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By contrast, some philosophers have argued that all human languages are conventional or articial. Franois Rabelais, for instance, stated: C'est abus de dire que nous
avons une langue naturelle; les langues sont par institution arbitraires et conventions des peuples. (Its misuse
to say that we have a natural language; languages are by
institution arbitrary and conventions of peoples.)[5]
tic ctional language tends to be more dicult and complex. While Interlingua has simpler grammar, syntax, and
orthography than its source languages (though more complex and irregular than Esperanto or its descendants), naturalistic ctional languages typically mimic behaviors of
natural languages like irregular verbs and nouns and complicated phonological processes.
Overview
revivalists.[10] Zuckermann therefore endorses the translation of the Hebrew Bible into what he calls Israeli.[11]
Esperanto as a living spoken language has evolved significantly from the prescriptive blueprint published in 1887,
so that modern editions of the Fundamenta Krestomatio,
a 1903 collection of early texts in the language, require
many footnotes on the syntactic and lexical dierences
between early and modern Esperanto.[12]
Proponents of constructed languages often have many
reasons for using them. The famous but disputed Sapir
Whorf hypothesis is sometimes cited; this claims that the
language one speaks inuences the way one thinks. Thus,
a better language should allow the speaker to think more
clearly or intelligently or to encompass more points of
view; this was the intention of Suzette Haden Elgin in
creating Ladan, a feminist language[13] embodied in her
feminist science ction series Native Tongue.[14] A constructed language could also be used to restrict thought, as
in George Orwell's Newspeak, or to simplify thought, as in
Toki Pona. In contrast, linguists such as Steven Pinker argue that ideas exist independently of language. For example, in the book The Language Instinct, Pinker states that
children spontaneously re-invent slang and even grammar
with each generation. These linguists argue that attempts
to control the range of human thought through the reform
of language would fail, as concepts like freedom will
reappear in new words if the old words vanish.
4.3
Perfecting language
4
4.1
History
Ancient linguistic experiments
4.2
advent of
The earliest non-natural languages were considered less The 17th century saw the rise of projects for philosophconstructed than super-natural, mystical, or divinely ical or a priori languages, such as:
inspired. The Lingua Ignota, recorded in the 12th century by St. Hildegard of Bingen is an example, and
Francis Lodwick's A Common Writing (1647) and
apparently the rst entirely articial language.[13] It is
The Groundwork or Foundation laid (or So Intended)
a form of private mystical cant (see also language of
for the Framing of a New Perfect Language and a
angels). An important example from Middle-Eastern
Universal Common Writing (1652)
culture is Balaibalan, invented in the 16th century.[3]
Kabbalistic grammatical speculation was directed at re Sir Thomas Urquhart's Ekskybalauron (1651) and
covering the original language spoken by Adam and
Logopandecteision[15] (1652)
4
George Dalgarno's Ars signorum, 1661
John Wilkins' Essay towards a Real Character, and
a Philosophical Language, 1668
These early taxonomic conlangs produced systems of hierarchical classication that were intended to result in
both spoken and written expression. Leibniz had a similar purpose for his lingua generalis of 1678, aiming at a
lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform
calculations that would yield true propositions automatically, as a side-eect developing binary calculus. These
projects were not only occupied with reducing or modelling grammar, but also with the arrangement of all human knowledge into characters or hierarchies, an idea
that with the Enlightenment would ultimately lead to the
Encyclopdie. Many of these 17th18th centuries conlangs were pasigraphies, or purely written languages with
no spoken form or a spoken form that would vary greatly
according to the native language of the reader.[16]
HISTORY
4.5
5
sopoeic Quarterly, Taboo Jadoo, and The Journal of
Planned Languages.[17] The Conlang Mailing List was
founded in 1991, and later split o an AUXLANG mailing list dedicated to international auxiliary languages. In
the early to mid-1990s a few conlang-related zines were
published as email or websites, such as Vortpunoj [18] and
Model Languages. The Conlang mailing list has developed a community of conlangers with its own customs,
such as translation challenges and translation relays,[19]
and its own terminology. Sarah Higley reports from results of her surveys that the demographics of the Conlang
list are primarily men from North America and western
Europe, with a smaller number from Oceania, Asia, the
Middle East, and South America, with an age range from
thirteen to over sixty; the number of women participating
has increased over time. More recently founded online
communities include the Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB;
since 2001) and the Conlanger Bulletin Board. Discussion on these forums includes presentation of members
conlangs and feedback from other members, discussion
of natural languages, whether particular conlang features
have natural language precedents, and how interesting
features of natural languages can be repurposed for conlangs, posting of interesting short texts as translation challenges, and meta-discussion about the philosophy of conlanging, conlangers purposes, and whether conlanging is
an art or a hobby.[3] Another 2001 survey by Patrick Jarrett showed an average age of 30.65, with the average
time since starting to invent languages 11.83 years.[20] A
more recent thread on the ZBB showed that many conlangers spend a relatively small amount of time on any
one conlang, moving from one project to another; about
a third spend years on developing the same language.[21]
6 See also
List of constructed languages
Aboriginal constructed languages: Damin, Eskayan
Idioglossia
ISO, SIL, and BCP language codes for constructed
languages
Language Creation Conference
Language construction
Articial script
Langmaker
Language Construction Kit
Language game
Language regulator
List of language inventors
Language modelling and translation
Knowledge representation
Language translation
Metalanguage
Universal grammar
7 NOTES
Mystical languages
Glossolalia
Language of the birds
Spontaneous emergence of grammar
Articial language
June and Jennifer Gibbons
Nicaraguan Sign Language
Origin of language
Pidgin
Poto and Cabengo
Linguistic determinism
Linguistic relativity
Pasigraphy
Universal language
Basic English
Notes
[3] Sarah L. Higley: Hildegard of Bingens Unknown Language. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
References
Eco, Umberto (1995). The search
for the perfect language. Oxford:
Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-17465-6.
Comrie, Bernard (1990).
The
Worlds Major Languages. Oxford
[Oxfordshire]: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-506511-5.
Libert, Alan (2000). A priori articial languages (Languages of the
world). Lincom Europa. ISBN 389586-667-9.
Okrent, Arika (2009). In the Land
of Invented Languages: Esperanto
Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan
Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers Who
Tried to Build A Perfect Language.
Spiegel & Grau. p. 352. ISBN 0385-52788-8.
Babels modern architects, by
Amber Dance. The Los Angeles
Times, 24 August 2007 (Originally
published as In their own words -literally)
External links
Constructed language at DMOZ
Conlang Atlas of Language Structures, a typological
database of conlangs, based on the World Atlas of
Language Structures.
Blueprints For Babel, focusing on international auxiliary languages.
Garretts Links to Logical Languages
Department of Planned Languages Esperanto Museum of the Austrian National Library.
The Conlangers Library
Henrik Theilings (Con)Language Resources
Jrg Rhiemeiers Conlang Page
Constructed Languages Facebook group
Constructed Languages group of Reddit
10
10
10.1
10.2
Images
10.3
10.3
Content license
Content license