An Analytical Study of The Moments in Continuous Slabs Subjected To Concentrated Loads

,
Yr:2C;~ ~/
~6'2q;/
CIVIL- ENGINEERING STUDIES
C!OfJ ~UCTURAL. RESEARCH SERIES NO. 264
ANALYTICAL STUDY F
IN C NTINU US SLABS SUBJECTE

T C NCENTRATE LADS
Yetz Reference Room
. E "Tloering Department
Ci v~l ngJ.. .. v .
0'B10 6 c. E. }3Ullcllr:o
.
ty of IlllnolS1
Urbana, I llinois 6180
Unlvers~
By
R. E. WOODRING
and
c.
P. SIESS
l .
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
URBANA, ILLINOIS
MAY 1963
l
ENTS
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE MOMENTS

IN CONTINUOUS SLABS SUBJECTED
TO CONCENTRATED LOADS
By
R E
Wood r i n9
and
C. P. Siess
Un i ve rs i ty of 111 i no is
Urbana,
Illinois
May 1963
... iii ...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10
INTRODUCTION. 0
1.1
1.2
103
104
20
Introductory Remarkso
Object and Scope.
Acknowledgments
0
Notationo
0
0
Description of Structure Analyzed

Method of Computat ion
Results of Computations
Discussion of Influence Surfaces.
Accuracy of Results
0
0'
. ,0
.0
7
..8
0,
'. "1' '1
. G
13
16
20
Concept of an Equivalent Load 0

0
0
Method of Analysis of !nfluence Surfaceso
Manner of Presentat i on of Resu 1ts
Equivalent Load Factors for Moment in a Flat Plate.
Equivalent Load Factors for Slab Moments in a
Two-Way Slab
0 0
0
Equivalent Load Factors for Moments in Beams Supporting
Two-Way Slabs
0 0 0
301
302
303
304
305
306
..
.
0
34
37
SUMMARY AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONSo
REFERENCES
TABLES
FIGURES
APPENDIX
A~
37
42
45
47
Out1 ine of investigationo

General Conclusions
501
502
20
21
24
26
31
EXAMPLES OF USE OF LOAD FACTORSo 0 0 0 0

0
0
40 1 Flat Slabso
0
402 Two-Way Slabs
4.3 Lim i tat ions of Numer i cal Resultso
60
MOMENTS DUE TO CONCENTRATED LOADSo
5.
..
COMPUTATION OF INFLUENCE SURFACESo

201
202
203
204
205
40
1
3
5
5
..
47
48
0008000
50
51
57
TABULATION OF
~NFLUENCE COEFF~CIENTSo
136
- iv'"
LIST OF TABLES
Ti tle
Table
Summary of Influence Surfaceso
II
51
2 .. 2
Comparison of Slab Moment Coefficients.
52
30 1
Unit Moment Coefficients for all Panels Loaded
53
Summary of Equivalent Load Factor Curves ..
54
Maximum Load Factors ..
55
fiI
Moments Due to ~ Load of 2000 lb Distributed Over an

Area 2 .. 5-ft Square
1/
'0
..
..
..
..
56
-v-
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Title
Plan of Nine-Panel Structure
2,,2
0.-
.~_. "0;.
lO::,:O
Load Systems for the Computation of ~nfluence Surfaces

of a Fixed Edge Plate"
0
2,,3
57
5}
Load Systems for the Computation of Influence Surfaces

for the Nine-Panel Structure
0 0 0
0
58
Computation of Corner Reactions for Partially Loaded

Area Within one Grid
59
"
Influence Surface for Positive Moment in Middle Strip

(Location 1), H = J = 00
0
60
61
..
62
63
64
65
66
0""
67
68
"
69
..
70
"
influence Surface for Positive Moment in Middle Strip

(Location l)p H = J = 0025
0
0
0
Influence Surface for Positive Moment in Middle Strip

(Location l)p H = J = 00
0
2 .. 8
c:
Influence Surface for Negative Moment in Middle Strip

(Location 2)9 H = J = 00
0 0
0
a
0
"
Influence Surface for Negative Moment in Middle Strip

(Location 2)9 H = J = 0025
0
"
Surface for Negative Moment in Middle Strip

(Location 2)9 H = J =
~nfluence
00 0
2" 11
Influence Surface for Positive Moment in Column Strip

0
0
Influence Surface for Positive Moment in Column Strip

(Location 3)9 H = J = 0025 0
0
0
0
"
influence Surface for Positive Moment in Column" Strup

(Location ~)9 H = J =
1000
2 .. 14
influence Surface for Negatove Moment in Column Strip

0
influence Surface for Negatove Moment in Column Strop

(Location 4)p H = J = 0025
0
2016
2" 17
Influence Surface for Negative Moment in Column Strip

(L oc a t i on 4 L, H
= 00 25 ~
=1
00 0 0 0
71

(Location 4)p H loOp J =
00250
72
-v i ...
l~ST
OF FIGURES (Continued)
Figure
Title
Influence Surface for Negative Moment in Col umn Strip
'(Locat ion 4L) H = J =
0
0
1000
73
74
Section Through influence Surfaces for Positive and

Negative Moment Taken Along the Centerl ine of a Fixed
Edge Plate
75
2021

(Locat i on 4), H = J = 2050
0
2020
Section Through ~nfluence Surfaces for Positive and

Negative Moment Taken A10ng Center] ine of Column Strip,
H= J
00
76
Section Through Influence Surface for Positive Moment

at the Center of a Simply Supported Square Plate p
IJ. = 00 15
301
<>
I)
Equivalent Load Factors for Fixed End Moment
Points Used in Study of
Surfaces
~nfluence
3 .. 4
79
II
Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment in Middle

Strip Due to loads at Point ~o
0
..
Equivalent load Factors for Pos~tive Moment in Middle

Strip Due to Square Area loads!) H = J =
00
3.8

Strip Due to Square Area loads p H = J = 0025
0

Strip Due to Square Area loads!) H = J = ~o
0
3010

Strip Due to Line loads!) H = J = 0
0
Equ6valent load Factors for Positive Moment an Middle

Strip Due to Line Loads p H = J = 00250
0
3 ..
12
81
82
83
84
85
Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment on Middle

Strip!) H = J = 00 ..
Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment

S t rip Due to line Loads!) H = J = ~
0
~n
0
80
Equivalent Load Factors for Positive Moment in Middle

StroP9 H = J =
00250
77
78

Strip, H = J = 0
..
..
0
86
87
88
89
Mndd1e
0
-v n iF~GURES
LIST OF
(Continued)
Tn tie
Figure
Pag.e
Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle

Strip, H = J = 0
0
..
......
....
0"

Strip, H = J = 00250 0 ....
0
0"
91
....
92
....
93
94

Strip Due to Square Area Loads, H = J = 0025 0
0 ....
95

Strip Due to Square Area loads, H = J = 00
96
..
..

Strip, H = J = 00
0
..

Strip Due to Loads at Point 80 0 ......
0 0 0
0
3. 17
..

Strip Due to Square Area Loads, H = J = 00 .... 0 . 0
3" 19
3 .. 20
..
..
....

Strip Due to Line loads, H = J = 0
0
3 .. 21
..
....

Strip Due to Line Loads!) H = J = 00250 ..
0
0 0 0
0
Equivalent load Factors for Negatuve Moment in Middle

Strip Due to lane Loads, H = J = 00 .. 0 0 ..
0
0..
0
....
Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment in Column

Strip, H = J = 0 0 .
0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
3 .. 24
..
..
"
0..
..
Equivalent Load Factors for Positive Moment in Column

Strip Due to loads at Poont Bo
0
..
....
3028
99
100
..
102
103
104
......

Strip Due to Square Area Loads o H = J = 0025
0
98
101

Strip Due to Square Area Loads v H = J = 00
0
0
97

Strip, H = J = 100 0
0
0
0
0 ..
0
0
3 .. 26

Strip, H = J = 00250 0 0
0 0
0
0
0 00
0
3.25
90
0..
105
'
Equivalent load Factors f,6r Positive Moment in Columr)

Strip Due to Square Area loads, H = J = ioOo
0
..
106
"'v i i
6 ...
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

Title
3 .. 30
Page

Strip Due to line Loads 9 H = J =
108

Strip Due to Line loads 9 H = J = 100
109
J12
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Column

Strip, H = J = 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
..

Strip, H = J = 00250
0
0
0
0

Strip, H = 0025 9 J = ioO
o
0
Equivalent load Fact'ors for Negative Moment in Column

Strip9 H = laO!) J = 0025 0
0 0 0
0
Equivalent load Factors for Negative Moment in Column

Strip9 H = J = 100 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0

Strip9 H = J = 205
0 0
0
0
0
0
Equivalent load Factors for Negat~ve Moment in Co1umn

Strip Due to Square Area loads o H = J = 00
0
Equivalent load Factors for Negatnve Moment in Column

Strip Due to Square Area loads!) H = J = 0025
0

Strip Due to Square Area loads g H = 0025 9 J = 1000 0
Equivalent load Factors for Negative Moment ~n Column
St-rip Due to Square Area loads!) H = 1001) J = 00250
0

Strip Due to Square Area loads!) H = J = ~oOo
0
3.44
107

Strip Due to Line Loads, H = J = 0 .. 25-0
0 0 0
0..
0
3 .. 42

Strip Due to Square Area loads D H = J = 2050 0
0

Strip Due to Line loads!) H = J = 0
0

Strip Due to LJne Loads 9 H = J = 00250
0
0 0
0
110
111
"'ix ...
liST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page
Figure
Title
3 .. 47
Equivalent load Factors for Negative Moment in Col umn

Strip Due to line Loads, H ::: 0025, J ::: 1.0 .... ..
..
124
Equivalent load Factors for Negative Moment in Col umn

Strip Due to line loads, H ::: loOp J ::: 0.25
.. ..
..
125

Strip Due to line Loads H ::: J ::: 100 ... 0
126
3 .. 50
.........

