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examples.
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Glagoli
Modalni glagoli
Predlozi
Imenice
lanovi
Zamjenice
Tipovi reenica I
Tipovi reenica II
Formiranje rijei
Pridjevi
Dijelovi reenica
Veznici, subveznici
Prilozi
Glagoli
Verbs are conjugated (conjugation). Depending on the subject (person, number), different
endings are added to the verb stem (infinitive without en or n). Some verbs will have
further changes, especially the irregular verbs.
When conjugated, verbs also form a tense (verb tense). There are six tenses in German:
Prsens (the present tense), Prteritum (the preterit(e) tense), Perfekt (the perfect
tense), Plusquamperfekt (the pluperfect tense), Futur I (the future tense) and Futur II
(the future perfect tense).
Regular Verbs: Active Present Tense Indicative
Normal
Further Changes
(Infinitive) frag-en
arbeit-en
hab-en
ich
frage
arbeite
habe
du
fragst
arbeitest
hast
er/sie/es
fragt
arbeitet
hat
wir
fragen
arbeiten
haben
ihr
fragt
arbeitet
habt
sie (Sie)
fragen
arbeiten
haben
Irregular Verbs: Active Present Tense Indicative
Normal
Further Changes
(Infinitive) komm-en
sprech-en
hei-en
ich
komme
spreche
heie
du
kommst
sprichst
heit
er/sie/es
kommt
spricht
heit
sei-n
bin
bist
ist
wir
ihr
sie (Sie)
kommen
kommt
kommen
sprechen
sprecht
sprechen
heien
heit
heien
sind
seid
sind
Often, when common irregular verbs are conjugated, the 2nd and 3rd person singular stem
vowel changes in the present tense (vowel change), e.g.
e > i:
a > :
au >
u:
helfen
:
tragen
:
laufen
:
ich helfe,
helft, sie
ich trage,
tragt, sie
ich laufe,
lauft, sie
(Infinitiv
e)
ich
du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
sie (Sie)
Regular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
sagen
arbeiten
sehen
gehen
finden
sagte
sagtest
sagte
sagten
sagtet
sagten
arbeitete
arbeitetest
arbeitete
arbeiteten
arbeitetet
arbeiteten
sah
sahst
sah
sahen
saht
sahen
ging
gingst
ging
gingen
gingt
gingen
fand
fandest
fand
fanden
fandet
fanden
Combined Conjugation
Verbs
(Infiniti
kennen
ve)
ich
kannte
bringen
brachte
du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
sie (Sie)
kanntest
kannte
kannten
kanntet
kannten
brachtest
brachte
brachten
brachtet
brachten
With the exception of the verbs haben and sein and the modal verbs, whose preterite tense is
also used in oral speech, the preterite tense is most commonly used in written narratives and
reports.
The preterite forms of the verbs haben (to have) and sein (to be) are irregular.
(Infinitiv
e)
ich
du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
sie (Sie)
haben
sein
hatte
hattest
hatte
hatten
hattet
hatten
war
warst
war
waren
wart
waren
The past participle of regular verbs ending in the suffix -ieren is formed using only the suffix
(ending) -t, e.g.:
The past participle of irregular verbs without a prefix is formed with the (grammatical)
prefix ge-, the verb stem (often with a changed stem vowel) and the (grammatical) suffix
(ending) -en, e.g.:
The grammatical prefix ge- is inserted between the prefix and verb stem in verbs with a
separable prefix (e.g.: verbs beginning with ab-, an-, aus-, bei-, mit-, vor-), for example:
Verbs without a separable prefix do not receive the grammatical prefix ge-, for example:
(Dictionaries make reference to the form of the past participle of every irregular verb.)
Active Present Perfect Tense Indicative
The German present perfect tense is formed from the (present) form of haben or sein and the
past participle of the required verb.
(Infinitive)
ich
du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
sie (Sie)
fragen
habe gefragt
hast gefragt
hat gefragt
haben gefragt
habt gefragt
haben gefragt
gehen
bin gegangen
bist gegangen
ist gegangen
sind gegangen
seid gegangen
sind gegangen
Most verbs form the present perfect with the auxiliary verb haben, e.g.:
Only a few verbs form the present perfect with sein, e.g.:
verbs of movement, e.g.:
laufen ich bin gelaufen, fliegen ich bin geflogen
verbs expressing a change of condition, e.g.:
umsteigen ich bin umgestiegen, aufstehen ich bin aufgestanden
the verbs sein (to be), werden (to become, to grow) and bleiben (to
stay, to remain): ich bin (da) gewesen (I was there), ich bin (alt)
geworden (I grew old), ich bin (jung) geblieben (I stayed young).
