Minerals Engineering 20 (2007) 739746

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www.elsevier.com/locate/mineng

Recycling EAF dust by heat treatment with PVC

Gye-Seung Lee a, Young Jun Song
a

b,*

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
b
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Samcheok Campus Kangwon National University,
253 Gyodong, Samcheok, Republic of Korea
Received 29 September 2006; accepted 15 March 2007
Available online 4 May 2007

Abstract
This study investigated whether polyvinyl chloride (PVC) can be used as an additive for the treatment of electric arc furnace (EAF)
dust. The PVC powder was mixed with the dust in order to test the synchronous treatment of two resources: waste PVC and EAF dust.
The mixture was made into pellets and subjected to heat at various temperatures. The eects of the heat treatment and heating rate were
investigated. The PVC emitted hydrogen chloride gas by pyrolysis and generated chlorides of zinc, lead, and cadmium in the pellets.
These chlorides can be recovered by volatilization or leaching after the heat treatment. The residual pellet of this process contained over
45% iron, and it is expected that the residual pellet can be injected into the electric arc furnace.
2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: EAF dust; PVC; Recycle; Heat treatment; Volatilization

1. Introduction
Generation of the electric arc furnace (EAF) dust in
steel-making companies has increased, and many research
studies on its treatment have been published. Although
most of the researches focused on the recovery of metals,
prior consideration about using the dust may be re-injection into the furnace as the principal ingredient of the dust
is iron. Therefore, the subject of those researches, like this
study, can be regarded as pretreatment for re-injection.
EAF dust rening methods can be classied as wet and
dry, and their main target metals are zinc, lead, and cadmium. A typical dry rening method involves mixing the
dust with an additive and subjecting it to heat. The noticeable point is that lead and cadmium are recovered as chlorides. For example, the WAELZ kiln method mixes the
dust with a reductant and roasts the mixture in about
1200 C. Zinc can be recovered as metal by deoxidation
and volatilization. Although this method can recover
almost all lead and cadmium in the dust, all of those are
*

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: yjsong64@kangwon.ac.kr (Y.J. Song).

0892-6875/$ - see front matter 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2007.03.001

recovered as chloride and the source of chlorine is the dust

itself (Lee et al., 2000).
This research began from the idea that target metals of
the dust can be recovered as chlorides by volatilization.
We choose waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as the source
of chlorine and tested whether PVC can be used as the
additive. PVC is composed of about 57% chlorine and
about 43% hydrocarbon. It begins emitting hydrogen chloride gas by pyrolysis under 300 C and remains hydrocarbon. Hydrogen chloride gas may pose a problem during
the incineration of waste, but it can be used as a provider
of chlorine. Moreover, the residual hydrocarbon of PVC
can be used as a reductant.
Therefore, this research was carried out for the simultaneous treatment of two kinds of resources: EAF dust and
waste PVC. The entire process of this research aimed to
recover the zinc, lead, and cadmium from the dust and
was adjusted so that the residual dust can be injected into
the EAF.
Instead of using waste PVC, pure PVC powder was used
in this research. The characteristic of the dust and PVC was
investigated. The dust and PVC were mixed and made as
pellets at various mixing ratios. The pellets were heat-treated

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G.-S. Lee, Y.J. Song / Minerals Engineering 20 (2007) 739746

at various temperatures, and the eects of the heat treatment

and the heating rate were investigated.
2. Experimental
The EAF dust was collected from a baghouse of a steelmaking company in Korea. Pure PVC powder (LS100S,
LG Chem Co.) was used in experiments and was mixed
with the dust in various ratios. Prior to making pellets,
the dust and PVC powder were blended by a rod mill for
over 2 h. The mixture was injected into a cylindrical hole
of a mold with an inner diameter of 11 mm. A hydraulic
oil press machine compressed about 3 g of the mixture at
200 kg f/cm2 for 30 s, producing cylindrical pellets. As the
pellets generated by over 150 kg f/cm2 of compressive force
were hard enough for the experiments to be performed, the
use of binder or cement to solidify was not needed.
Fig. 1 shows the schematic of the furnace used in this
research. To control the atmosphere inside the furnace
and draw out the volatilized gases, argon gas was injected
into the furnace at a rate of 0.25 m3/h. Gases were
exhausted through a condenser for the recovery of chlorides from the exhaust gases. We used ve pieces of pellets
in a crucible for each roasting experiment. The roasted pellets were immediately removed at the end of roasting time
and chilled in a cooling device, into which room-temperature argon gas was injected. The weight of the chilled pellet
was measured and weight decrease was calculated.