Strip Due to line loads, H ::: J ::: 205
..
..
127
3 .. 51
Maximum load Factors for Positive Moment in Middle Strip
128
3 .. 52
Maximum load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle Strip
129
Maximum load Factors for Positive Moment in Column Strip
13Q
3 .. 54
Maximum load Factors for Negative Moment in Column Strip
131
4.1
Maximum load Factors 9 H ::: J ::: 0 .
132
4 .. 2
Maximum load Factors ......
4 .. 3
Maximum Load Factors, for any Hand Jo
4 .. 4
location of line loads
4.5
Equivalent Uniform Load for Line Loads at Various

Locations ....
0
..
..
CIt
133
..
..
..
134
135
..
135
...x-
L~ST
OF TABULATIONS
Figure
Ao 1
~N
APPENDIX A
Page
Title
Influence Coefficients for Pos it ive Moment in Middle
Stripll (Locat ion I ) 11 H = J = 0
"
137
Influence Coefficients for Positive Moment in Middle

0 " " ..
Strip, (Locat ion 1) H = J = 00250
138
Influence Coefficients for Positive Moment in Middle

0
Strip, (locat ion 1L) H = J =00 0
"
139
Influence Coefficients for Negative Moment in Middle

..
Strip9 (locat ion 2) 11 H = J = 0
140
Inf1uence Coefficients for Negative Moment in Middle

0 0 0 " ..
Strip, (locat ion 2) l) H = J = 00250
"
141
influence Coefficients for Negative "Moment in Middle

0 0
Strip9 (locat ion 2) l) H = J = co
"
"
142
Ao2
!)
A,,3
Ao5
Ao4
A.6
Ao7
145
influence Coefficients for Negative Moment un Column

Stripl) (locat ion 4) l) H = J = a
" "
"
146
influence Coefficients for Negatnve Moment in Column

0
0 0
Strip!) (locat i on 4) 11 H = J = 00250
147
Influence Coefficients for Negative Moment in Column

..
Strip!) (locat 8on 4) 9 H = 0025 9 J = 100 " 0 .. "
0
Influence Coefficients for Negative Moment in Column

0 0
Stripv (locat ion 4) v H = 1 00 v J = 0025 " .. 0
0
Influence Coefficients for Negatove Moment in Coiumn

Strip9 (locat Bon 4) H = J = 100
"
l)
Ao 15
~nf1uence Coefficients for Positive Moment in Column

Stripll (loea t i on 3) H = J = 1.,0
"
"
Ao 14
Ao 13
144
Ao 12
Influence Coefficients for Positive Moment in Column

0
0
StriPll (Locat 6on 3) l) H = J = 00250
A011
143
l)
Ao 10
A.9
~nfluenc~ Coefficients for Positive Moment in Column

0
Strip9 (locat i on 3) H = J = 0
I)
Ao8
~nfluence Coeffocoents for Negative Moment in Column

0 0
StraP9 (location 4) H = J = 205
l)
"
148
149
150
151
~NTRODUCT~ON
10
101
Introductory Remarks
The moments in reinforced concrete floor slabs continuous in two
directions and subjected to loads not distributed over an entire panel are
usually computed using equivalent ]oads distributed uniformly over the entire
panel area o The equivalent
distributed loads are sometimes
un~formly
specified by building codes s but more often are left to the judgment of the
designero
For exampleD it
~s
commonly assumed nn desngning a slab that a
load of 30 psf uniformly distrnbuted over the entire panel 8S sufficient to

take care of loads from
part~toonsD wh~ch
doubtful if the same uniformly
d~strnbuted
are actually 1 ine loadso
it is
load apploes for all the critical
moments in a slab as wel] as for al] of the possible sizes and locations of
partitionso
In some cases the use of an equiva!ent uniform load may be
conservative for the moment at one ]ocation nn a slab yet unconservative

for the moment at another locatnono
of concentrations of loado
Partit~on
loads are just one example
Other examples are wheel
loads from vehicles
in parking garages o wheel loads from fork iift trucks in manufacturing

buildings or warehouses p and heavy machinery loads dnstributed over small
areaso
The requirements of most building codes (1) with regard to
concentrations of load on floor s1abs are concerned
mentionedo
w~th
the types just
One of the most common prOV8SftOnS 8S for a load of 20000 lb to
be spread over an area of 205 ft sq located to produce maximum stress

conditions in the structural member
A common provision for parking
garages is the use of a uniformly distributed live ]oad of 100 ib per sq

ft or tso percent of the maximum
whee~
load p]aced anywhere on the flooro
-2-
Although it is obv ious that moments due to concentrated loads need

to be considered in the design of most floor slabs!) the complexity of the
necessary analysis makes the computation of such moments difficult and
impractical
Hence, in most cases, computations are based on equivalent
uniform loads over the entire panel, which mayor may not yield consistent
or correct resultso
The most convenient way of finding moments due to concentrated
loads or loads distributed over small areas is by the use of influence
coefficients or, more conveniently, by the use of influence surfaces
constructed from such coefficientso
Influence surfaces for slabs are
analogous to influence lines for beamso
With their use!) critical moments
at particu1ar points in the slab can be found for any position of the load
or extent of the loaded areao
Influence surfaces based on the theory of medium thick plates are
available in the literature for various types of support conditionso
A.Pucher (2) has published 81 influence surfaces for bending moments p
twisting moments g and shears at selected points in isolated single panels
having various combinations of fixed!) simply-supported!) and free edge
conditionso
Go Hoeland (3) developed influence surfaces for moment in the
slab over an interior rigid support in two span contenuous plates having
various combinations of fixed, simply-supported!) or free edge conditions
and various aspect ratioso
Eo Ho R~sch and Ao Hergenroder (4) obtained
influence surfaces by model analysis for isolated single panel skew slabs
which have various aspect ratios and skew angles and which are simply
supported on opposite edges and free on the other edges!) Vo Po Jensen (5),
No Mo Newmark and Co Po Siess (6) obtained influence surfaces for moments
in the slabs and beams of single span haghway bridgeso
Thes~9
however,
-3 ....
are not appl icable to floor slabs continuous in two directions because they
consider the main span simply supportedo
Thus g there are no influence
surfaces available in the literature for floor slabs
wh~ch
'take into account
deflection and rotation of the boundaries as well as continuity with other

panels in both directionso
102
Object and Scope

The object of this investigation was to study the moments in
interior panels of continuous floor slabs subjected to concentrated loads

or loads distrjbuted over a portion of the pane) areao
was carried out in three phaseso
The investigation
Furst p influence surfaces were computed
for the interior panel in the array of nine square panels shown i.n Figo 20 L
Second, a study was made of influence surfaces to determine the significant
variableso
And final1Y9 criteria for the calcutatoon of moments in slabs
subjected to concentrated loads were formulatedo

scope of the analysis 9 these criteria are more
Because of the limited
iitustrat~ve
than general
but stull may be useful in designo

The nine . . panel structure was used in this study because a computer
program for its analysis was already availabieo
This program p which was
coded for the ILLIAC p one of the electronic computers at the University of
illinois, utilizes a numerical procedure based essentially on finite differences to analyze a mathematnca] model of the structureo
This numerical
procedure takes unto account both flexural and torsional stiffness of the
supporting beams.
By studying the interior pane1 of the nine-panel
structure, account was taken of
cont~nu~ty
in two directions.
Table 2.1 summarizes the cases for which snfluence surfaces were
computed
By considering the supporting beams to have zero flexural and
tor,sional-S.t.lff~ll
the nine,"'panel structure has. no beams an.d.ls, ...repr.e~
sen.tative of, the type. of f100r construction known 'as the IIflat pla.teUl g
whi.ch- is similar to the flat slab but without drop panels or
-c~pital.so
When the beams.are cons ider.ed to have st.iffness 11 the structur..e ...ana,lyzed is.
similar to the .type
~f
floor commonly called iltwo-wa.y systemssupp.orted on
four sides"!) or simply a two-way s1.ab'(I
For this type of structure 9 the
influence surf.aces were broken down into two groups; those for slab moments
and those fo.r beam. moments 0
On 1y two corm i nat ions of f 1exur.al and tors i ona]
stiffness were consi ..dered for slab moments
wh~le
five combinations of
f 1exu.ra.1 and. tors i ona 1 s t if fness were cons i dered for beam momen ts
Influence coeffi.cients were computed and anfluence surfaces drawn

for moments at four locations in the slab as shown in Figo 2010
The locati.ons
corr,e.spond generally to the critical sections considered in the design of

floor slabso
Influence coefficients were obtained for moments so. the
beams at locations corresponding to those marked 3 and 4. in FiSo 2010

The study of influence surfaces to determine the sign.ificant
variables was made by considering area loads centered at nine different
points in the paneJo
The locations of these points are shown in Figo 3020
The loads included a singl~~oncentrated load at the point p line loads

through the point in both directions parailelto the edges of the panel,
and loads distributed over rectangular areas extending up to one-third
the span length in each darectiono
The results have been enterpreted and made suitable for practical
uses by
~ntroducing
the concept of equivalent panel loads which!) when used
with conventional code procedures p give: an effect equal to that of the load
distributed over a small areao
The equivalent panel load of course varies
-s . .
in magnitude with the type of floor system g location of moment, location of
load, and extent of loaded areao
The analysis has 1 imited appl ication to reinforced concrete since
it assumes elastic behavior of the structureo
However 9 the precedent for
using this type of analysis is well establ ished since a more accurate method
of analysis which takes account of creepg shrinkage
concrete has not yet been developedo
and cracking of the
in addition to the assumption. of
elastic behaviorp the numerical procedure used in the computations is based

on finite difference equationso
squares was used
103
However s ssnce a fine network of 400
the approximatoon is quite good in most caseso
Acknowledgments
This thesis was prepared under the direction of Oro Co Po Siess s
- Professor of Civil Engineerongo
The author expresses his appreciation
for the guidance and helpful advice gnven by Professor Siess during the
progress of thIs investogatoono
Additional help was given by Oro Ao Ang 9
Associate Professor of Civil Engineerang D in connection with the computations

carried out on iLLiACo
The author wishes to express his appreciation for
Professor AngDs assostanceo

104
Notation
a
= distance
fram support to the resultant load
C = equivalent load factor

c
= constant
desognating size of column
= diameter
of small circularly loaded area
Eb
= modulus
of elastacity of the beam material
= modulus of elasticity of the slab material in a particular panel
.... 6 ...
Eb
Gb = 2(1 + J..I.)
shear modulus of elasticity of the beam material
Eb1b
H -Nl
- ---- ratio of beam flexural stiffness to slab stiffness
h = height of partition
Ib = moment
J =
inertia of the cross-section of a beam
~~ ratio of beam torsional stiffness to slab stiffness
K = a measure of the torsBonal

(See Ref
kpkxp ky
l
= constants
= span
rig~dity
of a beam cross-section
7)
defining the size of an area or line load
length of one panel
center to center distance between
col umns
m = bending moment per unit width of slab produced by a concentrated
load
mB
= unit
moment produced by loading all nine pane1s
P
Oo049P unit moment directly under a concentrated
2032 + 8d/l
load
3
Et
measure of the plate stiffness ~n a particular panel ..
2
12...(1 ... I-l )
= concentrated
= uniformly
distributed load per un,Jt of ,.area
= thickness
of slab
load
W = a load dis t r n bu ted ove r an a rea

w = vertical deflectuon of the slab
= unit weight
Y = rectangular
w
Xp
Op ~ =
of a partition
reference coordinates
constants defining the location of the resultant load within

a grid space
= distance between node points of grid
J..I.
= PoissonBs ratio
-7COMPUTATiON OF
20
201
~NFlUENCE
SURFACES
Description of Structures Anaiyzed

The plan of the structures ana1yzed
in Figo 2010
~n
this investigation is shown
It cons ists of nine square panels arranged three by threeo
The slab is of uniform thicknesso _ The columns have a c/l ratio of 001 and
are assumed to be infinitely
supports to the slabo
homogeneous~
st~ff
~n
flexure and to provide non-deflecting
The structure is assumed to be made of an elastic,
isotropic material wHth Ponssonis ratio assumed to be zeroo
The stiffness of the beams spanning between columns is related to the

stiffness of the slab g using the dimensionless parameters Hand Jo
H is a
measure of flexural stiffness of the beam related to the stiffness of the

slab and is defined
as~
(201 )
where:
Eb
= modulus
Ib
= moment
of elastncsty of the beam maternal

of anertia of the cross-section of a beam
Et
= -----~--~
=a
2
measure of the stiffness of the plate in a
12(1 - 1l )
particular panel
E
= modulus
of elasticity of the slab material an a particular
panel
t
= thickness of slab
= PoissonDs
= span length of one panel
rat~og
taken as zero fin this investigation
J is a measure of the torsional stoffness of the beam re]ated to the
stiffness of the slab and os defined

J
as~
= GK
Nl
-8-
where:
Eb
G = 2(1 +
~) =
shear modulus of elasticity of the material in a
beam
3
b d
K = --3- f] = a measure of the torsional rigidity of a beam crosssection (See Refo 7)