A process (an action, etc.) can be conveyed in the past using both the preterite and perfect
tenses. Predominantly, the past is conveyed using the perfect tense in spoken German (every
day language). However, modal verbs (especially in combination with other verbs), as with
haben and sein, usually take the preterite tense, e.g.:
sehen
wollen
haben
sein
(usually)
gesehen
(usually)
fragen
(usually)
Frage)
(usually)
Hause)
gehen
war gegangen
warst
gegangen
war gegangen
waren
gegangen
wart gegangen
waren
gegangen
The pluperfect is used to refer to a process that occured and was completed in the past
before another past process that is also being mentioned at the same time using the preterite
or perfect tenses, e.g.:
fragen
werde fragen
wirst fragen
wird fragen
werden fragen
werdet fragen
werden fragen
gehen
werde gehen
wirst gehen
wird gehen
werden gehen
werdet gehen
werden gehen
In order to express a process that will occur in the future, you would be likely to use the
present tense and a time reference. The future tense is not used in this manner as frequently.
For example:
(selten) Ich werde (morgen) ins Kino gehen. (meistens) Ich gehe
morgen ins Kino.
The future tense often expresses a speculation (= a modal meaning), also in combination
with wohl, wahrscheinlich, etc. For example:
Ich
[
habe
Ich
hatte ihn
Ich
werde ihn
ihn
gestern gesehen.
schon
vorher
einmal
bald
getroffen.
besuchen.
In addition to expressing person, number and tense, a conjugated verb form also expresses a
mood (Modus). The indicative, imperative and subjunctive are moods.
The indicative mood is expressed in the tense. It does not take on special forms, e.g.:
ich frage
du schriebst
sie ist gekommen
The subjunctive takes on special forms that are derived from the indicative form.
Past Subjunctive (Subjunctive II, sometimes called Imperfect Subjunctive)
The past subjunctive is formed based on the indicative preterite form of the verb.
ich
du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
sie (Sie)
(sein)
(war )
(warst )
(war )
(waren )
(wart )
(waren )
wr(e)
wr(e)st
wr(e)
wren
wr(e)t
wren
(haben)
(hatte )
(hattest )
(hatte )
(hatten )
(hattet )
(hatten )
htte
httest
htte
htten
httet
htten
The stem vowel is often transformed into an umlaut: a > , o > , u > .
Some personal endings also take an -e. This is often dropped in spoken language.
The past subjunctive is often replaced by the form of wrde + infinitive, e.g.:
hlfest/hlfest, dann
When asking polite questions, making requests (favors, advice), expressing wishes or
setting conditions (in complex sentences), the past subjunctive, as well as the wrde +
infinitive form, are often used. It marks a process as not (yet) real, e.g.:
facultative:
facultative:
facultative:
Htten Sie noch einen Wunsch? (in addition to: Haben Sie
?)
Wrst du daran interessiert? (in addition to: Bist du
?)
Wren Sie so freundlich, mir die Tr zu ffnen? (in
obligatory:
obligatory:
obligatory:
obligatory:
Imperative
The imperative form (for requests and instructions) can be made from practically every
verb:
informal, familiar (du, ihr)
verb stem + ending -e (the -e is often not pronounced in
spoken language), e.g.:
fragen frag(e), kommen komm(e), gehen geh , sein
Singula sei
r
verbs with a vowel change from e to i also require a vowel
change in the imperative form; the imperative is formed from e
to i in these cases, e.g.:
geben gib , nehmen nimm , sehen sieh
verb stem + ending -t, e.g.:
Plural fragen fragt, gehen geht, geben gebt, sehen seht
but: sein seid
formal, polite, distanced (Sie)
3rd person plural present + Sie, e.g.:
Sing./Plu fragen fragen Sie, gehen gehen Sie, geben geben
r.:
Sie, sehen sehen Sie
aber: sein seien Sie (not: sind Sie)
Different kinds of requests and commands can be expressed with the imperative. Other
words - and in spoken German the way something is said - play an important role, e.g.:
Advice/Recommendatio
Versuch(e) das doch mal. (Try this.)
n:
Request:
Helft mir bitte. (Help me please.)
Kommen Sie sofort in mein Bro. (Come into my
Order/Command:
office right now!)
In addition to expressing person, number, tense and mood, a conjugated verb form also
expresses the genus verbi (kind of verb). The active and passive are forms of genus verbi.