The solid samples were dissolved by an acid mixture for

analysis. The chemical composition of the prepared solutions was analyzed by ICP (VISTA-Pro, Varian) except
chlorine and carbon. The content of chlorine was measured
by potentiometric method, which is the titration method
using a silver electrode and silver nitrate titrant (Clesceri
et al., 1998). To measure the carbon content of the sample,
the sample was pulverized into under 45 lm and heated in
a tube furnace at 800 C. Oxygen gas was injected into the
furnace and the exhaust gas was drawn out through a carbon dioxide gas absorber using sodium hydroxide. Carbon
content was calculated from the weight variations of the
absorber (Korean Industrial Standard, 2003).
The conguration of the samples and the distribution of
several elements in the sample were observed by SEM
(JSM6300, JEOL) and EDX mapping technique. X-ray diffraction technique (D/max-2200, RIGAKU) was used for
the analysis of crystalline phases of samples. XRD patterns
were compared with the list in the Joint Committee on
powder diraction standards (JCPDS) data les.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characteristic of the EAF dust
Table 1 shows the composition of the dust. The principal elements in the dust were iron and zinc. Lead, alkali
metals, and chlorine were minor elements. In this research
and chemical analysis, minor elements less than 0.1% were
ignored except cadmium.
The X-ray diraction technique was applied in the analysis of the crystalline phases of the dust. Intensities and
positions of XRD patterns in Fig. 2 were collated with
JCPDS and the results imply that the dust contains the following crystals: ZnFe2O4 (franklinite), Fe3O4 (magnetite),
ZnO (zincite), and SiO2 (quartz), KCl (Sylvite), NaCl
(Halite). Table 1 and the XRD result imply that chlorine
in the dust mainly makes compounds with alkali metals.
Fig. 3 shows the particle size distribution of the dust.
Dust size was under 10 lm except approximately 8% of
over 9 lm. Photographs of SEM in Fig. 4 indicate that dust
particles were spherical in shape with a diameter of about
1 lm, coinciding with the median size of the dust:
1.07 lm. Therefore, particles of over 9 lm can be regarded
as aggregate of other smaller particles.
3.2. Pyrolysis of PVC and reaction with the dust

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus.

Fig. 5 shows the size distribution and SEM photograph

of the PVC sample. As can be seen, the size of PVC particles ranges from 70 lm to 200 lm.

Table 1
Composition of the dust (unit: wt%)
ZnO

Fe2O3

PbO

CuO

CdO

Al2O3

CaO

MgO

Na2O

K2O

Cl

27.39

32.46

4.48

0.31

0.07

1.27

3.23

2.69

3.11

5.23

5.95

G.-S. Lee, Y.J. Song / Minerals Engineering 20 (2007) 739746

N
F
Z

14

Particle size distribution (%)

Intensity

K N
Z
F

16

F : Franklinite or Magnetite
Z : Zincite (ZnO)
K : Sylvite (KCl)
N : Halite (NaCl)

F
F

Z K F

741

12
10
8
6
4
2

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

50

2
Fig. 2. XRD patterns of the dust (Cu Ka).

150

200

250

Fig. 5. Particle size distribution and SEM photograph of PVC powder.

100

TGA in Ar
TGA in air
DTA in Ar
DTA in air

TGA (wt%)

80

2
60
0
40

DTA, T

Differential frequency (%)

100

Particle size (m)

-2
20

-4
0
0.1

10

100

Particle size (m)

Fig. 3. Particle size distribution of the dust.

Fig. 4. SEM photographs of the dust.

For conrmation of the pyrolysis of the PVC sample,

thermo-gravimetric and dierential thermal analysis (TG
DTA) of PVC sample were performed. The tests were con-

200

400

600

800

1000

Temperature (C)
Fig. 6. TGDTA curves of PVC powder. (Heating rate of 10 C/min.)

ducted in the atmosphere of air and argon, respectively.