The different values of Hand J used in this investigation are
summarized in Table 2010
The case of H = J = 0 is of considerable
inte~est
since the beams spanning between the columns have no stiffness and the
structure represents the type of f100r construction which is known as the
Blflat plateil which is similar to the flat slab but without capitals or
drop pane1so
Where Hand J have finite values 9 the structure analyzed is
similar to the type of floor system commonly called Ditwo-way system

supported on four sides BI or simply a two-way slab"
The case of H
= J = 205
is representative of the flexural and
torsional stiffnesses of deep reinforced concrete beams which are designed

using current code requirements whereas beams having H = J
= 0025
are
quite flexible and are representative of much smaller supporting beams.,

202
Method of Computation
Finite difference equations are the basis for the computations
made in this investigationo
No Mo Newmark (8) has described a procedure
for determining influence surfaces using a finite difference solutoon for

plateso
His method os summarized below without proof; the proof of this
statement is found in Refo (8)0

BlWhere an effect Qa at any ponnt In a slab is a linear relation of
the deflections [w] as on the equation 9
an influence surface for Q may be obtained as the deflection of

a
-9 ...
the slab due to a system of loads,A g Bp ----- Mg appl ied at points

a,l b p
m, respectively"o
- - _ ......
As an example of this method$) consider a single panel fixed on all

four edges as shown in Figo 202ao
It is desired to obtain the influence
surface for moment at the center of the slabo
The finite difference equation
for unit moment in the slab at point b v mbs for Poissonos ratio of zero is
derived in Refo (9) and is:
(2 .. 3)
where:
~
= L/20
= distances
between node points of a network
Therefore p the system of loads to be used to compute the influence coefficients for moment at point bare:
These loads are shown in Figo 202ao
~t
-N
=2
A,
can be seen from the sketch that the
loading system is actually two unit couples opposite in direction applied at

the point for which the influence surface is desiredo
This system of loads
is consistent with the well known method of determining influence lines for
continuous beams
The computation of negative moment at the center of the fixed edge

panel of Figo 202b is a second example of the methodo
equation for unit moment at point d
The finite difference
os
(204)
where:
we
=a
fictitious deflection
.... 10 ...
Since wd
=0
and we
= w-e
to maintain zero slope at point d the equation for
md reduces to
Thus
The four loading systems actually used in the analysis of all of

the nine-panel structures are shown in Figo 2030
The stiffness of the beams
is taken into account in the method of solutiono

Because Poisson 8 s ratio was assumed to be zero, the influence
surface for curvature at any point along a beam is identical to that for
the slab at the same pointe
Hence, to obtain influence values for the beams p
the coefficients for slab moments at the same location- are multiplied by
Eb1b
the ratio of the beam stiffness to the slab stiffness ~ or p since
Eb1b
'N'L" = H by Hl"
It should be noted that a11 the influence coefficients are for a
unlt ma:Dent whl.ch, because ,of the difference equateon me.thed of solution
should be.considered as an average moment over
spac i n9
'A.
= l/20~
ad~stance
equal to tbe grid
Thus these moments are not averages across a given
section, the quantity generally considered in the design of reinforced

concrete slabs nor are they moments at a
po~nt9
the quantity computed from
more exact analyses"

The computation of deflections due to the loading systems just
described were made using a numerical procedure for the analysis of
continuous plates developed by Ao Ang and No Me Newmark (10)"
procedure has been coded for the
at the University of
~l]inois"
~ll1AC9
This
the high speed electronic computer
The solution for a panel within a continuous
-]1
structure is obtained by
superposit~on
single-panel solutions are determined

are therefore not exacto
-=
of single-panel solutionso
us~ng
The
finite difference equations and
However!) with the aid of a high speed electronic
computer 9 fine grids can be used to obtain the single-panel solutions with
good accuracYg and the numerical procedure used gives solutions for multipanel plates with accuracy comparable to that of the corresponding sing1epanel solutions.
The solution is divided unto two stepso
The first step is to
determine the deflections, moments g and reactions for a single-panel d.ue to

arbitrary boundary conditions!) in this case fixed edgeso
The second step
is to compute the deflections of the panel due to changes in rotations and

deflections at the boundary resulting from continuity with adjoining panels,
and superimpose them on the deflections for the fixed edge conditione
computations are made using an
procedureo
extens~on
These
of Ho Crossos moment dostrobution
The detans of the distribution procedure are funy described
in Refso (9) and (10)0

203
Results of Computations
Table 201 summarizes and 10cates all of the influence surfaces
obtained in this investigationo
The results are presented in two forms;
the influence coefficients are tabulated 8n Figso Aol through Ao 15 In the

Appendix, and the contour maps of the snf]uence surfaces are presented in
Figso 205 through 20190
The fifteen cases considered are grouped according to the four
moment locations designated
]p 2p
3!) and 4 on Figo 2010
The moments at
these locatLons act perpendicular to the section indacated in the figure and
I
they are referred to in the text by the following
titles~
-12Positive Moment in Middle Strip
Location
Location 2 ... Negative Moment in Middle Str ip

Location 3
...
Positive Moment in Col umn Str i p
Locat ion 4 ... Negative Moment in Column Strip

The influence surfaces in Figso 2.5 to 20 19 are constructed from a
base plane by laying off ordinates proportional in value at every point to
the particular influence caused by a unit load at the point.
The resulting
surfaces can then be represented graphically by a contour map p on which each

contour connects all points of equal influenceo
A cross-section of an"
influence surface is an influence line for loads on a particular line of

the structureo
The following convention was used in drawing the influence
~faceso
Positive values are shown by solid 1 fnes and negative values by
broken lineso
The negative values indicate a reversal in sign of the moment
from the one caused by all panels unif9rmly 1oaded
While influence surfaces give a good overall picture of the effects

of concentrated loads on the slab p they are not particularly useful for
computing the effects of loads distributed over some areao
For this
purpose the influence coefficients given in the Appendix are much more
eas i ly usedo
As an example of the use of the influence coefficients in computing
moments
consider the partially loaded area withaM one grid shown in Figo 204.
The moment due to the load is computed by summing up the product of the
corner reactions and the corresponding influence
points of each grido
coeff~cients
for the node
It can be shown that for a unnformly distributed 10ad p
the corner reactions are proportional to the ratio of the rectangular area
formed by 1 ines through the centroid of the loaded area and parallel to the
... 13 ""
grid) ine1) diagonal1.y.opposite the corner!) to the entnre grid areao
This
canputation is i l.lustrated in Fogo 2040

204
Discussion of
~nfluence
Surfaces
In this section the characteristics of the four groups of influence

surfaces for slab moments and the effect of Hand J on these characteristics
are discussedo
The four groups consist of the influence surfaces for slab
moment at locations 1!) 29 3!) and 4 of Fogo 2010
As pointed out previouslY9
the influence surfaces for locations 3 and 4 serve for beam moments as well
as slab momentso
Location 1 - Positive Moment in Middle Strfip
influence surfaces are given in Figso 205!) 206 g and 207 for
positive moment at the middle of the slab for values of H = J
and
00
respecteve1yo
= Of)
0025 p
The most prominent feature of these surfaces is the
very hi.gh peak.-i3t the location of the momento
The surface drops off rapidly
from this point!) the steepest gradfient beong in the dnrection parallel to the
moment
(The high peak and the steep gradaent can be seen more easily in
Figo 2020 which contains a sect non taken through the onfiuence surface for
H= J =
00
along a line perpendicu1ar to the section on which the moment
acts and through the point for which the surface is drawn)o
There are
negative influence values in the center region of the column strip which runs
perpendicular to the momento
The negative values indacate that negative
rather than positive moment as produced at the center of the slab when loads
are placed in this regiono
As the beam stiffnesses Hand J decrease from infinity to zero 9 the
magnitude of the influence coeffIcients ijncreaseso
The maxomum positove value
-14-
increases from 00277 to 00302 and the largest negat ive va.1ue increases from
-000016 to . . 0001310
In addition" the shape of the influence sur!aces changes
sl ightlyas .the beam stiffnesses decreaseo

there are negative influence coefficients
The extent of the region in which

in a direction perpen-
increas~s
dicular to the moment" and the positive portion of the surface spreads
laterallyo
location 2
Negative Moment in Middle Strip
Influence surfaces are given in Figso 208 0 209" and 2010 for
negative moment at the mid-point of the line connecting the centers of the
columns for H = J
= 0,
00251/ and
00 9
respectivelyo:
Each of these surfaces
has a gentle slope over most of the panel area except in the region surrounding the point for which the surface is drawno
In thus region the surfac.e
drops off quite rapidly.
This steep drop and the gently sloping region are
seen more readily in
2020 whoch contains a section taken through the
Fig~
influence surface for H = J
00
along aline perpendicular to the section
on which the moment acts and through the point for which the surface is
drawn.
As the beam stiffnesses Hand J
decre~se
from infinity to zero o the
magnitude of the positive influence coefficients decreaseo

positive value decreases from 00285 to 0004430
~n
The maximum
addition!) a region of
negative influence develops and spreads out around the point for which the
surface is constructed as Hand J decrease from infinityo
The infiuence
value at the center of this regGon decreases from zero for H = J =

the relatively large value of - 00245 for H = J
= 00
00
to
The development of this
region is accompanied by.a lateral spreading of the contour lones and a

shifting of the point of maxomum posntive value toward the center of the panel.
... 15LocatioD_3 - Positive. Moment in Column Strip

I nf 1uence surf aces are g 8ven in F i gso 20 11
2" 12
j)
and 20 13 for
positive moment in the slab at the mid-point of the line joining the centers
of the columns for H = J = Op 0,,25 and 100, respectiveiy"
are similar to the ones for positive moment at location 10
peak at the point for which the surface is drawn"
These surfaces
They have a sharp
The surface drops off
rapidly from this point and the steepest slope is in the direction parallel
to the
mament~,
(The high peak and the steep gradient can be seen more easily
in Figo 2021 which contains a section taken through the influence surface for
H = J = 0 along a line perpendicular to the section on which the moment acts
and through the point for which the surface is drawno
This section is
almost identical to the one for positive moment at the center of the panel).
There are no negative regions on this surface indicating no reversal in sign
of the moment"
As the beam stiffnesses Hand J decr,ease frOm one to zero!) the
magnitudes of the '8nflue'nce coefficients oncreaseo' The Jmaximum value
increases from 00045 to 003130
In
~dd8tion9
the contour lines of the
surface spread out as the beam stiffness decreases but there is no shift in
the location of the maximum valueo
When the slab influence coeffocaents are multiplied by Hl in order
to find beam moment influence coefficients 9 the beam coefficients decrease
with decreasing values of Hand Jo
location 4 - Negative Moment in Column Strip
Influence surfaces are given sn Figso 2014 to 2oi9 for negative
moment at the center of the column face for H = J = OJ) 0025 9 100 9 and 2.5,;
H = 0025!) J
= 100;
and H
= 19
= 00250
Ail the surfaces for this moment
-16 ...
are quite similaro
They all have a gentle slope over .most of the pane:la.rea
except in the region near the. column face where they drop rapidly.to, z.e,roo
(A section through the surface for H = J
=0
along a line perpendicular to
the section on which the moment acts and through the point for which the
surface is drawn is shown in Figo 2.21).
All coefficients are positive with
the one exception of a small region of the surface for H = J
= 205
in which
the values are sl ightly negativeo