The active form is expressed naturally using the tense-mood forms illustrated above. There
is no special form, e.g.:
ich frage
du schriebst
sie ist gekommen
The passive (dynamic passive) voice has special forms. It is produced using a form of
werden and the past participle of the verb, e.g.:
Present Tense:
Preterite
Tense:
Present
Perfect:
Pluperfect:
Future I:
Active and passive (dynamic passive) allow you to present circumstances from different
perspectives, e.g.:
Active:
Passive:
Passive Substitutes
The passive form (dynamic passive) can be substituted with lassen + sich + infinitive
when trying to express the modal meaning mglich (possible) (knnen), e.g.:
Regimen
Verbs may require an accusative object (a completion, supplemental information) e.g.:
Modalni glagoli
Modal verbs are a special group of verbs: knnen, drfen, sollen, mssen, wollen,
mgen/mchten.
When conjugated, they also have more special features (in some cases a stem vowel change,
1st and 3rd person singular are without a person ending: exception: mchten):
Present Tense Indicative
(Infinit
ive)
ich
du
er/sie/e
s
wir
ihr
sie
(Sie)
knnen
drfen
sollen
mssen
wollen
kann
kannst
darf
darfst
soll
sollst
muss
musst
will
willst
mchten
(mgen)
mchte
mchtest
kann
darf
soll
muss
will
mchte
knnen
knnt
drfen
drft
sollen
sollt
mssen
msst
wollen
wollt
mchten
mchtet
knnen
drfen
sollen
mssen
wollen
mchten
Preterite Indicative
The stem of the modal verb acquires the ending -t, as well as the corresponding person
ending (as with the preterite of regular verbs), when conjugated. If the stem of the modal
drfen
sollen
mssen
wollen
ich
konnte
durfte
sollte
musste
wollte
du
konntest
durftest
solltest
musstest
wolltest
er/sie/e
konnte
s
durfte
sollte
musste
wollte
wir
konnten
durften
sollten
mussten
wollten
ihr
konntet
durftet
solltet
musstet
wolltet
sie
(Sie)
konnten
durften
sollten
mussten
wollten
mchten
(mgen)
(wollte)
(wolltest
)
(wollte)
(wollten)
(wolltet)
(wollten)
In combination with another verb, the modal verb is most often used in the preterite tense (er
wollte fragen) and seldom in the perfect (er hat fragen wollen).
Past Subjunctive (Subjunctive II)
The past subjunctive is also formed based on the preterite indicative form of the verbs:
ich
du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr
sie (Sie)
(wollen)
(wollte )
(wolltest )
(wollte )
(wollten)
(wolltet)
(wollten )
wollte
wolltest
wollte
wollten
wolltet
wollten
(knnen)
(konnte)
(konntest )
(konnte )
(konnten)
(konntet)
(konnten )
knnte
knntest
knnte
knnten
knntet
knnten
The stem vowel of knnen, drfen, and mssen is transformed into an umlaut: o > , u > .
When asking polite questions, making requests (favors, advice), expressing wishes or setting
conditions (in complex sentences), the past subjunctive and the wrde + infinitive form are
often used. It marks a process as not (yet) real, e.g.:
facultative:
facultative:
facultative:
facultative:
obligatory:
Modal verbs are usually combined with another verb (in the infinitive) but they are also
used on their own (as the predicate of the sentence).
Ich
will
meine
Eltern
besuchen .
The forms ich mchte, du mchtest, etc. only occur in the present tense (they come from
the preterite forms of the modal verb mgen (ich mochte, du mochtest , etc.) that is less
frequently used today). To express the same idea in the past, you will need to use the
modal verb wollen.
I dont want to use the phone today. I wanted to use the phone
yesterday.
Predlozi
The preposition connects words and word groups to one another. Prepositions express a
relationship between associated entities. They require a case (some even require more than
one).
Prepositions According to Category of Meaning
Prepositions of Location (Place, Space and Direction)
They include the following, e.g.:
vom (von dem) Bahnhof, zur (zu der) Haltestelle, nach Berlin
The preposition durch takes the accusative, e.g.:
Wo steht etwas?
der Tisch auf dem Tisch, die Tr neben der Tr, das Haus vor
dem Haus
However, they take the accusative when they answer the question "Wohin?"
("Whereto?"), e.g.:
das Haus
Some prepositions fuse or merge with the definite article of a masculine or neuter noun.
This form is predominantly used, e.g.:
um
an, von bis, nach, seit, vor.
aus dem Haus, bei Ihnen, mit dir, nach einer Stunde, von ihm, zu ihr
The prepositions auerhalb, innerhalb, whrend, wegen always take the genitive, e.g.:
Imenice
Nouns have a gender (grammatical gender):
der Tag (the day) ein Maskulinum (masculine)
die Woche (the week) ein Femininum (feminine)
das Jahr (the year) ein Neutrum (neuter)
The gender is most clearly defined by the definite article (accompanying word of the noun):
der die das, but it is not so clear when looking at the indefinite article: ein Tag eine
Woche ein Jahr.