Fig. 6 shows the result.
Both TGA curves commonly showed sudden weight loss
of about 62% between 250 C and 350 C and those were
accompanied with small endothermic peaks in both DTA
curves. It indicated that the PVC pyrolyzed and emitted
hydrogen chloride with a little hydrocarbon, which was
4% of weight loss and it was noticed as benzene or toluene
(Saeed et al., 2004).
After the emission of hydrogen chloride, the residue
began to decompose at about 400 C. It lost only 28% of
its weight under the argon atmosphere. However, under
the air atmosphere, the entire residue burned with the exothermic peak of the DTA under 600 C.
Consequently, the PVC began to emit hydrogen chloride
gas under 300 C and the hydrocarbon residue decomposed
at over 400 C. To conrm the pyrolysis of the PVC in the
pellet, the PVC 10% pellet, the mixing ratio of the dust and
PVC is 9:1 was heated at 300 C for 1 h and its cross-section was observed by the EDX mapping technique of
SEM. Fig. 7 shows the distribution of the carbon and

742

G.-S. Lee, Y.J. Song / Minerals Engineering 20 (2007) 739746

Fig. 7. EDX mapping of the cross-section of the pellet (PVC 10% pellet roasted at 300 C for 1 h). (a) SEM photograph, (b) carbon and (c) chlorine.

100
Cd
Pb
Zn
Fe

Volatilized ratio (%)

80

60

40

20

0
300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Temperature (C)
Fig. 8. Volatilized elements as temperature from PVC 30% pellets roasted
at each temperature for 1 h.

800

Zn

700

Cd

500

CdCl

ZnCl

PbCl

600

400

F eC

l2

300

200
100
0

FeCl

Vapour pressure (mmHg)

chloride on the cross-section with SEM photograph. As

can be seen, the PVC particle decomposed in the pellet
and had a hollow structure. Fig. 7b and c indicate that
the residual PVC contained no chlorine and the hydrogen
chloride reacted with the dust around that.
The eect of the heat treatment on the volatilization of
metals is shown in Fig. 8. The PVC 30% pellets were heated
in temperatures varying from 300 C to 1000 C for 1 h.
Because the pellets were quickly injected into the furnace
when the internal temperature of the furnace reached the
target temperature, the heating rate was very fast but could
not be measured.
Volatilization of zinc, lead, and cadmium increased in
proportion to the temperature, and particularly from
600 C, volatilization began to rapidly increase. Volatilization of cadmium nished at 800 C, and those of lead and
zinc were nished at 1000 C.
However, 17% of iron was volatilized at 300 C and the
volatilized amount hardly varied with the temperature.
This result can be explained by vapor pressure of the chlorides as shown in Fig. 9 (The Chemical Society of Japan,
1975). As can be seen in the gure, the form of iron which

200

400

600

800

1000

Temperature (C)
Fig. 9. Variation of vapor pressure as temperature.

can be volatilized at 300 C is FeCl3,implying that the volatilization of iron was mainly caused by the generation of
FeCl3.
Vapor pressures of PbCl2 and CdCl2 can explain that
the volatilization of lead and cadmium had rapidly
increased from 600 C, as shown in Fig. 8. However,
although ZnCl2 could volatilize at a lower temperature
than the chlorides of lead and cadmium, its volatilization
nished at about 1000 C. It implies that the generation
of the zinc chloride is slower than other chlorides or something interrupts the generation or volatilization of the zinc
chloride.
Fig. 10 is the XRD patterns of the pellets roasted from
800 C to 1000 C shown in Fig. 8. As can be seen, the new
peak of K2ZnCl4 appeared at 800 C. However, it vanished
at 1000 C and, instead, the peak of KCl became bigger.
This implies that potassium chloride can restrain zinc chloride from volatilization until 900 C by generating
K2ZnCl4.
Cross-sections of those pellets were observed by SEM.
Fig. 11a is the SEM photograph of the pellet roasted at
800 C. The dust and PVC combined with each other and
lost their original shapes.
There were needle-shaped materials around the residual
PVC. This pellet was heated at 800 C and much of volatile
chlorides still remained inside it. Its volatilization was
stopped by sudden chilling at the end of the heat treatment.
Therefore, the material can be regarded as the result of the
sudden chloride growth.

G.-S. Lee, Y.J. Song / Minerals Engineering 20 (2007) 739746

Although residual PVC was not found, about 100 lm space

of the PVC particle remained vacant. Roasting at 1000 C
in Fig. 11c sintered those crystals and reduced pores.
Fig. 12 shows the variation of appearance of the pellet as
roasting time at 1000 C. Fig. 11c shows the SEM of crosssection of this sample. As can be seen, the pellet had shrunken as the roasting time, caused by volatilization and
sintering.
Consequently, the roasting of the PVC 30% pellets at
1000 C for 1 h can recover 97.2%, 99.5%, and 97.0% of
zinc, lead, and cadmium, respectively. However, about
20% of iron was volatilized unsuitably.