As the beam stiffnesses are decreased, the influence coefficients
for slab moments increaseo
H=J
= 2.5
The maximum value increases from 0.028 for
to 0.369 for H = J
= 00
There is also a sl ight shift of the
position of maximum influence towaid the column face as the beam stiffness
decreases
The effect of J can be observed in two cases by comparing Figs.
2015 and 2016 in which H = 0025 and J
= 0025
Figso 2017 and 2.18 in which H = 100 and J
and 1.0, respectively, and
= 0025
and 100 respectively.
Such cDmparisons indicate that J has a neg1 ugib]e effect on the maximum
influence coefficient but causes the contour lines to spread out as J
decreases
When the slab influence coefficients are multiplied by Hl in order

to find beam moment influence coefficients p the beam coefficients decrease
with decreasing values of Hand Jo
205
Accuracy of Results
Two checks were made on the accuracy of the computer solutionso
One check was to compare the results obtanned herein using finite difference
equations with those obtained by Pucher (2) using a more exact method of
solution.
This comparison was made for the posituve moment at midspan and
the negative moment at the middle of an edge for a square plate having
... 17""
clamped edges
In Figo 2020 are plotted sections taken through the two
influence surfaces along a line perpendicular to the sections on which the

moments act and through the points for whnch the surfaces are drawno
There is no significant
differe~between
the influence lines for
positive moment at the center of the plate obtained by the two methods except
at the center pointo
Here the exact solution yields a value of infinity
while the finite difference
'solut~on
gives a value of 002770
Westergaard (11) studoed the moment directly under a small

circularly loaded area of diameter do
diameter d 1 which9 when
u~ed
He developed an equation for a new
with ordinary slab theory and a linear
distribution of flexural stress g gives the same tensile stress in the

bottom of the slab as the theory of thick slabso
Although there is some
question regarding the use of such a procedure for computing stresses in

the reinforcement of a concrete slab g it 85
for its use is well establ ishedo
conven~ent9
and the precedent
His equatoon for d when substituted

1
into equations for moment at the center of a
s~mply
supported square slab
results in Eqo 205 which9 however p is approxomate and is based on Poissonos

ratio equal to 00150
m
where:
mo
= unit
= concentrated
p
= -"""';"'--d
"" 0 049P
0
(2 5)
0
2032 + 8 "[
moment directly under a concentrated load

load
distr~buted
over a circular area of
diameter d
L
= span
of slab
Vo Po Jensen (5) in his analysis of skew s1abs by finite difference

equations, used Eqo 205 to compute the diameter of a circularly loaded area
which corresponded to his grid spacingo
He did this by equating the numerical
... 18 ...
value of the moment directly under a single load computed from finite
difference equations to the moment m given by Eqo 2 5
0
Three grid spacings
were used in his analysis and the results of the computations gave the
follow.ing values for do
For
A.
= L/4!)
= 00183L
For
A.
= L/6!)
= 00123l
For
A. = L/10,
= 0.066l
These data were extended in this investigation to include a grid

spacing of A.
= L/20
and a corresponding d value of OoOlSl was computed
Figure 2.22 was prepared to summarize all of these results.
In the
figure the sol id line represents a section cut through the influence surface
for positive moment at the center of a simply supported square panel as
computed by the theory of medium thsck plates for
approaches infinity as X/l approaches zeroo
= 00150
This curve
The four dotted curves are
approximate and are drawn to indicate that a transition takes place from the
influence l"ine computed by finite di.fference equations to the one computed
by the theory of medium thuck plateso
Thus!) on the'basis of this analysis!)
the influence surfaces developed in this investigation which are based on

A.
= L/20
are correct for loads distributed over a relatively sma11 area!)
perhaps as sma] i as, one having a diameter of O.OISLo

A comparison of the two influence 1 ines for negative moments in
Figo 2.21 shows differences of two kindso
First 9 in the region near the
boundary!> Pucheros solution gives a 1 imiting influence coefficient of
1/~p
whereas the finite difference equations yield results which decrease to zero
beginning at a distance of about Ooll from the boundaryo
outl) however, that while the Blexact" solution approaches
ot should be pointed
i/~
at the fixed
edge, it has a discontinuity there since it too drops to zero when the unit
load is directl'y over the
f~xed
edgeo
~n
effec..t.p the. finite differ.eACe
equations round off the discontnnuous OiexactUi curveo
The second difference.
in the two curves is that all the finite difference vaiues fan belON the
lIexactBl solutiono
There are two reasons for thiso
First!) the presence of
columns at the corners of the panel in the finute dnfference solution

reduces the span and thus decreases the momento
And secondp the finite
difference solution is for the average moment over a wadth of

while the' liexactll solution is for the unit moment at a
= l/20
poi~to
The second check involved a compar1son of moments in the nine-panel

stru~ture
caused by a unaformly distributed load over a strip of three
adj acent pane 1s
Moments obta Bned by summ i ng the i nf 1uence.. coeff i c ients.
were compared with moments compu tedd i rec t 1y.--b.yG
Do Hor rison (12) ..us.. i og..
the numerica1 procedure whach is the basis for this investigationo

summarizes these comparisonso
Atl of the vaiues dbtauned by Morrison were
for a uniform load on the three paneis fin the

structureo
.Table.2~2.
midd~e
row of the
nine~panel
This same loading was used an the study for positive moment In
the middle strip ...
However!) for the other moments
on T.able 202 only the. two
panels contributing the gr.eatest HnfUuence were loadedo

the small differences observed
Thas accounts for
... 2030
301
MOMENTS DUE TO CONCENTRATED LOADS
Concept of an Eguiva1ent Load

In many design procedures slab moments due to concentrated loads
or loads distributed over a part of the panel area are usually computed
using equivalent loads distributed uniformly over the entire panel area.
The accuracy of this procedure depends on the method used to convert the
concentrated load into an equivalent panel loado
In this chapter a study is
made of the variables which influence the equivalent panel load to determine
those which are most significanto
The concept of an equivalent load will be developed and discussed
first for the simple case of a beam as an introduction to the more
camp] icated case of a slabo
Consider the fixed-end beam shown in Figo 3010
The resultant of the distributed load of length kl is Wand acts a distance

~
from the right endo
For the case of k
= 0 the loading consists of a

9
sing 1e concentra-ted load and for O < k < 1 the load i ng cons i s ts of. a
uniformly distributed load over p'art
of
the span'o
The moment Me at the left
end of the beam due to the load W distributed over a length kl is:
2
-rz-
Me = [ 12(a/l) 2 - 12(a/l) 3 + k2 (1 - 3a/l) JWL
(301)
For an equivalent load CW distributed over the entire length of ,the beam p
the momen tis
C WL
(3.2)
12
and for this case 9 the equivalent load factor
is~
(303 )
...,21-
This expression shows that C is a function of the posotoon of the load p all
and the proportion of the span length v ko
of C vs k for various values of a/Lo
lhe curves on Figo 301 are p10ts
Each curve os terminated when the
load extend.s to either the left or right supporto
As the load extends over
a greater length of the span (as k sncreases) the curves drop for C greater
than one and ruse for C ]ess than one
there is no variation of C woth ko
~n
the specaal case of all
lhos 65 due to the fact that the
influence 1 ine is anti ... symmetrocal about the poont at all

that the largest values of C are found for all
influence 1 nne has a maximum ordinate at all
~n
= 1/3
= 2/3
1/30
~ndicates
The fact
that the
= 2/30
the deve10pment of equivalent loads for slabs p a
~im61ar
approach has been usedoHowever v for a slab both the iocation of the
centroid of the loaded area and fits extent can be varned gn two dimensionso
302
Method of Analysis of
~nfluence
Surfaces
The method used to study the moments In continuous floor slabs

caused by concentrated loads or
was to compute the moment due to
~oads
dostrobuted over a part of a panel area
var~ous
different points wothin the pane! areao

results of this study
procedures
types of loads placed at nine

Sonce at is desBrable to have the
an a form usefu8 to the desogner using current design
the concept of an equDva1ent load o somolar to that described
in Section 301 for a beam D was used for the slab and beam moments in the
structures ana1yzedo
The -location of the nine ponnts used
on
thus study are shown in
Figo 3020
Points were chosen wnthnn
symmetryo
Usang these nine points fit is possible to study the
on~y
one quarter of the panel because of

var~ation
of
the moments and the corresponding equgvalent ioad factors as loads are moved
about the panei areao
-22-
The loadings considered to act at each of the nine points were a

concentrated load, symmetrical line loads running parallel to the edges of
the panel, and symmetrical rectangular loads extending up to one-third of
the span in each directiono
The method of defining the loaded area is shown
in Figo 302 "The length in the x-direction is denoted k l and that in the
x
y-direction k Lo
y
consideredo
~n
For k
each case the length k L or k l is centered on the point

x
y
= ky = 0
the influence coefficient at the point in
question yields the moment for a concentrated load, except when the load is
placed directly over the poont for which the moment is computedo
the loaded area for this case was discussed an Section 2050
or k
The size of
When either k
equals zero and the other factor is greater than zero, the loading is
equivalent to aline 10ado
For values of k and k both greater than zero,

x
y
the shape of the loaded area is square or rectangularo

Moments were computed usnng the procedure outlined in Section 204.
In order to simpl ify the ca]culations 9 the extent of the loaded area was
made to correspond with even multoples of the grad spacingo
The calculation of the equIvalent 10ad factor C was made by
equating the unit moment caused hy a load distributed a.v.e..rpart -of the panel
area to the corresponding unat moment caused b.y--loading- all nine. paneLs
uniformly.
The moments used for the case of all panels loaded were taken
from the work of Morrison (12)9 and are 1isted ijn Table 3010
Comparing the
moments caused by loads distributed over a part of the panel area to the
moments caused by all panels loaded as entirely proper for the flat p1ate
since this type of floor system is commonly desugned for uniform load over
all panelso
However 9 this is not the case for the two-way slab which is
designed for varoous combinations of panel loadings producing the maximum

possible moment at a given sectiono
These moments are greater than the ones
... 23-
for all panels 1oaded
But
since C is computed from the ratio of the
moment for the concentrated load to the moment for all panels loaded, it is
conservative for two-way slabso
An example of the computation of the equBvalent load factor for
negative moment in the column strip (location 4) and H
concentrated load (k = ky = 0)9 at point A fo11owso
x
= J = OD
caused by a
The following
notation is used:
m
= unit moment produced by a concentrated load
mB
= unit
= concentrated
= equivalent
moment produced by loading all nine panels

load
load factor
such that a load of CW appl led
uniform1y over each panel will produce the moment mo

From Figo Aol0 in the Appendix9 the influence coefficient at point A
for negative moment in the column strip is 003690
m
= 00369
Therefore
From Table 3019 the moment coefficient for this same moment location caused
by all panels loaded is 001420
Therefore
m0
= 00 142
CW
In other words the moment produced at location 4 by a 10ad of

2.60 'W distributed uniformly over each of the nine panels will be equal to
that produced by the concentrated load W at point Ao
Values of C were computed in this manner for k and k ranging from
x
y
zero to 0035 at each of the nine points and studied to determine the variation
of C with k
x or ky 9 the location of the load in the panel 9 the various values
-24-
of Hand J p and the four locations of momento
The manner of presenting these
results is described in the next sectoon and the results themse1ves are
discussed in Sections 3049 305
303
and 3060
Manner of Presentation of Results