Most nouns can be both singular and plural. The plural definite article for all nouns is always
die.
der Tag die Tage, die Woche die Wochen, das Jahr die Jahre
A plural indefinite article does not exist:
Singular nouns are used in the gender of the three personal pronouns of the third person
singular, plural nouns always use the third person plural:
Nouns are declined (declension); that means they are put in different cases. The article usually
gets an additional ending; the singular noun may get one in the genitive.
Singular
Masculine
Nominative
(Wer?/Was?)
Accusative
(Wen?/Was?)
Feminine
die/eine
der/ein Tag
Woche
den/einen Tag die/eine
Neuter
das/ein Jahr
das/ein Jahr
Dative
(Wem?)
Genitive
(Wessen?)
Woche
der/einer
dem/einem Tag
Woche
des/eines
der/einer
Tages
Woche
dem/einem Jahr
des/eines
Jahr(e)s
Genitive masculine and neuter singular nouns usually receive the ending -s or -es (-es is always
added to nouns ending in -s, -ss, -, -x, -tsch, -z, and often to one syllable nouns or nouns with
-sch and -st).
Some masculine nouns require an -n or -en ending in the accusative, dative and genitive. Only
very few nouns (masculine, neuter) require the ending -ns or -ens in the genitive.
Nominativ der/ein Lwe
Accusativ den/einen
e
Lwen
dem/einem
Dative
Lwen
des/eines
Genitive
Lwen
der/ein Student
den/einen
Studenten
dem/einem
Studenten
des/eines
Studenten
der/ein Name
den/einen
Namen
dem/einem
Namen
des/eines
Namens
das/ein Herz
die Autos
die Tage
die Autos
die Tage
die Huser
den Autos
der Autos
den Tagen
der Tage
den Husern
der Huser
das/ein Herz
dem/einem
Herz(en)
des/eines
Herzens
Plural
Nominativ
die Wochen
e
Accusativ
die Wochen
e
Dative
den Wochen
Genitive der Wochen
die Huser
The nominative noun functions as the subject of the sentence (Der Mantel ist blau.) or a part
of the predicate (Das ist ein Mantel.). The accusative and the dative nouns function as the
object of the sentence after many verbs (Sie hat/trgt einen Mantel. Wir hren dir zu.)
Prepositions may require use of the accusative, dative and genitive.
The negation of the indefinite article ein/eine/ein is the negative article kein/keine/kein. It
takes on the same form as ein, e.g.:
Nominative Singular: Das ist eine/keine Hose.
Akkusative Singular: Sie trgt einen/keinen Rock.
lanovi
Pronouns can come before a noun when they are used as a definite or indefinite article, e.g.
the possessive pronoun.
Possessivartikel
When the possessive pronoun is used like an article in front of a noun,
it can also be called a possessive article.
The possessive article is declined just like the negative article kein,
e.g.: mein Bruder, meine Schwester.
Nominative
Accusative
Dative
Masculine
mein Vater
meinen Vater
meinem Vater
Feminine
deine Mutter
deine Mutter
deiner Mutter
Genitive
meines Vaters
deiner Mutter
Neuter
sein/ihr Land
sein/ihr Land
seinem/ihrem Land
seines/ihres
Landes
Nominative
Akkusative
Masculine
unser Sohn
unseren Sohn
Feminine
eure Tochter
eure Tochter
Dative
unserem Sohn
eurer Tochter
Genitive
unseres Sohnes
eurer Tochter
Neuter
ihr (Ihr) Kind
sein/ihr Kind
ihrem (Ihrem)
Kind
ihres (Ihres)
Kindes
Interrogativartikel
The interrogative pronouns was fr ein, welcher and wie viel(e) can also come before a
noun like an article. In this case, the interrogative pronoun is called an interrogative
article.
Only ein is declined with the singular interrogative article was fr ein just like the
indefinite article ein/eine/ein. The interrogative article does not contain a declinable part
when it comes to categories or classes. The plural form is was fr and is not declined, e.g.:
Was
Was
Was
Was
fr
fr
fr
fr
Nominative
Accusative
Dative
Masculine
welcher Tag
welchen Tag
welchem Tag
Feminine
welche Woche
welche Woche
welcher Woche
Genitive
Neuter
welches Jahr
welches Jahr
welchem Jahr
welches
Jahres
Plural
welche Tage
welche Tage
welchen Tagen
welcher Tage
The singular interrogative article wie viel is not declined. The declension of the plural
form wie viel(e) is largely optional.