F : Fe3O4 or ZnFe2O4
W : FeO

I : Fe

Z : ZnO

K : KCl

N : NaCl

P : K2ZnCl 4

K
I
K
F
N ZZ
W N
F
N

1000 C

ZF

IK

IN

Intensity

F
Z
W

K
P
F
P
N Z
P
N

I
N
ZF

N
F
KW

900 C

F
W

IK Z

W NW

I
W

K
P

P
P
N

10

20

N P
F Z

30

N
F
KW

40

800 C

N
ZF

50

WF I

W
W N

Z K

60

743

70

80

90

2
Fig. 10. XRD patterns of PVC 30% pellet roasted as temperature (Cu
Ka).

Fig. 11b shows the pellet heated at 900 C. Residual dust

grew into plate-shaped crystals of very porous aggregation.

3.3. Eect of heating rate

Fig. 13 shows the predictable chemical reactions in the
pellet and the variation of the Gibbs free energy of those
reactions (Barin, 1995; Shimada et al., 1998). Reactions
(1) and (2) are about the generation of FeCl3. As can be
seen, because reaction (1) does not occur at the temperature in which hydrogen chloride gas is emitted, reaction
(2) can be regarded as the main reaction of generating
FeCl3.
However, the reactions from (5) to (9) have lower Gibbs
free energy than reaction (2). Reactions (5) and (6) are
about the generation of the zinc chloride, and those of
(7) and (8) are about the generation of cadmium chloride
and lead chloride, respectively.
Therefore, although the chlorides of zinc, lead, and cadmium can be generated earlier than FeCl3, some amount of

Fig. 11. SEM photographs of the cross-section of PVC 30% pellets. (a) 60 min at 800 C, (b) 60 min at 900 C and (c) 90 min at 1000 C.

744

G.-S. Lee, Y.J. Song / Minerals Engineering 20 (2007) 739746

Fig. 12. Photograph of PVC 30% pellets roasted at 1000 C for 5, 15, 30, 60, 90 min.

(1) Fe2O3(s) + 6HCl(g) = 2FeCl3(s,l,g) + 3H2O(g)

(2) ZnFe2O4(s) + 8HCl(g) =

ZnCl2(s,l) + 2FeCl3(g) + 4H2O(g)

(3) Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) = 3FeO(s) + CO2(g)

(5) ZnFe2O4(s)+2HCl(g)= ZnCl2(s,l) + Fe2O3(s) + H2O(g)

0
(6) ZnO(s) + 2HCl(g) = ZnCl2(s,l) + H2O(g)

10

(7) CdO(s) + 2HCl(g) = CdCl2(s,l) + H2O(g)

4
-4

11

5
12

G ( x 10

-4

J/mole)

(4) Fe3O4(s) + 2HCl(g) = FeCl2(s,l) + Fe2O3(s) + H2O(g)

(8) PbO(s) + 2HCl(g) = PbCl2(s,l) + H2O(g)

(9) CaO(s) + 2HCl(g) = CaCl2(s,l) + H2O(g)

13

14

(10) FeCl2(s,l) + ZnFe2O4(s) = ZnCl2(l) + Fe3O4(s)

-8

(11) FeCl2(l) + ZnO(s) = ZnCl2(g) + FeO(s)

(12) ZnCl2(g) + CdO(s) = CdCl2(l) + ZnO(s)

-12

(13) FeCl2(l) + CdO(s) = CdCl2(l) + FeO(s)

9
200

400

(14) ZnCl2(l) + PbO(s) = PbCl2(l) + ZnO(s)

600

800

1000

Temperature (C)
Fig. 13. Variations of DG as temperature.

iron volatilized due perhaps to the following reason. Under

the high heating rate, rapid pyrolysis of the PVC leads to
the partial high concentration of the hydrogen chloride
gas, which increases the possibility of reaction (2). On the
contrary, it is expected that a low heating rate can avoid
the concentration of hydrogen chloride and proceed with
the reactions from (5) to (9).
Ferrous chloride can be generated as in reaction (4), and
it can be also used as a chlorine provider. A Japanese patent
had tried to treat the EAF dust by using ferrous chloride
(Sugawara, 1992), in which the mixture of ferrous chloride
and dust was mixed at 1000 C, and asserted that ferrous
chloride is a good chlorine provider to zinc, lead, and cadmium in the EAF dust. Reactions (10), (11), and (13) indicate the chlorine exchange reaction between the ferrous
chloride and others. Those are inuential reactions, because
the volatilization of ferrous chloride is possible at a higher
temperature than other chlorides, as shown in Fig. 9. The
zinc chloride also can be used as chlorine provider to both
cadmium and lead as in reactions (12) and (14).