The curves in Fogso 303 through 3050 show the variation of the
equivalent load factor C wnth the type of moment D the point at which the
load is placed, and the extent of the loaded area p for the two basic types of
floor systems studiedo
The figures are grouped according to the four moment
locations shown in Figo 2010

are drawn:
For each moment location D three sets of curves
those that show the varaation ofC with both kx and k;

y
that show the variation of C with kx equal to k;

y
those
and those that show the
variation of C for lone loads in both the x- and y-directions extending

across the entire panelo
Table 302 summarIzes and locates all of these
curveso
~n
constructing these figures the same sign convention was used
as for the influence surfaces; namelYD a reversa~ in sign of the moment or

equivalent load factor is indicated by a minus s09n and a broken linea
diagram which shows the relative location of each point studied is shown in
the upper right-hand corner of each fagureo
The moment considered is
indicated in the diagram by a short line representing the sectson on which

the moment actso
When a load is placed directly over the point for which
the moment is computed the value of C os plotted at k
= ky = 00015
which
corresponds to the diameter of the small circular area computed from

Westergaards equation in Section 2050
Attention is called to the fact that
the vertical scale for C is not the same in al1 figureso

~n
the first set of curves referred to in Table 3029 the variation
of C is shown as a function of k and k up to a 1 imit . of 0035 for selected

x
y
.... 25 ...
points within the. panel area ..
all cases k
~n
is plotted along the
horizontal axis and two or more curves are plotted for k
va1ues of C computed in this study are not

shown are typical.
For example
~ncludedo
All of the
However
the ones
in Figo 303 the curves for point E indicate
that the largest C for this point found within the limits of this study is
for k = 0 and k
x
y
= 00350
They also
ind~cate
that C increases as the load
is extended in the y-di.r.ec..ti on bu t decreases as ! tis extended in the

x-d i recti ono
For thi s poi nt the curves for kx = 00 15 and 0025 are omi tted;
however 0 they fall in the cross-hatched

and 00350
reg~on
between the lines for k
=0
The curves for point B are shown as a broken 1ane because C is
negative p indicating a reversal in sign of the moment at location! when

loads are placed at point Bo
These curves show that C decreases as the
loaded area -is increased in s8ze ..
Similarlyo the curves for p.oint.H indicate
that C increases as load is sp read
0n
is spread in the y-directiono
the x-d tree t ion but de.c..r.e.aseswhen load

i
GeneranYpcurves for poi.nts Ap El)'.JFj) and H
are included in all the figures for the general loadingso
in addition p curves
for points B and I are included when the value of C 85 not being computed for
that posnto
If the curve is not included, a notation is made in the figure
indIcating where it can be foundo
When C 8S computed for a moment location
close to either Cp OJ) or Gp the curve for one of these points is includedo
For example p in Figso 303 through 305 for posotive moment
an the muddle strip
curves for point G are included whereas curves for points C and 0 are noto
~n
the second set of curves referred to in Table 302p the
variation of C is shown for square loaded areas centered at points Ap Bp Ep

F f Hp and
These eu rves are taken f rom the p rev O"'OUS ones by choos i n9
values of C for k
x
= ky
-26~n
the thitd set of curves referred to in Table 302p the variation
of C is shown for 1 ine loads centered on points A9 F9 and i and extended

in increments across the panel iQ the
x-dlrect~on9
and for 1 ine loads
centered on points Hand i and extended in increments across the panel in

the y-directiono
The notation ~
indicates a line load centered on point
and extending in the x-directiono

304
Equivalent Load Factors for Moment in a Flat Plate

The equivalent load factors C9 for the case of H = J
presented and discussed in this sectiono
=0
are
They are divided into groups
according to the four moment locations designated 19 2939 and 4 in
~n
the fol1owong paragraphs the varoation of the equivalent load
factor C will be discussed with regard to the effect of the position of the
loaded area with respect to the moment location 9 the effect of extending the
loaded area g the effect of increasing the s8ze of square loaded areas p and
the effect of extending 1 ine ]oads across the panelo
Location 1 - Positive Moment on Midd!e Strip
Curves for the value of C for positive moment in the midd1e strip
discussed togethero
The maximum value of C for this moment
~ocation
from 1203 at point i (Figo 306) down to -005 at poont B (Figo 303)0
value of C at point
varies
The high
is found when the load is placed over the ponnt for
which the moment is computedo
By comparung the curves for points Fg Gp and
H with those for i it is seen that the extremely hsgh value of C drops off
considerably as the load moves away from this pointo
Comparong curves for
... 27-
points Hand F indicates that thus drop is most rapnd 8n the y-directiono
C is negative but small for pODnts A and Bo
Extending the loaded a rea at point ! 8n both "the x'" and
y-direciions causes a rapid decrease in C;
place in the y-directiono
the most rapid-decrease taking
C increases at G as the loaded area is extended
in the y-direction until it includes the high peak at point i

decreases as load is extended farther in both directionso
and then
At point H, C
increases as load is extended in the x-direction toward point I and decreases

slowly as load "is extended in the y ...directiono
loaded area at points Eand F
~s
The effect of extending the
to cause a small increase in Co
cases C increases as load is extended toward point
~,
In both
but for point Ep C
decreases whi1e for pointFp it uncreases as load is extended in the

x-directiono
Extending the loaded area at points A and B has a negligible
effect on Co
Extending square" area loads p for which k = k
directional effects just discussedo
~n
combines the
i
Figo 307 it is seen that as the loaded
area is spread 8 C decreases rapidly at point
but does not change nearly
so much at points Av B9 Ep F and Ho

The curves in Figo 3010 show the variation of C as 1 ine 10ads are
extended across the pane10
These curves continue the trends observed in the
curves for the general loadingso
Comparing the two curves for line loads
in the x- and y-directions through point
A comparison of
with H shows the decreasing
with F and B and

x
(I
and
) gives another
y
indication of the rapid drop of the influence surface in the y-directiono
importance of line loads for this moment location as one moves away from
toward the
~olumn
1 ineo
-28 ....
location2 ... Negative Moment In Middle Strip

Curves for the value of C for negative moment in the column strip
be discussed together
The equivalent load factors for this momeht location
vary from high negative values for moment under the load to smal1er positive
values in the middle of the panelo
and
Comparing. the curves for points 8 p Fg
shows that this variation 8S from large negative values down to zero
and then up to smaller positive ones when moving in the y-direction from
point 80
Comparing curves for H with Ip E with Fg and A with 8 shows that C
decreases in magnitude and maintains the same sign as the load moves in the
x-direction from the line through 8 0 Fv and
~o
Extending the 10aded area fin both directions at point B (Figo .3013)
causes a rapid decrease in C; the more rapid decrease being in the y-directiono
At point Ag C oncreases as load 8S extended in the x-direction toward the
large negative value at point 8 butdec.r.eases when load is .ext.e.nded in the
y-directiono
As load is extended-in both
moderate decrease in C whereas there
~s
d~rections
on]y
at point F there is a
a sl ight decrease for points I,
The variation of C as square area loads are spread at poonts Ap

B,I E!) F9 H!) and
is shown in Figo 30170
The effect of spreading 8S large
at point 8 p moderate at points A and Fo and neg] ngoble at
Hp and Eo
to k y= k = 0035
x
Y
The curves for ~ x and ~ y indicate
The variations in C observed in the studies

are extended for 1 nne loads in Figo 30200
~9
lWm~ted
that 1 ine loads through the center of the panel have about the same effect
up to a length of 006 of the panei Jengtho
At this poont p a 1 ine extended
in the y-direction moves into a region of negative influence and causes a

drop in the curve for
Curves Hand
Fx indicate that line loads placed
y
-29off of the center 1 ines or co]umn Ulnes of the panel have a smaller effect
on the negative moment in the m!dd]e strip than loads along the column and
center 1 i nes
Location 3 -'Positive Moment In Column Strip

Curves for the value of C for posstfive moment in the column strip
be discussed togethero
The highest values of C are found for point 80
As
is true for all points where the moment os computed under the 10ad 9 C
decreases quite rapidly as one moves away from the pointo
A comparison of
the cu rves f or po i nts Oil F" and
with that for AI) shows that the decrease
is more rapid in the
than on the y-dBrect90no
x~direct!on
Comparing the
curves for points E with those for FD H!) and !v and A with 8 shows the values
of C drop off as one moves In the x-d I rect non from a 1 ineth.r~ .B!) F 9' and i
As the loaded area is spread out at point B!) C decreases; the most
rapid decrease takong place fin the x-dorectoono
the loaded area is extended
on the
x-do~ectoon
At point 0" C increas.es as

to k
= 0025
and then
decreases as it is extended farther!) and C decreases slightly as the load

is extended in the y-directoono
the loaded area is extended
~n
At point F!) C decreases moderately when

the x=dsrection but increases only slightly
when the load is extended on the y-dnrectiono

C for points H and
and a
~fitt]e
There as a small variation of
larger varoatBon at points A and Eo
Figure 3027 shows the varnatoon of C for square loaded areas of

various s8zes centered on points AI) Bo Ep F!) Hp and
~o
The curves for points
F" 19 E" and A are almost entBrely nndependent of the sIze of the loaded
areao
There is a large decrease
on C for point B and a small increase for
point A as the loaded area os enlargedo
-30 ...
Fi.gure 3-030 shows the var8ation of C as 1 ine loads are ex.tended

across the panel areao
Comparong curves B ~ F 0 and i shows the decrease

x x
x
in C that takes place as 1 ine loads are moved from the column lineo
comparison of curves i y and Hy indicates the decrease in C as 1 ine loads are

moved away f rom the center of the pane 1 in the x ...d i rect ion
compar B ng curves
F i nail y,
x wi th i y i nd i cates the increase 8n C that t.akes place as
load is extended toward the hngh peak at point Bo

location 4 - Negative Moment in Column Strip
Curves for the value of C for negative moment in the column strip
are presented in Fogso 3033 0 3039 p and 30450
The extremely large factors
found for the other three moment locations do not exist here because the
moment becomes zero when the load is placed at the point for which the
moment is computed
The largest values of C are found at point A and they
decrease as one moves away in either the x'" or y ....directions; the largest
decrease takes place on the y-dnrect8ono
As the load moves from the corner
of the column along a lone through points Co ED and iD the equivalent load
factor first increases up to pOHnt E where !t reaches a maximum and then
decreases as one continues on to point io
~n
genera]
the changes
~n
C that
take place as one moves from point to point are gradualo

Except for points AD ED and CD the effect of extending the loaded
area is to cause a sl ight reduction in C factorso
At point A, C decreases
as 10ad 85 extended en both the x- and y-directoons; the reductions in the

x-direction being slightly
~ess
than in the y-directaono
At point E9 C
increases sl ightly when load is extended fin the y-direction but decreases
when extended on the x-directiono
The equivalent load factors for point C
increase as the loaded area is extended in the y-directions up to k
= 0025
-31-
after which they decreaseD whereas C increases as load is extended in the

x-d i rect i ono
Figure 3039 shows that C varies only 51
areas are spread at points Sp Ep Fo H9 and
~o
~ghtly
as square loaded
There os small reduction in C
when a load at point A is spread over a larger areao

The curves in Fugo 3045 show the varIation of C as ione loads are
extended across the panel
A comparison of curves B 9 F p and

x
x
indicates
the decreasing effect of line loads as they are moved away from the column
1 ineo
Curves I and
x
show that C decreases when a
ine load is extended
in the x-direction but increases when at as extended on the y-directiono

Curves Hand i
y
show the sma]l effect of 1 ine loads perpendicular to the
direction of the moment at the face of the columno

305
Equivalent Load Factors for Slab Moments in a Two-Way Slab

in this section the equivalent load factors C9 for siab moments
in two-way slabs supported on beams having stiffnesses of H = J