Plural
Nominative
Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
wie viel(e) Tage/Wochen/Jahre
Akkusative
Dative
Genitive
Demonstrative Article
The demonstrative pronoun (like the definite or indefinite article), e.g.:
dieser/diese/dieses diese, jener/jene/jenes jene, der/die/das die, can come before a
noun as a demonstrative article. It is declined and usually strongly emphasized. The
endings are identical to the endings of the definite der/die/das die.
Nominative
Accusative
Dative
Genitive
Masculine
dieser Platz
diesen Platz
diesem Platz
Feminine
diese Strae
diese Strae
dieser Strae
Neuter
dieses Haus
dieses Haus
diesem Haus
dieses
Platzes
Plural
diese Fotos
diese Fotos
diesen Fotos
dieser Fotos
Zamjenice
The personal pronoun is a representative word for the noun. It is differentiated based on the
person (1st, 2nd, 3rd person) and the number (singular, plural).
Personal pronouns are declined (declension).
Singular
1st P. 2nd P.
Nominativ
ich
e
Accusativ
mich
e
rd
P.
Plural
1st P. 2nd P.
3rd P.
du
er
sie
es
wir
ihr
sie (Sie)
dich
ihn
sie
es
uns
euch
sie (Sie)
dir
ihm
ihr
ihm
uns
euch
Dative
mir
Genitive
seiner unser
euer
ihnen
(Ihnen)
ihrer
(Ihrer)
As with nouns, a case is also required for verbs and prepositions, e.g.:
The personal pronouns of the 2nd person (singular: du; plural: ihr) and the 3rd person
plural (one person: Sie, more than one person: Sie) are used as the forms of address:
informal, intimate: du, ihr
Wie heit du? (singular) Wo wohnt ihr? (plural)
formal, polite, distanced: Sie
Wie heien Sie? Wo wohnen Sie? (singular and plural)
The possessive pronoun makes reference to the person and number of the personal pronoun.
Personal
Pronoun:
Possessive
Pronoun:
si
es wir ihr
e
mei dei sei ih sei unse eue
n
n
n r n r
r
ich du
er
si
e
ih
r
The possessive pronoun expresses possession and belonging. The possessive pronoun can
also be used as an article word. When it is used this way, it is called a possessive article.
The demonstrative pronoun (like the definite or indefinite article) usually refers to a person
or thing and it normally accentuates one thing over others. It is declined like the definite
article and typically more emphasized.
Das gefllt mir.
Dieser ist gut, aber der (seltener: jener) ist schlecht.
The demonstrative pronoun can come before a noun; if this is the case, it is referred to as a
demonstrative article.
The interrogative pronouns was fr ein, welcher and wie viel(e) can be used as article words.
In this case, they are called interrogative articles.
Interrogative
Nominative
Accusative
Dative
Genitive
pronouns
wer?
wen?
wem?
wessen?
Interrogative pronouns and interrogative adverbs (e.g. wo?, wann?, wie?, warum?) are
often summarized as question words.
Question words begin or introduce a certain kind of question, a probe question. They are
found in the first position.
The relative pronoun introduces a relative clause (subordinate clause) and refers to a noun
or pronoun in the main clause.
The relative pronouns are der/die/das die (seldom welcher/welche/welches welche).
Der/die/das die are declined just like the definite article (exception: the dative plural
pronoun denen), welcher/welche/welches welche are declined just like the interrogative
pronouns welcher/welche/welches welche.
Masculine
, der dort
steht
, den ich gut
kenne
, mit dem ich
spreche
Nominativ
Akkusativ
Dativ
Feminine
, die dort
steht
, die ich gut
kenne
, mit der ich
spreche
Neuter
, das dort
steht
, das ich gut
kenne
, mit dem ich
spreche
Genitiv (seldom)
Plural
, die dort
stehen
, die ich gut
kenne
, mit denen ich
spreche
Nominative
Accusative
Dative
Genitive
(seldom)
Was is used as a relative pronoun when the antecedent in the main clause
is a substantival neuter pronoun, e.g.:
Ich habe das, was du gesagt hast, nicht verstanden.
is an indefinite numeral, e.g.:
Hier findet ihr alles, was ihr braucht.
is a substantivally used adjective superlative (neuter), e.g.:
Das ist das Wichtigste, was ihr wissen msst.
The reflexive pronoun is used with reflexive verbs and verbs that are used reflexively.
