTER 0UB
LISHERS
)GOR 3HAFAREVICH h/ RUSOFOBII v .ASH SOVREMENNIK
2OBERT (ORVATH 4HE ,EGACY OF 3OVIET $ISSENT $ISSIDENTS $EMOCRATIZATION AND 2ADICAL
.ATIONALISM IN 2USSIA .EW 9ORK 2OUTLEDGE#URZON
!LEKSANDR 3OLZHENITSYN +AK NAM OBUSTROIT2OSSIIU 0OSILNYE SOOBRAZHENIIA ,ENINGRAD
3OVETSKII PISATEL
3EE 6LADIMIR 3ADOVNIKOV h:APISKI SHESTIDESIATNIKA v 4HE 4HIRD 7AY HTTPTHETHIRDWAY
NARODRUMEMORYWORDDOC ACCESSED -ARCH
' 3HIMANOV h/ TAINOI PRIRODE KAPITALIZMA v :APISKI IZ KRASNOGO DOMA
&OR EXAMPLE SEE ' 3HIMANOV h/ SOVETSKOM SOTSIALIZME v HTTPWWWSHIMANOVNAROD
RUSH?O?SOVETSKOM?SOCIALIZMEHTM ACCESSED -ARCH
6LADIMIR /SIPOV FOR EXAMPLE WAS BORN IN IN A VILLAGE IN 0SKOV /BLAST (IS PARENTS
WERE VILLAGE SCHOOLTEACHERS 3EE $ARRELL (AMMER h6LADIMIR /SIPOV AND THE 6ECHE 'ROUP
! 0AGE FROM THE (ISTORY OF 0OLITICAL $ISSENT v 2USSIAN 2EVIEW NO ,EONID
"ORODIN WAS BORN IN )RKUTSK IN ALSO INTO THE FAMILY OF A SCHOOLTEACHER 6ALERY 3KURLATOV ALSO
BORN IN THAT PROVINCE IN COMES FROM A FAMILY OF AN ADMINISTRATOR AND AN ACCOUNTANT
- 2IESEBRODT h&UNDAMENTALISM AND THE 2ESURGENCE OF 2ELIGION v .UMEN NO
3EE 4HADDEUS #ORENO h&UNDAMENTALISM AS A #LASS #ULTURE v 3OCIOLOGY OF 2ELIGION NO
- 2IESEBRODT &UNDAMENTALISM AND THE 2ESURGENCE OF 2ELIGION
6 /SIPOV h0RED "OGOM ZEMLI v )Z ZHURNALA h:EMLIAv 6OLNOE SLOVO &RANKFURT
! /GORODNIKOV h)STOKI I NADEZHDY v +HRISTIANSKII SEMINAR 6OLNOE SLOVO &RANKFURT
6 0ORESH ! /GORODNIKOV h0REAMBULA v IN +HRISTIANSKII SEMINAR 6OLNOE SLOVO
' 3HIMANOV h,IE !BRAMSON v -NOGAIA LETA
$AVID 'ILLESPIE h6ILLAGE 0ROSE AND THE $EATH OF 2USSIA v 4HE -ODERN ,ANGUAGE 2EVIEW
NO !PRIL
' 3HIMANOV h6STUPLENIE V BRAK v -NOGAIA ,ETA
' 3HIMANOV h/ RAVENSTVE I NERAVENSTVE V BRAKE v )Z ZHURNALA h:EMLIAv 6OLNOE SLOVO
! /GORODNIKOV )STOKI I NADEZHDY
' 3HIMANOV h$EMOKRATICHESKOE PRAVOSOZNANIE v -NOGAIA LETA
$AVID :EIDAN 4HE 2ESURGENCE OF 2ELIGION ! #OMPARATIVE 3TUDY OF 3ELECTED 4HEMES IN
#HRISTIAN AND )SLAMIC &UNDAMENTALIST $ISCOURSES "OSTON -ASS "RILL
' 3HIMANOV h,IE !BRAMSON v
.EPRYADVA
' 3HIMANOV h/TRYVKI IZ DNEVNIKA v 0ROTIV TECHENIIA -OSCOW !3 NO AND
' 3HINAMOV $EMOKRATICHESKOE PRAVOSOZNANIE
' 3HIMANOV 4RAKTAT O LIUBVI !3 NO
' 3HIMANOV /TRYVKI IZ DNEVNIKA