00
are presented and discussedo
= 0025
and
They are divided into two groups according
to the two moment locations designated 1 and 2 in
F~go
2010
Location 1 - Positive Moment in Middle Strip
309 p 30 l1v and 30120 for the
pos~tive mome~t
at the center of the pane10
The general shapes of all these curves are very similar to the corresponding
ones for the flat plate (H = J = 0); however p each band of curves for the
various points shifts up or down as the beam stiffness 8S increasedo
By
comparing the curves for points AD Bo Eo Fv and H on Figso 303 through 305 it
is seen that the bands for these points are lowered as the beam stiffness
is increasedo
This downward shift indicates a decrease in the equivalent
...32-
load fa,ctor for these pointso
The curves for points A and B are.not.shown
in Figo 305 becaus.e C is extremely small,o
The band of curves for point G
first- drops s1 ightly and then rises as the beam stnffness is increased ..
The curves for point I in Figo 306 show that C increases as the beam stiffness
is increased
The curves for area loads in Figso 307 p 308 p and 309 fol1ow the same
patterns described for the general 1oads
The curves for 1 ine loads in Figso 30 lao 3011p and 3.12 are similar
in shape to the ones for H = J = 0 but have been shifted up or down slightly.
Curves for Bx
Fx 9 and Hy drop whereas the highest point on the curves for
Ix and i y moves upward as the beam s t 8ffness is i ncreasecL

Figure 3051 summarfizes the variations of C with H for moment location
~n
this figure p values of C are plotted versus the

1
A parameter of the form 1 + 'rH
para~ter
1 + 4H/3
was chosen so that values of C rang.ing from
H = 0 to H = 00 could be included conveniently on the same curveo

an isolated slab supported on flexible beams 9 r
=2
For
since the resistong
moment acting on a section through the slab includes two beam moments and one
s.1ab moment
For the nine-panel structure p r = 4/3 since the resisting
moment in this case consists of four beam moments and three siab momentso
The values of C in th8s figure are the maximum values found within the limits
of this study except for one curve for poant I .corresponding to k = k
x
y
= 0035
which gives the lowest value of C at point
~o
These curves emphasDze the
small variation of C with beam stiffnesso
The largest variation in C is for
the moment directly beneath a concentrated ]oad at ponnt

is spread out over an area corresponding to kx
~o
~f
this load
= ky = 0035 9 not only does
the factor decrease on magnitude but its variation with beam stiffness
...33decreases 0
i ngenera 1
I)
the beam stiffness has 1 itt 1e effect
.OA
tbe.
equivalent load factor for positive s]ab moment ijn the middle stripo
location 2 - Negative Moment in Middle Strop
Curves for the values of C are given in Figso 30149 3015 9 3016 9
3018S) 30191) 3021S) 3022 for the negative moment at the mid-point of the line
connecting the center of the co1umnso
Attentoon is called to the fact that
different scales are used in Fags03.14 and 3016 than in the other figures
for this moment locationo
the flat plate (H
These curves are quote different than the ones. for
= J = O)~
They indlcate that as the beam stiffness
increases there is a rapid decrease sn the magnitude of the negative values

of C accompanied by
n ncreases
in the mag.n Btude of the pos it ive va 1ues
0 ..
Comparison of the curves for the points in Fogo 30 ]6 shows that C decreases
from a large ne.gative value to a smaller posotove value
stiffness increaseso
for point Ao
~n
Fugso 30
~3
as the beam
through 30 ~5 a snmolar trend is oos..erved
These figures also indncate that v wnth increasong beam stiffness,
C increases at points E and Fv Is aimost constant at point HS) and first

decreases slightly and then increases at poont
~o
These curves also nndncate that the range

the loaded area is also affected by beam staffnesso
I
I
on C caused by extending
As the beam stiffness
increases!) the range in C decreases at ponnts Av Sv and H whereas it increases

at points ED Fg and
~o
The trends observed for the genera] loadong curves are also
observed in the curves for the square
~oaded
areas in Figso 3Q17 3018 and
Comparison of Figso 3020 v 3021D 3022 shows the variation of C for

1 ine loads as they are extended across the slab in the x= and y-dorectionso
-34-
As beam stiffn.ess increases 9 C decreases for B , increases for F , I
and decreases sl ightly and then increases for H

y
shapes. of the curves are chan,geda
and
In additioo, the
As beam stiffness increases 9 the curves
for 1 in,e load Bx become flatter, indicating less variation in C as the 1 ine
load is extended across the pane 1; those for F become steeper!) i nd.i.~.at.i.ng
x
a greater variation; and those for
1X9
Iy and Hy undergo minor changes but
remains rather flat.

Figure 3052 11 which has the same format as Figo 3051, summarizes the
variation of C for moment location 20
It emphasizes the fact that beam
stiffness has a large effect on Cg especially for points A and B which are
on the beamo
The curves also show a shift of the maximum positive value of
C toward the middle of the panel with increasing beam stiffnesso

306
Eguivalent Load Factors for Moment in Beams Supporting Two-Way Slabs

Curves for the equivalent load factor!) Cil for positive and negative
moments in beams supporting two-way slabs at locations 3 and 4in Figo 201
are presented and discussed in this sectiono
Because
= 0 was used in the
computations beam moments are found by multiplying the corresponding slab

moment by HL.
Thus!) since Hl is common to both the moment caused by a
concentrated load and the moment caused by a uniformly distributed load over
all nine panels
the ratio of these two moments ll C9 is the same for the
moments in the slab and in the beamo
However
since the s1ab moment
is small
at locations 3 and 49 the C factors are discussed in terms of beam moments.

Location 3 - Positive Moment in Beams
Equivalent load factors for positive moment at the center of the
-35for values'of H =J =Oo25andl000 'With the exceptiori of the c'urvesfor

point Sp all of these curves are very similar tb the corresponding ones for
H = J = 00
In the case of point Sf) shown in Fig.
3~26p
C for k = k
= 0
decreases as the beam stiffness increases, whereas it becomes almost constant

with H as the loaded area is extended up to k = k = 0.35.
x
y
Figure 3053
which is similar to Figs. 3.51 and 3.52 shows the variation of the maximum
value of Co
In general the beam stiffness has a small effect on the value
of the equivalent load factor for positive moment in the column stripe
Location 4 - Negative Moment in Column Strip
Equivalent load factors for negative moment at the face of the
3.50 for values of H = J = 0.25, 100 and 205.
Additional curves for the
case of H = 0025, J = 1.0 and H = 1.0 9 J = 0.25 are shown in Figso 3035,
3036 p 3.41
3042, 3047 g and 3048.
All of the curves in these figures are
similar to the corresponding ones for the case of H = J = 00
In the case
of points Ap S, F, and E, C first decreases and then increases as the

beam flexural and torsional stiffness as increased 9 whereas C decreases
continuously at points
and H as the beam stiffness is increased.
Comparison of Figs. 3034 and 3.35 indicates an increase in C for points A and
B as the torsional stiffness of the beam 8S increased whereas there os very
1 ittle change in C for the other poijntso
However g this trend is not
observed in Figso 3036 and 3.37 in which H = 1 and J is increased from 0.25
to 1.00
The variation of C with H for k
which has the same format as Fig. 3051.

in C as the beam stiffness is increased.
= k = 0 is shown on Figo 3054

y
These curves show the small variation

The curves for the area loads and
for the line loads follow the same patterns described for the general
loadi.ngs; namely a slight decrease in C up to H
=:
0,25 and then an increase
fo,r points A, B, F, and E and a decrease for points I and H as the beam
stiffnesses are increased.
i
-37-
4.
EXAMPLES OF USE OF LOAD FACTORS
40 1 F 1at Slab s
(a)
Concentrated Loads
In the investigation of a floor system designed for a uniformly

distributed load over all panels 9 the question is how large a concentrated
load can be placed at a given point or at any point within the panel
On
the other hand, in the design of a floor system subject to concentrated

loads II the question is what
Bl
equ ivalent Di uniformly distributed load should
be used in the computation of the moments at the critical sectionso

the following paragraphs answers to these questBons are deve 1oped
In
On the basis of the curves for load factors in Chapter 3, it is

evident that the effect of extending the loaded area is small except for
moments directly under the ioado
The positson of the load within the panel
area is the major factor to be consodered an estab1ishing load factors 9 both

for design and for investigation of flat plateso
These general conclusions
will be used to develop simplified onfluence surfaces for load factors for
the flat plate type floor systemo,' The simplified diagrams win then be
used to investigate a typical designo
~n
Table 401a p the maximum load factors found within the J imits
of this investigatoon for the case of H = J
=0
are tabulated for various
moment locations and load pos.itions within the panel areao
These are
maximum values which represent an upper limit to the ioad factors computed
in thos investigation and neglect the effect of the area over which the
load is spreado
Figure 401 was constructed an order to show graphically the
variation of the load factors tabulated in Table 401ao
~n
this fijgure 9 the
regions of the slab having comparable values of C are shown for each of
the four moment locationso
Only
quarter of the panel is considered
...38-
because of symmetry 0 The ranges shown in the figure were established by

grouping the values in Table 401a for points adjacent to one another and for
points having C values of the same relative magnitude and signo
The ranges
in C were made wide enough so that no discontinuities existed at the

boundar i es
~n
some reg ions l> both pos i t lve and negat ive va 1ues are necessary
because of the reversal in sign of the moment caused by loads at particular

pointso
Small circular areas of radius OolL were used where the load factor
appl ies to the moment directly under the loaded areao
The radius of
o. IL
was
chosen since in this instance the effect of distributing the load and the
effect of moving the load from the high peak Oh the influence surface
reduced C appreciablyo
in
wh~ch
pointso
The arrows shown in Fogo 401 indicate the direction
C is decreasing thus indicate how to interpolate for intermediate

Final1Y9 in Figo 402{a) the maximum load factors
regardless of
moment location are grouped and regoons established using the same
technique as for Figo 4010
The moments to be used in desagnong a fiat plate for a fixed
concentrated load can be computed using the appropriate load factors from
Figo 4010
For exampleD if a flat plate 20 by 20 ft 6S to be designed for a
concentrated load of 10 kips at point P (x

fol1owing
Bl
equ ivalent Oi uniformly
= 003l
d~stributed
and y
= Oo2l)
the
live loads should be used in
conjunction with existing formulas for uniform 10ads to compute the

moment at the four critical moment 10cationso
Moment locat i on
load Factor
Uniformly Distributed live load psf
1 05
3705
100
2500
105
3705
1 05
3705
-39 ....
The load factor given in the table above for moment location 1 was
taken as 105 since point P is approximately midway between one region where
C is 100 or -0.5 and another region where C is 200 to 4000
A C factor of 100
for moment location 2 was chosen because point P is well removed from the
point of the right positive load factoro
The values for the other two
locations were establ ished in a similar mannero