The possibility of the reaction (10) was tested by the

experiment in Fig. 14. The synthetic franklinite (ZnFe2O4)
and FeCl2 were used in the test. The FeCl2 was prepared by
roasting FeCl2 4H2O at 200 C and this dehydration was
conrmed through another preliminary test. The franklinite was prepared according to the following method. ZnCl3
and FeCl3 6H2O were mixed as 1:2 of the mole ratio and
dissolved in water. Sodium hydroxide was injected into
that solution until its pH becomes 9. The precipitated mixture of Zn(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 was recovered and roasted
at 600 C for 17 h and at 800 C for 1 h. The synthesized
franklinite was conrmed by XRD.
The ZnFe2O4 and FeCl2 were mixed as 1:1 of the mole
ratio and injected into a furnace at room temperature. It
was subjected to heat until the temperature reached
1000 C, at a heating rate of 2 C/min. Each aliquot was
collected at each temperature at an interval of 100 C.
The samples were separated into soluble and insoluble
material as they were leached in water and analyzed. The
percentage of zinc and iron shown in Fig. 14 was calculated

G.-S. Lee, Y.J. Song / Minerals Engineering 20 (2007) 739746

100
Soluble Zn
Volatilized Zn

Concentration (%)

80

Soluble Fe (FeCl2)
Volatilized Fe

60

40

FeCl2
20

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Temperature(C)
Fig. 14. Chlorine exchange between FeCl2 and ZnFe2O4 as temperature.

under the concept that soluble and insoluble materials

make up 100%.
As can be seen, the chlorine exchange began at about
600 C and nished at about 800 C. Dissolved and volatilized zinc increased in proportion to the decrease of FeCl2,
but iron did not volatilize. The volatilization of zinc
increased with the temperature and almost all zinc volatilized at 1000 C.
The chlorine exchange between iron and zinc occurred
as an equivalent mole ratio. In case of 700 C, about 45%
of soluble iron decreased and about 44% of zinc was dissolved or volatilized.
The eect of the heating rate on the volatilization of iron
was tested in Fig. 15. The PVC 30% pellets were injected
into the furnace at room temperature and heat-treated at
400 C for half an hour. The heating rate varied from
2 C/min to 60 C/min.
The volatilization of iron decreased in proportion to the
decrease of the heating rate. About 3.9% of iron volatilized
at the heating rate of 10 C/min and none of the iron volatilized at the heating rate of 4 C/min.

745

Therefore, from the above results, the following observation can be made. Rapid heating rate makes excessive
concentration of the hydrogen chloride gas and induces
to generated ferric chloride. However, the heating rate
slower than 4 C/min progresses the reactions in sequence
of Gibb free energy in Fig. 13.
Finally, the eect of the mixed PVC ratio was investigated. The PVC powder was mixed with the dust as the
ratio from 10% to 45%. The pellets were heated at 800 C
for 1 h and the heating rate was 2 C/min.
The technique used in this research left much chloride
residue in the roasted pellet. The chlorides of transition
metals can be volatilized by heat treatment, but the chlorides of alkali metals and alkaline metals cannot. Therefore, for the re-injection of the residual pellet, the pellet
was washed after heat treatment.
When the washing step is included in the process, we do
not need to increase the temperature until 1000 C. The
heat treatment will be undertaken at 800 C for the following reasons. All of the necessary reactions occur under
800 C, such as the pyrolysis of the PVC, hydrogen chloride reactions, and chlorine exchange. When the excess
PVC was mixed with the dust, heat treatment at 800 C will
be safe because FeCl2 can still remain in the pellet. Moreover, it can be noticed in the SEM photograph shown in
Fig. 11 that the state of the pellet heat-treated at 800 C
is more suitable for washing than the pellet heat-treated
at 1000 C, because the particles of the latter were sintered.
The heated pellets were pulverized under 150 lm and
injected into the dilute hydrochloric acid solution, whose
pH was adjusted at 5. H2O2 was injected into the solution
as 0.05 mol/L for precipitating the residual ferrous chloride
in the roasted pellet into Fe(OH)3.
Fig. 16 shows the recovery of zinc, lead, cadmium, and
chlorine of the PVC. The volatilized amount of metals was
obtained by the analysis of the roasted pellet before the
washing. The amount of dissolved metals was obtained
by the analysis of the supernatant of the washing solution.