' 3HIMANOV )DEALNOE GOSUDARSTVO !3 NO
' 3HIMANOV / RAVENSTVE I NERAVENSTVE V BRAKE
4HIS IS A BYWORD IN 2USSIAN CONSERVATISM 3EE FOR EXAMPLE +ONSTANTIN 0 0OBEDONOSTSEV
h.OVAIA DEMOKRATIIA v IN 3ERGEI &IRSOV ED + 0 0OBEDONOSTSEV PRO ET CONTRA 3T 0ETERSBURG
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
' 3HIMANOV $EMOKRATICHESKOE PRAVOSOZNANIE
' 3HIMANOV $EMOKRATICHESKOE PRAVOSOZNANIE
' 3HIMANOV $EMOKRATICHESKOE PRAVOSOZNANIE
)BID
' 3HIMANOV h,IE !BRAMSON v
!S 9ITZHAK "RUDNY WROTE h"ECAUSE OF THEIR ;UNDERGROUND CONSERVATIVES= ANTI 7ESTERN
NATURE THESE IDEAS INDIRECTLY LEGITIMIZED THE 3OVIET REGIMEv 3EE 9 "RUDNY 2EINVENTING 2USSIA
2USSIAN .ATIONALISM AND THE 3OVIET 3TATE #AMBRIDGE (ARVARD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
+OMSOMOL LEADERS PROMOTED SUCH PATRIOTIC DANCES BY MEANS OF THE ENSEMBLE h,EBEDUSHKAv
4HE 3HE 3WAN 3EE . -ITROKHIN /P CIT
- -ARTY AND 2 3 !PPLEBY h#ONCLUSION 2EMAKING THE 3TATE 4HE ,IMITS OF THE &UNDA
MENTALIST )NAGINATION v IN - % -ARTY AND 2 3COTT !PPLEBY EDS &UNDAMENTALISMS AND THE 3TATE
#HICAGO 5NIVERSITY OF #HICAGO 0RESS
6ALENTINA -ASHKOVA h+TO DOLZHEN KAIATSIA v :EMLIA
,EONID "ORODIN h/PYT TELEOLOGICHESKOGO OPRAVDANIIA NATSII v 6ECHE 4HE TITLE
OF THIS PAPER IS ALSO TELLING h%SSAY ON THE THELEOLOGICAL VINDICATION OF THE NATIONv
6 /SIPOV h+ ZEMLE v )Z ZHURNALA h:EMLIAv 6OLNOE SLOVO /SIPOV ALSO WROTE THAT h2USSIAN
NATIONALISTS ARE FIRST AND FOREMOST /RTHODOX #HRISTIANS AND THEREFORE THEY CANNOT CHERISH ANY ANI
MOSITY TOWARDS OTHER NATIONS AND THEIR NATIONAL CULTURESv 3EE 6 /SIPOV h/T REDAKTSII v )Z ZHURNALA
h:EMLIAv 6OLNOE SLOVO
h/BRASHCHENIE PO POVODU REPRESSII PROTIV OSNOVATELEI 3EMINARA ! /GORODNIKOVA I 6 0ORE
SHA v +HRISTIANSKII SEMINAR PO PROBLEMAM RELIGIOZNOGO VOZROZHDENIIA
' 3HIMANOV h2AZUMNAIA UZOST v !3 NO
' 3HIMANOV h/TRYVKI IZ DNEVNIKA v 0ROTIV TECHENIIA -OSCOW
3EE FOR EXAMPLE !3 NO
' 3HIMANOV h,IE !BRAMSON v
' 3HIMANOV h-OSKVAn4RETII 2IM v 0ROTIV TECHENIIA
$MITRY $UDKO h/ NASHEM UPOVANII v "ESEDY -OSCOW ! /GORODNIKOV )STOKI I
NADEZHDY /GORODNIKOV AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE #HRISTIAN 3EMINAR DID NOT JUSTIFY THE 3OVIET