The moments to be used in the design of a flat plate for a roving
concentrated load which can be placed at any point on the slab are found by
using the highest load factor for each point to compute full pane1 loadso
For example, if a flat plate 20 by 20 ft is. to carry a concentrated load of
10 kips at any point in the panel the following load factors and uniformly
distributed 10ad should be used to compute the critical. moments 0
Moment location
load Factor
UnBformly Distributed live load p psf
12 or -005
300
-8 or
200* or
150
205
6205
1 05
or -1205
3705
If the 200 psf marked with an asterisk is equal to or less than

the dead 10ad 9 positive moment reinforcement at iocation 2 is not necessaryo
However
if it is larger than the dead 10ad o positive moment reinforcement
is necessaryo
When investigating a slab v the load factors in Figo 402(a} shou1d
be consideredo
The permissible concentrated load which can be placed at, a
given location is found by dividing the total panel load by the appropriate
load factoro
On the basis of the 10ad factors in Figo 402(a}9 the allowable
concentrated load within the five regions for a slab 20 by 20 ft desogned

to carry 200 psf 1 ive load and 100 psf dead load are
-40Region
Load Factor
12.0
II
-8.0 or 6 .. 0
III
105 to 400
1 ,,5 to 2
IV
607
-105 or 2 to 205
Load n Kips
5*
5303
or 1303
5303
to 40
to 20
6607* or 40 to 32
The load shown above for Region I is computed by dividing the total
panel 1 ive 10ad of 80 kips (20 x 20 x 002) by the load factor 120
The
positive value for Region i I is found by dividing the total 1 ive load by 6
and the negative value is found by dividing the total dead load of 40 kips
by the load factor 8000
The loads marked with an asterisk are permissible
loads if special reinforcing steel is not provided"
That is, loads in
these regions cause a reversal on sign of moment at one of the four moment
locations and thus require reinforcement on the opposite face of the s1ab
from where it is normally placedo
The loads marked with the asterisk are
chosen so that the moment produced by the dead load is equal to the moment
of opposite sign produced by the concentrated load"
The load which can be
placed at any point on the slab is the smallest of these values; namely
5 kips ..
(b)
Loads Distributed Over a Small Area
A common specification of many building codes is that the floor

system be proportioned to carry a load of 29000 lb distributed over a
2;S-ft square area and placed so as to produce maximum moments
Equivalent
uniform loads satisfying this specefication are tabuiated in Table 402 for
three panel slzeso
~n
computing these values p account has been taken of
the effect of spreading the load over the 2o?-ft square areao
negative loads for location 2 are greater than the dead 10ad
~f
the
positive
-41-
moment reinforcement running perpendicular to the column 1 ine will be requiredo

~n
general
the largest of these uniformly distributed loads is small compared
to the loads for which flat slabs are commonly designedo

(c)
Line Loads
Load factors for 1 ine loads I D ! 9 and B extending across the

x
y
x
entire panel width as shown
~n
Figo 404 are tabulated below for the case of
H = J = 00
Load Factors for Line Loads
Moment Location
404
1 07
x
... 002
1 00
005
... 202
005
1 .; 3
I 01
005
009
I 05
These factors can be used to compute equivalent uniform loads for partitions
placed in these positionso
Fo~
exampleD the total weight 9 Wp of a partition
h ft high having a unit weight of
w psf
is
W = wh L
The equiva1ent uniformly distributed load over the entire panel area p qp is
CW
C wh
q=l2=-L-
For 8-in concrete block w

p
= 38
psf;
q
thus for a partition 8-ft high
= 304L
In Figo 405 q vs l is plotted for various C factorso
From this figure it is
seen that the common specification of 30 psf 85 adequate for those cases
where the span length is greater than 20 ft and C is less than 20
However p
-42(
for a partition located in position I 9 the equivalent load factor for

x
positive moment at the center of the panel is 404 and the 30 psf is not
adequateo
402
Two-Way Slabs
(a)
Concentrated Loads
Except for the negative moment in the middle strip (Location 2)9
the effect of stiffness of the beams supporting two-way slabs is small
and the position of the load within the pane) area is the major variableo
The maximum values of C regard Jess of beam stiffness are tabulated in
Table 401 (b) for the four moment locations and the six positions of loadso
These data show only small changes in C when compared to the corresponding
values for H = J
= 0 for moment locations
for location 20
The values for moment location 2 are quite conservative if
used for al1 stiffnesses of beamso
19 3 9 and 49 but Jarge changes
Figures 403 and 402(b) are ssmilar to
Figso 401 and 402{a) respectivelY9 in that they show ranges in load factors
for vari.ous regions of the panel
However the ranges indicated are
established for the maximum value of C regardless of the va1ues of Hand Jo

in the following paragraphs these factors are used for the design and
investigation of two-way slabs using the same examples as those
used for
the flat plate in Section 4010

The moments to be used in designing a two-way slab for a fixed
concentrated load can be computed using the appropriate load factor fram
Figo 4030
For example 9 if an interior panel 20 by 20 ft 5S to be designed
for a concentrated load of 10 kips at point P (x = Oo3l and y = 002l)

the following
li
equ ivalent Bi uniformly distrobuted 1 ive loads should be used
in conjunction with existing design methodso
...43-
Moment Location
Load Factor
Uniformly Distributed Live Load, psf
1 05
3705
75 .. 0
1 05
37" 5
1 ,,5
37" 5
The load factor shown above for location 2 was found by using a
1 inear interpolation between the extreme values 2 and 5 along 1 ine x-x in
Figo 403 (b)" -The other values are the same as those for H = J
= 00
The moments to be used in the design of a two-way slab for a

roving load which can be placed at any point on the slab are found using
the highest load factor for each point to compute full panel loadso
For
example p if a flat plate 20 by 20 ft is to carry a concentrated load of

10 kips at any point in the panel
the following load factors and equivalent
uniform loads should be used to compute the critical moments

Moment Location
Load Ratio
Uniformly Distributed Load" psf
16 or -005
400
or ... 1205
... 8 or 5
200"k or 125
~50
75
If the 200 psf marked with an asterisk is equal to or less than the dead
10ad s positive moment reinforcement steel at location 2 is not necessary ..
However if it is larger than the dead, positive moment reinforcement is
necessaryo
it should be noted that the loads shown for location 2 are
excessive for high values of Hand Jo

When investigating a slab p the load factors shown in Figo 402(b)
should be consideredo
The permissible concentrated ]oad placed at a fixed
location is found by div!ding the total panel load by the appropriate load
-44factoro
On the basis of the load factors in Figo 4.2(b)9 the allowable
concentrated load within the five regions for a s1ab 20 by 20 ft designed

to carry 200 psf 1 ive load and 100 psf dead load are as follows:
Region
Load Factor
Load, kips
16
500
II
-800 or 600
III
200 to 500
500* or 1303
to 800
40~0
IV
200
4000
-105 or 2 to 3
6607* or 4000 to 3303
The values marked with an asterisk are permissible loads if special

positi.ve moment reinforcement steel is not provided and are conservative for
. high values of Hand Jo
The smallest of these loads is the permissible
concentrated load which can be placed at any point in the panel; namely 5 kipso
(b)
Loads Distributed Over a Small Area
Uniform loads equivalent to the specification of 2,000 lb spread

over a 205-ft square area are tabulated in Table 402 using maximum load
factors regardless of Hand J but taking account of the area over which the
load is spreado
These data show a sma11 increase in the equivalent uniform
load for positive moment in the middle
strip~
a large increase in the
positive values for negative moment in the middie strips no change for the
positive moment in the column strip9 and a slight increase for negative
moment in the column stripo
The equivalent uniform loads p however 9 are
quite 1 ight when compared to the loads for which this type of floor system
is designed.
(c)
line loads
Load factors for line loads Ix 9 Iy 9 and Bx extending across the

entire pane] width as shown in Figo 404 are tabulated below using maximum
-45values regardless of Hand J.

Moment location
load Factors for line loads

Y
B
x
4.4
109
-002
1 03
205
-202
006
1 03
103
005
1 00
100
These values, when used in conjunction with Fig. 405, which applies to the
case of an 8-in. concrete block partition 8-ft high g can be used to find
equivalent uniformly distributed panel loads for design purposes.
These
results indicate the same general conclusion reached for flat slabso
-<
403
limitations of Numerical Results

Because of the geometry of the structure analyzed, the limited scope
of the analysis, and the assumption made in estab1 ushing the loads in these
examples the numerical results presented above are illustrative rather
than general
10
A summary of the assumption made os given belowo

The structure analyzed is the interior
p~nel
of nine square
panels arranged three by three and having uniform slab thickness and infinitely stiff columns which have a ell ratio of 0010
2.
The computations of the influence coefficients are based on

~.
elastic behavior of the slab and beams with PoissonBs ratio equal to zero
and are made using a numerical procedure based on finite ~ifference equationso
3.
The equivalent load factors for area loads are computed for an
area extending up to one-third of the span length in each direction, thus

1 imiting the size of the loaded area to about iO per cent of the panel areao
The load factors used to compute the loads in the examples of this chapter
are based on maximum values and hence are usually conservativeo
However~
-46using complicated relationships rather than maximum values is not

justified because of the I imitations of geometry of the structure and the
assumptions made in the analysiso
-47-
50
50 1
SUMMARY AND GENERAL CONCLUSiONS
Ou t 1 i ne of I nves t i ga t i on
The analytical study presented in this report is concerned
w~th
the moments in continuous floor slabs produced by concentrated loadso

Influence coefficients were computed for four moment locations
in the interior panel of a continuous structure composed of nine square
panels arranged three by three and supported along the edges by flexible
beams (Fig. 201)0
If the supporting beams have zero flexural and torsional
stiffnesses, the nine-panel structure is representative of the type of floor

system known as the flat plate;
when the beams are considered to have
stiffness 9 the structure analyzed is similar to the type of f100r system

called a two-way slabo
Slab moments were obtained for values ofH and J
ranging from zero to infinitY9 and beam moments were obtained for values
of Hand J of 0025, 100 8 and 2050
The computation of the influence coefficients for the structure
was made using a
numeri~al
procedure whoch was coded for the
the digital computers at the University of nlinoiso
~LLiAC9
one of
This procedure jnvoives
the use of finite differences and is duvided into two stepse
in the first
step9 the deflections 9 momentsj) and shears for a single panel with fixed-.edge
boundary conditions are computed.
in the second step9 the deflections at
the boundary resulting from continuity with adjoining panels are computed
and superimposed on the defiectnons for the fixed-edge conditione
The
loading systems shown in Figso 202 and 2.3 were used in the computations.
These loading systems were determined using a procedure described by No Mo
Newmarko
Since a fine network of 400 squares was used in writing the
finite difference .equat ions
!)
the approxumate solution was found to be quite
accurate when compared with BiexactOO so] uti ons.
-48-
The influence coefficients obtained for the four moment locations

common1y considered in the design of continuous floor systems have been
presented graphically by
mea~s
inf1uence 1 ines for beams.
of influence surfaces which are similar to
A study was made of the influence surfaces to
determine the significant variables ;by computing moments for concentrated

loads, area loads extending one-third of the span length in each direction,
or line loads running across the entire panel width and parallel to the
panel boundaries.
The resu1ts have been interpreted and made suitable for
practical use by introducing the concept of an equivalent panel load, which

when distributed uniformly over the entire pane] and used with conventional
design procedures, gives an effect equal to that of the load distributed
over a small area
The equivalent panel load is computed by mu1tiplying the concentrated load by an equivalent load factor Co
These equivalent load factors
are plotted for the four moment 10cations 9 for various loadings, and for
various flexural and torsional stiffnesses of the beamso
Several examples of the appl Bcation of load factors in problems
of both'design and investigation are goven in Chapter 4 for both the f1at
plate and the two-way slabo
Considerable simplification is made in these
examp1es by using maximum 10ad factors without regard to the area over
which the load is placed or the stiffness of the edge beamso
502
General Conclusions
The following general conclusions from the results of this
investigation are bel ieved to be applicable to al] continuous two-way floor

slabs supported on flexible beams.
The position of the load with respect to the moment location is
the most important variable to be considered in the computation of moments
-49-
produced by concentrated loads.
For positive moment, a rapid decrease
occurs as the load is moved away from the moment location, whereas for
negative moment p the decrease is much slowero
The effect of spreading a concentrated load over a larger area is
small except for the moment directly beneath or in close proximity to the
moment locationo
In the case of moment directly beneath the load p there is
a rapid decrease in moment as the loaded area is enlargedo
For a load near
the moment location, there is first an increase until the loaded area includes the moment location, after which there is a decrease in momento
The effect of the beam stiffness on the equivalent load factor C
is small except for the case of the negative moment in the middle strip.
In this case, as the value of H is increased from zero to infinity, there is
a decrease in the large negative values of C (a minus sign indicates a
reversal in moment from that normally associated with the moment location
for uniform load) from -8 to zero and then an increase to smaller positive
valueso
The positive load factors for the negative moment in the midd1e
strip increase with increasing beam stijffnesso