25

100
90
80

Recovery (%)

Volatilized Fe (%)

20

15

10

70
60
50
40
30
20
10

5
10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Mixed PVC (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Heating Rate (C/min)

Fig. 15. Relation between the heating rate and volatilization of Fe from
the PVC 30% pellet.

Dissolved Zn
Volatilized Zn
Chlorine of PVC

Dissolved Pb
Volatilized Pb

Dissolved Cd
Volatilized Cd

Fig. 16. Recovery of metals as PVC mixing ratio by roasting at 800 C

and washing.

746

G.-S. Lee, Y.J. Song / Minerals Engineering 20 (2007) 739746

20

washing. This process recovered 96.2% of zinc, 97.4% of

lead, and 98.8% of cadmium. The nal residue has 46%
iron and 20.9% carbon, and it can be injected into the
EAF.
This research can be used for synchronous treatment of
both resources: EAF dust and plastic waste loaded with
PVC. However, this process may create dioxin and it is
not investigated yet. Prior to practical application, it
should be considered.

10

4. Conclusion

etc.
Carbon
Iron

Weight ratio of residue (%)

60
50
40
30

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Mixed PVC (%)

Fig. 17. Content of the residual pellet after roasting at 800 C and
washing.

The recovery of chlorine of the PVC was calculated under

the assumption that volatilized metals were recovered as
chlorides.
The recovery of chlorine decreased in proportion to the
mixed PVC ratio, and that of the PVC 45% pellet was
about 92%. The recovery of zinc and lead increased in proportion to the mixed PVC ratio and converged at 40% and
30%, respectively. The recovery of cadmium was irrelevant
to the PVC ratio and exceeded 92% at the 10% PVC mixing
ratio.
Fig. 17 shows the concentration of iron and carbon in
the washed residue. The concentration was calculated
under the concept that the amount of each element in the
pellet before roasting is 100%. For instance, the weight of
the PVC 40% pellet was reduced to 29.6% of the original
pellet after the heat treatment and washing, and the concentration of iron and carbon in the nal residue were
46% and 20.9%, respectively.
The principal ingredients in the nal residue were iron
and carbon. The concentration of those increased in proportion to the mixed PVC ratio.
The weight of residue decreased in proportion to the
mixed PVC ratio, but that of the PVC 45% pellet increased,
which occurred because the ferrous chloride in the heattreated pellet precipitated into ferric hydroxide during
washing, implying that mixing 45% of PVC is excessive.
Consequently, the optimum condition identied in this
research is the following: 40% of the PVC mixing ratio,
heat treatment at 800 C, heating rate of 2 C/min, and

The PVC powder was mixed with the dust in various

mixing ratios, and the mixture was made into pellets. The
pellets were subjected to heat treatment at various temperatures, and the eects of the heat treatment temperature
and the heating rate were investigated.
Potassium chloride restrained the zinc chloride from
volatilizing until 900 C by generating K2ZnCl4. Ferrous
chloride functioned as the chlorine provider to the zinc,
lead, and cadmium of the dust.
Rapid heating rate generated ferric chloride in the pellets, but the heating rate lower than 4 C/min did not.
The PVC 40% pellets were heat-treated at 800 C at a heating rate of 2 C/min, and the heat-treated pellets were pulverized and washed. This process recovered 96.2% zinc,
97.4% lead, and 98.8% cadmium. The nal residue has
46% iron and 20.9% carbon.
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Barin, I., 1995. Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, 3rd ed. VCH
Pub. Inc.
Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., EATON, A.D., 1998. Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., pp. 469,
ISBN 0-87553-235-7.
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carbon in metallic materials, KSD 1789.
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Zn, Pb, Cl, Fe, Cu and Cd compounds in EAF dust with carbon. J.
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combustion of PVC, PVC-wood and PVC-coal mixtures in a two-stage
uidized bed process. Fuel Process. Technol. 85, 15651583.
Shimada, T., Kajinami, T., Kumagi, T., Takeda, S., Hayashi, J., Chiba,
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