STATE LIKE OTHER UNDERGROUND FUNDAMENTALISTS 3EE 4 'ORICHEVA h+HRISTIANSTVO KULTURA POLITIKA v
IN +HRISTIANSKII SEMINAR 6OLNOE SLOVO &RANKFURT
6 3HLAPENTOKH /P CIT 4HE AUTHOR CORRECTLY DISTINGUISHES PRO FASCIST 2USSOPHILES
WITH RELIGIOUSLY INFORMED INTELLECTUALS WHOM HE FOR SOME REASON CALLS hTRADITIONALISTSv 3EE 6
3HLAPENTOKH /P CIT
)GOR /GURTSOV AND -IKHAIL 3ADO h5STAV 63+H3/. v 0OSEV
6ECHE !3 NO
' 3HIMANOV h$IVERSIIA PROTIV PRAVDY v 0OSEV
' 3HIMANOV h0ISMO ' - 3HIMANOVA GENERALNOMU SEKRETARIU +033 , ) "REZHNEVU v
6ESTNIK 0+H$
' 3HIMANOV h:APRETNAIA TEMA v .EPRIADVA
&ELIKS +ARELIN h+AMPANIIA PROTIV 0AMIATI v .EPRIADVA
.EPRIADVA
' 3HIMANOV /SNOVANIIA DLIA NADEZHDY
' 3HIMANOV )DEALNOE GOSUDARSTVO
' 3HIMANOV h0SEVDOKOMMUNISTICHESKOE PRAVOSOZNANIIE v .EPRIADVA
4HE PRACTICAL NATURE OF RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM IS DISCUSSED IN *OHN ( 'ARVEY h)NTRODUC
TION &UNDAMENTALISM AND 0OLITICS v IN -ARTIN % -ARTY AND 2 3COTT !PPLEBY EDS &UNDAMENTAL
ISM AND THE 3TATE
' 3HIMANOV )DEALNOE GOSUDARSTVO
' 3HIMANOV )DEALNOE GOSUDARSTVO
' 3HIMANOV +AK NAM PONIMAT NASHU ISTORIIU
3TEVE "RUCE &UNDAMENTALISM #AMBRIDGE %NGLAND #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
- % -ARTY AND 2 3 !PPLEBY EDS &UNDAMENTALISM AND 3OCIETY #HICAGO 5NIVERSITY
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
OF #HICAGO 0RESS
' 3HIMANOV 4RAKTAT O LIUBVI
.EPRIADVA
6ALERY 3KURLATOV h#ODE OF -ORALS v IN ! 9ANOV 4HE .EW 2USSIAN 2IGHT 2IGHTn7ING
)DEOLOGIES IN THE #ONTEMPORARY 5332 "ERKELEY #ALIF )NSTITUTE OF )NTERNATIONAL 3TUDIES
!NATOLY %MMANUILOVICH ,EVITIN +RASNOV 2ODNOI PROCTOR 6OSPOMINANIIA #HAST &RANK
FURT
. -ITROKHIN /P CIT
3EE THE LATER ACCOUNT OF HIS IDEAS $ $UDKO h+ PRIEZDU ! 3OLZHENITSYNA V 2OSSIIU v :AVRTA
*UNE /UR SOURCES SUGGEST THAT HE BACKED THESE IDEAS LONG BEFORE
(E CALLED FOR COMBINING A h-ARXIST AND ,ENINIST WORLDVIEW WITH 2USSIAN PATRIOTISMv 3EE
! )VANOV 3KURATOV h/ RUSSKOM NATSIONALNOM MIROVOZZRENII v 6ECHE
* $UNLOP 4HE .EW 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM
' 3HIMANOV h0ISMO .ATALE 3ERGEEVNE v 0ROTIV TECHENIIA -OSCOW $UDKO
PREACHED THE SIMILAR THINGS 3EE $ $UDKO / NASHEM UPOVANII