The reflexive pronoun refers to the subject. The individual reflexive pronoun varies
according to the grammatical person of the subject. Its case (accusative, dative) is
determined by the verbs regimen, e.g.:
Singular
1st
2nd.
(ich) (du)
Accusativ
mich
e
Dative
mir
3
(er)
(sie)
(es)
Plural
1st
2nd
(wir) (ihr)
dich
sich
sich
sich
uns
euch
sich
dir
sich
sich
sich
uns
euch
sich
rd
Ich frage mich das auch. (1st person singular; fragen accusative)
3rd
(sie/Sie)
If the verb takes an accusative object, the facultative reflexive pronoun is in the dative, e.g.:
Tipovi reenica I
Types of sentences are differentiated based on the intention of the speaker/writer.
A statement transmits information to the listener/reader, e.g.:
A question means that the speaker would like information from the listener/reader, e.g.:
To make a request very politely, the request (e.g. a favor or advice) can be formed using the
2nd
frage
3rd
ihn
4th
morgen
5th
danach.
4th
morgen
5th
danach.
2nd
frage
3rd
ihn
The subject and other sentence parts (additions, details) can be moved around between the
1st, 3rd etc. parts of the sentence (permutation). The conjugated verb must remain in the
second position.
The transfer of the subject from the first position to another (most often the third) position is
called an inversion (subject-verb inversion).
1st
Morgen
Danach
2nd
frage
frage
3rd
ich
ich
4th
ihn
ihn
5th
danach.
morgen.
The probe question has a question word (w-word) in the first part of the sentence and a
conjugated verb in the second part (= second verb phrase):
Wann fragst du ihn danach?
The yes-no question has a conjugated verb in the first part of the sentence (= first verb
phrase).
Fragst du ihn morgen danach?
In a command or request sentence, the imperative verb form is in the first position (= first
verb phrase), e.g.:
Komm(e) sofort zu mir!
Fragt ihn doch mal.
Gehen Sie bitte weiter.
If the predicate is a multiple predicate, the parts in the sentence form a Satzklammer
(sentence bracket) when other phrases are present. This means, the predicate elements spread
out and take different sentence structure positions, in a statement (second verb phrase) e.g.:
Separable Verb:
Present
Perfect:
Future:
Modal Verb +
Verb:
Ich
[ 2nd
kaufe
heute
im Supermarkt
last ]
ein.
Ich
habe
schon
gestern
eingekauft.
Ich
werde
morgen
Gemse
einkaufen .
Ich
muss
am Freitag
Fleisch
einkaufen.
If an accusative object (acc.) and a dative object (dat.) occur in a sentence, the placement
after the conjugated verb form (from the 3rd sentence position) is as follows:
nouns as objects:
1. dat. (less emphasized) acc. (more emphasized), e.g.:
Ich
wei
dass er
,
2nd
last
morge kommt
n
.
If the subordinate clause comes before the main clause in a complex sentence, the conjugated
verb form is placed in the 1st position, e.g.:
1st
Dass er morgen
kommt,
2nd
3rd
ganz
wei ich siche
r.
If the subordinate clause is not introduced, the conjugated verb form is placed in the 2nd or
1st position, e.g.:
1st
Er
sagt,
1st
Hast
er
2nd
du
2nd
3rd
mach
das
t
4th
bis morgen.
3rd
Tipovi reenica II
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence consists of a subject-predicate configuration.
Die Alpen liegen im Sden Deutschlands.
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses.
Sentence Connector
A sentence connection is made up of parallel independent (main) clauses
(equal, coordinated). The main clauses can be connected to one another in
various ways. This will affect the sentence word order, e.g. in a
statement as a second verb phrase:
without a connector (conjunction, connecting adverb):
1st
2nd
Er war bei
von
seiner Reise
er
hat
uns,
erzhlt.
with a conjunction (e.g.: und, oder, aber):
1st
2nd 3rd
Er war bei
hat
von seiner Reise
und er
uns,
erzhlt.
(also often shortened:
Er war bei uns und hat von seiner Reise erzhlt.)
with a connecting adverb
deshalb, darum):
1st
2nd
Wir haben
Kaffee
dann hat
getrunken,
A relationship of cause and effect exists between the main clause and the
weil subordinate clause (causal relationship). The effect is found in the
main clause, and the cause is found in the weil subordinate clause.
Warum?, Weshalb?, and Aus welchem Grund? are used to ask about the cause
or weil subordinate clause.
Main Clause:
Subordinate Clause:
Result/Effect
Cause
Sie blieb zu Hause,
weil sie krank war.
A relationship of conditions and possible consequences exists between the
main clause and the wenn subordinate clause (conditional relationship).
The possible consequence is named in the main clause and the condition in
the subordinate clause.
Unter welcher Bedingung? In welchem Fall? are used to ask about the cause
or wenn subordinate clause.
Main Clause: Possible
Subordinate Clause:
Consequence
Condition
Sie bleibt zu Hause,
wenn sie krank wird.
A relationship of action and goal, objective or intent exists between the
main clause and the damit -subordinate clause (final relationship). The
action is mentioned in the main clause, the goal/objective/intent in the
subordinate clause. Wozu? Mit welchem Ziel? Mit welchem Zweck? Mit welcher
Absicht? (coll. also: Warum?) are used to ask about the damit -subordinate
clause.
Subordinate Clause:
Main Clause: Action
Goal/Objective/Intent
Ich muss rechtzeitig zum Bahnhof
damit ich den Zug nicht verpasse.
gehen,
Instead of using the subjunction damit + subordinate clause, it is
possible to use the subjunction um (zu) + infinitive (infinitive group,
infinitive sentence) with the same ultimate meaning. This is only possible
when the quasi-subject of the infinitive group (not expressed) is
identical to the subject of the main clause, e.g.:
Wir fahren ans Meer, damit wir uns erholen.
Wir fahren ans Meer, um uns zu erholen.
The infinitive group with the subjunction um (zu) is, in this case,
stylistically superior.
If the subjunction obwohl introduces the subordinate clause, a
relationship of non-effective condition (reason) and an unexpected result
exists between the subordinate and the main clause (concessive
relationship). You can ask the questions Trotz welcher Voraussetzung?
Trotz welches Umstands? of the obwohl -subordinate clause:
Subordinate Clause: Non-Effective Main Clause: Unexpected
Condition
Obwohl es regnet,
Result
gehen wir spazieren.
e.g.:
Der Gast erzhlt uns, was er beruflich macht.
Der Mann fragt, wie lange die Reise dauert.
Un-introduced Subordinate Clauses
Subordinate clauses without an introductory word position the conjugated
verb form
in the 2nd position following verbs referring to speaking, thinking, and
feeling (second verb phrase), e.g.:
1st
2nd
3rd
(Ich wei,
dass du das
schaf das
du
schaffst.)
fst
.
Ich wei,
in the 1st position (first verb phrase) of a conditional subordinate
clause, e.g.:
(Wenn Sie mehr Informationen brauchen, ( dann) klicken Sie auf bungshilfe.)
1st
Brauchen
2nd
3rd
mehr Informationen, (dann) klicken Sie auf
Sie
bungshilfe.
Formiranje rijei
New words can be made in German with the help of existing words and other elements.
Composition
A compound word (a composition) is made by combining two (rarely more) existing
words to make a new word:
Composition of Nouns
To facilitate pronunciation, a sound/letter is sometimes inserted in the
composition of nouns, e.g.:
der Bund + -es- + der Kanzler der Bundeskanzler
die Information + -s- + die Veranstaltung die
Informationsveranstaltung
die Stunde + -n- + der Plan der Stundenplan
Nouns are often the result of the composition of several words. To
understand what they mean, you will need to dissect the word properly,
e.g.:
die
das Semester + der Abschluss + die
Semester abschluss prfung
Prfung
= die Prfung zum Semesterabschluss
Derivation
Many nouns are made up of other words (verbs, adjectives, or nouns) with
the help of suffixes (e.g. -ung, -keit, -heit, -schaft), e.g.:
einladen die Einladung, pnktlich die Pnktlichkeit, das Kind die
Kindheit, das Land die Landschaft.
Nouns ending in the suffices (-ung, -keit, -heit, -schaft) always have a
feminine gender.
The stem before the suffix will usually help you understand the meaning of
the word.
By attaching the suffix -(e)r to the word stem of a verb, a masculine noun
is formed that describes a male person. Adding the suffix -erin will form
a feminine noun that describes a female person, e.g.:
lehr-en der Lehrer, die Lehrerin
les-en der Leser, die Leserin
Some nouns have a diminutive form (affectionate form). This is often
formed by adding the suffix -chen (less often with the suffix -lein). The
stem vowel becomes an umlaut, e.g.: a , o , u , au u,
e.g.:
die Hand das Hndchen, der Kopf das Kpfchen, der Fu das
Fchen, der Bauch das Buchlein.
The grammatical gender of the diminutive form of a noun is always neuter.