6 /SIPOV h/TKRYTOE PISMO 'ENNADIIU 3HIMANOVU v )Z ZHURNALA h6ECHEv 6OLNOE SLOVO
&RANKFURT
$ (AMMER /P CIT
' 3HIMANOV )DEALNOE GOSUDARSTVO
3HIMANOV +AK NAM PONIMAT NASHU ISTORIIU I K CHEMU V NEI STREMITSIA
' 3HIMANOV h4RI OTKRYTYKH PISMA . ! 3TRUVE REDAKTORU ZHURNALA @6ESTNIK 23+H$ v
0ROTIV TECHENIIA
.EPRIADVA
. -ITROKHIN /P CIT
! )VANOV 3KURATOV 3LOVO NATSII IN !3 NO
6ESTNIK 2+H$
' 3HIMANOV h:A DVERIAMI @2USSKOGO KLUBA v .ASH SOVREMENNIK
.EPRIADVA * $UNLOP WITTILY NOTED A GLARING CONTRADICTION 3HIMANOV BELIEVED
THAT THE REVOLUTION OF SAVED 2USSIA FROM THE *EWISH AND -ASONIC hYOKE v BUT AT THE SAME
TIME HE AND HIS COAUTHORS OBSERVED THE REVOLUTION AS MADE PRIMARILY BY hAN INTERNATIONALIST CLIQUE
HEAVILY INFILTRATED BY *EWSv 3EE * $UNLOP 4HE .EW 2USSIAN .ATIONALISM
' 3HIMANOV :APRETNAIA TEMA
' 3HIMANOV h0REDISLOVIE K STATE @,IE !BRAMSON v .EPRIADVA
(EINZ $IETRICH ,WE 4HE 4SARS AND THE *EWS 2EFORM 2EACTION AND !NTI 3EMITISM IN )MPE
RIAL 2USSIA #HUR 3WITZERLAND AND ,ANGHORNE 0A (ARWOOD !CADEMIC 0UBLISHERS
' 3HIMANOV +AK PONIMAT NASHU ISTORIIU
-IKHAIL !GURSKY #ONTEMPORARY 2USSIAN NATIONALISM (ISTORY 2EVISED 2ESEARCH PAPER NO
*ERUSALEM (EBREW 5NIVERSITY OF *ERUSALEM
' 3HIMANOV / TSERKVI V SOVREMENNOI 2OSSII )Z PISMA IN !3 NO
.EPRIADVA
.EPRIADVA
)U !VERIANOV h! ZACHEM NAM NUZHEN LICHNYI AVTOMOBIL v .EPRIADVA
' 3HIMANOV +AK PONIMAT NASHU ISTORIIU
.EPRIADVA
6ECHE
!LEKSANDR 3OLZHENITSYN 0ISMO VOZHDIAM 3OVETSKOGO 3OIUZA IN !3 NO
,IUDMILA !LEXEYEVA )STORIIA INAKOMYSLIIA V 3332 .OVEISHII PERIOD -OSCOW
& +ARELIN h/TVET NA OTZYV !POLOGIIA @4EOLOGICHESKOGO MANIFESTA v .EPRIADVA
3OME YEARS EARLIER HE WROTE THAT hTHE TENDENCY OF ONE OR ANOTHER PEOPLE TO PARTICIPATE IN CAPI
TALIST DEVELOPMENT WAS IN STRICT REVERSE PROPORTION TO ITS PARTICIPATION IN THE %UCHARISTIC -EALv 3EE
& +ARELIN h4EOLOGICHESKII MANIFEST v -NOGAIA LETA
& +ARELIN h4RINITARNAIA ESKHATOLOGIIA I BLIZHAISHIE SUDBY CHELOVECHESTVA v .EPRIADVA
$EMOKRATIZATSIYA
& +ARELIN h"IBLEISKIE OSNOVY POLITEKONOMII I PROBLEMY PERESTROIKI v .EPRIADVA
3EE FOR EXAMPLE "RENDA "RASHER ED %NCYCLOPEDIA OF &UNDAMENTALISM .EW 9ORK 2OUT
LEDGE +ARELIN WAS ESPECIALLY KNOWN FOR ANTICIPATING DOOMSDAY )N HE ORGANIZED