Composition of Verbs
Derivation
Quite often, when a compound verb is formed, it becomes a separable verb. The first part
(also called prefix) of these verbs is stressed (e.g. aufschreiben). The first part of the verb
(e.g. auf/schreiben) is separated from the second and placed behind it in conjugated forms
of the present and preterite tenses:
With regard to the past participle (e.g. in the perfect tense or pluperfect), the prefix geis placed between the first and second part:
ve:
noun:
Pridjevi
The adjective can be used in a sentence predicatively as part of the predicate. In this case,
it is not declined, e.g.
1. after a definite article word (der neue Film, die grne Wiese, das
kalte Bier)
Nominative
Accusative
Dative
Masculine
der neue Film
den neuen Film
dem neuen Film
Feminine
die grne Wiese
die grne Wiese
der grnen Wiese
Genitive
Neuter
das kalte Bier
das kalte Bier
dem kalten Bier
des kalten
Bier(e)s
Plural
Nominativ
e
Accusativ
e
Dative
Genitive
2. after an indefinite article word (ein neuer Film, eine grne Wiese, ein
kaltes Bier)
Nominativ
Akkusativ
Maskuline
ein neuer Film
einen neuen Film
Dativ
Genitiv
Feminine
eine grne Wiese
eine grne Wiese
einer grnen
Wiese
Neuter
ein kaltes Bier
ein kaltes Bier
einer grnen
Wiese
Plural
Nominati
v
Akkusati
v
Dativ
Genitiv
neue Filme
neue Filme
neuen Filmen
neuer Filme
Nominative
Masculine
neuer Film
Feminine
grne Wiese
Neuter
kaltes Bier
Accusative
neuen Film
grne Wiese
Dative
neuem Film
grner Wiese
Genitive
neuen Films
grner Wiese
kaltes Bier
kaltem Bier
kalten Bier(e)s
Plural
Nominativ
e
Accusativ
e
Dative
Genitive
grne Wiesen
grne Wiesen
grnen Wiesen
grner Wiesen
Comparative
kleiner
l nger
gro
gr er
kurz
k rzer
Superlative
(am) kleinst (en)
(am) l ngst (en)
(am) grt(en)
Dijelovi reenica
A sentence is constructed using different "building blocks" the parts or elements of a
sentence. Some are:
the predicate (with a conjugated verb form and sometimes non-conjugated verb forms like
an infinitive or a participle):
preposition), e.g.:
sich freuen (ber) Ich freue mich ber dein Geschenk.
helfen (bei) Ich helfe dir bei der bung.
An attribute can be added to every sentence element or phrase (except the
predicate), e.g.:
Wir lsen eine schwierige Aufgabe.
Die Antwort des Lerners war richtig.
An attribute is part of a sentence element and states a characteristic of
the word it refers to.
Attributes that take the genitive (e.g.: der Ball des Kindes) are
replaced with von + dative with some nouns, e.g.:
der Ball von Fritz
(coll.: der Ball von dem Kind).
This becomes necessary when the consonants s, x or z appear at the end of
a noun, in particular when the noun is a proper name (without an article),
e.g.:
der Bruder von Hans
(not: der Bruder des Hans; written/seldom: Hans
Bruder)
die Schwester von Max
(not: die Schwester des Max; written/seldom:
Max Schwester)
Veznici-subveznici
Conjunction/Conjunctor
A conjunction (conjunctor) is a type of word that connects equivalent
sentence phrases and sentence parts (please see sentence structure,
compound sentences, complex sentences, etc.), e.g.:
meine Eltern und ich
Er war bei uns und (er) hat von seiner Reise erzhlt.
Further conjunctions are, e.g.: oder, aber, denn.
Subjunction/Subjunctor
dass:
weil:
wenn:
Ich wei,
Sie blieb zu
Hause,
Man lebt
gesund,
Subordinate Clause
dass er morgen
kommt.
weil sie krank
war.
wenn man Sport
treibt.
Prilozi
The adverb is a type of word that cannot be declined. Adverbs can project
various meanings, e.g. locality (oben, dort), temporality (gestern,
danach), mood (gern, so), causality (deshalb, darum), concessivity
(trotzdem) and other meanings.
An interrogative adverb (question adverb) asks about adverbs or adverbial
connectors, e.g.:
wo? dort, hinter dem Haus,
wann? dann, in einer Stunde
wie? so, auf diese Weise
warum? deshalb, wegen des schlechten Wetters
A relative adverb introduces a relative clause, e.g. wo, when the
antecedent in the main clause is a locality reference, or wie, when the
antecedent refers to the mood (manner), e.g.:
In der Wohnung, wo (= in der) wir jetzt wohnen, ist zu wenig Platz fr
uns.
Die Art, wie (= in der) er schreibt, gefllt mir.