A TOUR FOR SOME -OSCOW RELIGIOUS FANATICS TO THE CLOISTER OF .EW !PHON IN ORDER TO MEET THE END
OF THE WORLD 3EE . -ITROKHIN /P CIT
' "ALASHOV h/ PLIUSAKH I MINUSAKH GOSUDARSTVENNOI SOBSTVENNOSTI v )Z ZHURNALA h:EMLIAv
6OLNOE SLOVO
- 2IESEBRODT h&UNDAMENTALISM AND THE 2ESURGENCE OF 2ELIGION v
3EE FOR EXAMPLE 2EBECCA &REY &UNDAMENTALISM .EW 9ORK &ACTS /N &ILE
' 3HIMANOV 4RAKTAT O LIUBVI
' 3HIMANOV / RAVENSTVE I NERAVENSTVE V BRAKE
(IS RECENT ARTICLE WHICH APPEARED
ONLINE IN REPEATS HIS IDEA IN MORE EXPLICIT WAY h(USBANDS HAVE POWERS OVER THEIR WIVES NOT
FOR THE SAKE OF THEIR AMBITIONS BUT FOR THE SAKE OF THE 'ODS TRUTH ON THE EARTHv 3EE ' 3HIMANOV
h+RAEUGOLNYE KAMNI SOVREMENNOGO BRAKA v IN HTTPSHIMANOVNARODRUKRAEUGOLNIE?KAMNIHTM
LAST ACCESSED 3EPTEMBER
' 3HIMANOV / RAVENSTVE I NERAVENSTVE V BRAKE )T IS VERY LIKELY THAT 3HIMANOV MOD
ELED HIS VIEWS ON FAMILY LIFE ACCORDING TO HIS OWN EXPERIENCE (E HAD A WIFE AND A CHILD AND THIS
WAS EVIDENTLY A HAPPY MARRIAGE 3EE ' 3HIMANOV h:APISKI IZ KRASNOGO DOMA ;=v :APISKI IZ
KRASNOGO DOMA -OSCOW
3EE FOR EXAMPLE -ARGARET "ENDROTH &UNDAMENTALISM AND 'ENDER TO THE 0RESENT
.EW (AVEN 9ALE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
4 'ORICHEVA h2ADUISIA SLEZ NEVINNYKH IZBAVLENE v :HENSHCHINA I 2OSSIIA !LMANAKH
ZHENSHCHINAM O ZHENSHCHINAKH
' 3HIMANOV 4RAKTAT O LIUBVI
)BID
6ALERY 3KURLATOV h#ODE OF -ORALS v ! 9ANOV ED 4HE .EW 2USSIAN 2IGHT 2IGHT
7ING
)DEOLOGIES IN THE #ONTEMPORARY 5332 "ERKELEY #ALIFORNIA )NSTITUTE OF )NTERNATIONAL 3TUDIES
' 3HIMANOV 4RAKTAT O LIUBVI
)BID
)BID
.EPRIADVA
' 3HIMANOV 4RAKTAT O LIUBVI
)BID
' 3HIMANOV 4RAKTAT O LIUBVI
)BID
, !LEKSEEVA /P CIT
$ :EIDAN 4HE 2ESURGENCY OF 2ELIGION
' 3HIMANOV h6STUPLENIE V BRAK v -NOGAIA LETA
' 3HIMANOV 4RAKTAT O LIUBVI
)BID
&OR EXAMPLE THE MEMBERS OF THE h#HRISTIAN SEMINARv INTERPRETED COMMUNE AS PARISH 3EE
/BSHCHINA IN !3 NO SEE ALSO )ANOV 2USSKAIA IDEIA
!LEKSANDR )ANOV 2USSKAIA IDEIA I
I GOD .EW 9ORK
4HE &UNDAMENTALIST 5TOPIA OF 'ENNADY 3HIMANOV FROM THE SnS
$%-/+2!4):!43)9!
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%IGHTEENTH 3TREET .7
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&ALL
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