The common building code requirement of considering a load of
2000 lb distributed over a 2a5-ft square area and located to produce
maximum effect is equivalent to very 1 ight uniformly distributed 10adso

The cammon practice of using 30 psf to account for partition
loads is adequate for most cases but may not be adequate for positive
moment at the center of the panel
... 50 ...
60
10
REFERENCES
BUILDING CODES
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Basic Building Code BOCA 1950

American S~andard Building Code 1945 9 National Bureau of Standards
National Board of Fire Underwriters 1949
Pacific Coast Building Officials Conference ]952
New York Building Code 1946
Chicago Building Code 1950
Philadelphia Building Code 1949
Detroit Building Code
Southern Building Code Congress, Southern Standard Building
Code 1950
2.
Pucher, Ao, DlEinflussfelder elastischer Platten U8 , 2nd Edo
30
Hoeland ll Go, DiStutzmomenten-Einflussfelder durchlaufender Platten 8l g

Berl in/Gottingen/Heidelbergo
4.
RUschl/ Eo Heg and Hergenroder, AOI) DtEinflussfe1der der Momente

Schiefwinkliger Platten Ul p Munchen/19610
5.
Jensen Vo POl) BUAnalysis of Skew Slabs Hl , University.of Illinois

Experiment Station Bulletin 332, September 19410
6e
Newmark No Mop and Siessf} Co Pog oBMoments in ~"'Beam Bridges US Il

University of 111 inofs Experiment Station Bulletin 336 9 June 19420
ll
Vienna, 19580
70S i ess, CoP 11 and Newmark~ No Mo uBMoments in Two-Way Concrete Floor

Slabs iB lJ University of illinois Experiment Station Bulletin 385 9
February 19500
0
8.
f}
Newmarkp No MOl) BONote on Calculation of ~nfluence Surface in Plates by

Use of Fin i te Difference Equat i ons oo Jou rna 1 of App 1 i ed Mechan i cs lJ
Vol. 8 p Noo 29 June 1941 p po A-920
!)
90
Angp Ao, '~he Development of a Distribution Procedure for the Analysis

of Continuous Rectangular Piates B1 D University of nlinois Civil
Engineering Studies Structural Research Series Noo 176, May 19590
100
Ang, AOf) and Newmark p N. Mop BOA Numerical Procedure for the Ana1ysis
of Continuous Slabs 0i 9 Proceedfings of the 2nd Conference on Electronic
Computation, Pittsburghf} Pennsylvania p September 19604
110
Westergaard, Ho MOll DiComputation of Stresses in Bridge Slabs Due to

Wheel Loads Di lJ Public Roads D Volo ~~!) Noo ID 1930 9 ppo 1-230
120
Morrison, Go Do, BBS olutions for Nine-Panel Continuous Plates with

Stiffening Beams 6i l) MoSco Thesis!) University of ~l!inoisl) 19610
TABLE 201
Flexural
Stiffness
Eb'b
~
Torsional
Stiffness
SUMMARY OF INFLUENCE SURFACES
Middle Strip
Column Strip
GK
NL
Positive
Negative
(a)
Beam Moments
Slab Moments
Fig. 205
Fig .. A. l
Fig. 2 .. B
Fig . A04
(b)
Positive
Positive
Negative
Fig.. 2. 12')"
Figo A08*
Fig. 2. 15*
Fig . A.,11*
N:egat ive
Flat Plate
Fig. 2011
Fig. A.7
Fig. 2014
Figo A.l0
Two-Way Slab
u
0025
0025
0025
100
100
0025
100
1 .. 0
205
00
Figo 2 . 6
Figo A.2
Fig. 209
Fig . AoS
Fig . 2013
Fig. A.9
Fig. 2.15
Fig.A . 11
Fig . 2016
Figo A. 12
Fig. 2 . 16*
Fig A. 12')"
Fig . 2 . 17
Fig. Ao13
Fig. 2 . 17*
Fig . A.13*
Figo 2.18
Fig. A.14
Fig. 2019
Fig. A.1S
205
00
Fig. 2.12
Fig. A.B
Figo 207
Figo Ao3
It
Fig .. 2.13*
Fig. A. 9*
Fig. 2 . 18*
Fig ... A 14*
(#
Fi,g . 2019*
Fig . A.15*
Fig. 2.10
Fig. A06
This value is a slab moment coefficient .

corresponding beam moment coefficients.
Multiply all values by the quantity HL to obtain the
U1
-52-
TABLE 2.2
COMPARISON OF SLAB MOMENT COEFFICIENTS
Slab Moments
J.
0
0 .. 25
0 .. 25
0.,25
1 .. 0
Mi dd 1e S tr i p
Column Strip
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
0 .. 0206*
0 .. 0208**
0.0255*
0.0258**
0 .. 0575*
0.,0571**
O.171~
0,,0200*
0 .. 0201**
000380*
o039 (P\"*
0.0287*
000294-1."*
0 .. 0600*
000603**
00 J 72*
0 .. 0484**
1 .. 0
0.25
1 .. 0
1. 0
2 .. 5
2 .. 5
000225*
0., 0218-1."')\000110*
0.0105-1.,,*
0.,0205*
0 .. 0206-1."*
0.0090*
Oo0088~
co
00
0.0177*
0 .. 0177**
0 .. 0507*
000507-1."*
Values obtained by Morr ison
**
Va1 ues obtained from influence coefficients
-53-
TABLE 3.1
UNIT MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR ALL PANELS LOADED
Slab Moments*
H
Middle Strip
Column Strip
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
000246
0.0305
0.0530
O. 142
0025
0.25
0.0230
0.0400
000278
0~0590
0.25
1 .. 0
1 .0
0.25
1.0
1.0
2.5
205
00
00
0.0484
. 0.0200
000112
000190
0.0080
0 .. 0177
0,,0506
* Values are moment coefficients in terms of the total un i formAy

distributed load on one panel.
TABLE 3,,2
SUMMARY OF EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTOR CURVES
Column Strip
Middle Strip
Type of Load
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
General loads
F i 9S" 3 3 -3 .. 6
Figs"
3" 13 -3 .. 16
F i 95" 3" 23 ... 3 " 26
F i 9 s.. 3" 3 3 -3 .. 38
Area Loads
Figs.. 3" 7 -3 09
F i g5.. 3 .. 17 -3., 19
Figso 3027 ...3029
Figs . 3.39-3044
Line Loads
F i 9 s" 3 10 -3 I 2
Figso 3020-3022
Fig s
IS
to
3 3 0 ...3 32
0
. Figs.
3" 46-3050
VI
-55-
TABLE 4.1
MAXiMUM LOAD FACTORS
TABLE 402
MOMENTS DUE TO A LOAD OF 2000 LB DISTRIBUTED OVER AN AREA 205-FT SQUARE
H=J
Moment
Location
Span
ft
= ky
Any Hand
Equlvo Unifo Load

psf
Positive
=0
Negat ive
Positive
Negative
Equiv. Unif. Load

psf
Positive
Negative
Positive
20
0 . 125
1 .. 8
39
9.5
48
25
00100
8 .. 5
27
10.6
34
30
00083
9 1
20
11 .5
26
20
0.125
1 .4
-4 . 5
-23
4.6
-4.5
23
Neg'at'ive
-23
U'I
25
0.100
104
-5" 1
-16
4.7
-5. J
15
... 16
30
00083
I. 4
-5 .. 7
-13
4.7
-5.7
10
-13
20
0.125
3.8
20
3.8
20
25
0.100
4.2
13
4.2
13
30
0 . 083
4.5
10
4.5
10
20
0 . 125
206
13
2. 1
13
25
0 . 100
2.6
2.7
30
00083
2 .. 6
2 .. 8
en
D
-57-
...J
I~
FIG. 2.1
.1.
PLAN OF NINE PANEL STRUCTURE
(a)
Positive Moment at Center

of Plate
FIG. 2.2
(b)
Negative Moment at Center

of Edge
LOAD SYSTEMS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF INFLUENCE

SURFACES OF A FIXED EDGE PLATE
-58-
(a)
Co1umn Strip Moments
(b)
FIG. 2.3
Middle Strip Moments
LOAD SYSTEMS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF INFLUENCE

SURFACES FOR THE NINE PANEL STRUCTURE
... 59 ...
Centroi d of
loaded Area
co..
'"e
CD
(1 ... a) ")..
let the Resultant Load = P

Then the Node Point React ions are:
R)
(1 ... a) (1 .. t') P
R2 = 0(1 ... p)
(1 ... a)t)
R3
==
R4
Total
FIG. 2.4
I:
I!II:
at)
COMPUTATION OF CORNER REACT'ONS FOR PARTIALLY

LOADED AREA WITHIN ONE GRID
.... 60 ....
Scale Factor = 10 -4
FIG. 2.5
INFLUENCE SURFACE FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCAT. ON 1)' . H = J == 0
-61-
Scale factor
fiG. 2.6
= 10 4
INfLUENCE SURfACE fOR POSITIVE HOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCATION 1)
H = J = 0825
Scale Factor == 10,-4
FIG. 2.1
INfLUENCE SURfACE FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCAT I
1)
H- J -
-63 ....
Scale Factor
FIG .. 2 . 8
= 10 -4
INFLUENCE SURfACE fOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCATION 2)
H= J = 0
Scale Factor
FIG. 2.9
10
INFLUENCE SURFACE FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCATION 2) H = J = 0.25
Scale factor
fIG. 2.10
= 10 -4
INfLUENCE SURfACE fOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCATION 2)
H=J =~
Scale factor
fiG. 2.11
10 4
INfLUENCE SURfACE fOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(lOCATION 3) H c J - 0
Scale Factor = 10
FIG. 2.12
INFLUENCE SURFACE FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(LOCATION 3)
H = J - 0.25
fiG. 2.13
INflUENCE'SURfACE fOR POSITIVE MOMENT 8N COlUMN STRIP

(lOCATION 3) H,. J
1.0
l1li
Scale Factor _ 10-4
FIG. 2.14
INfLUENCE SURFACE FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(LOCATION 4)
H- J 0
-70-
50
Scale Factor
FIG. 2.15
10
INFLUENCE SURFACE FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(LOCATION 4)
H - J = 0.25
... 71- ...
fIG. 2.16
INfLUENCE SURfACE fOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(LOCATION 4)
H. 0.25
J I .0
-72-
10
Scale factor
FIG. 2.17
!E
10
-4
INFLUENCE SURfACE fOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(lOCATION 4)
H. 1.0
J - 0.25
Scale Factor - 10
FIG. 2.18
INFLUENCE SURFACE FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(lOCArION 4) H - J = 1.0
... 74....
Scale Factor
FIG. 2.19
= 10-4
INfLUENCE SURFACE FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(LOCATION 4)
H - J - 2.5
Exact Solution - A. Pucher
Flni~e Difference Solution
...J
0.4
4J
0.3
.-u
~
....
11.6-
Q)
:J
.....s
U'i
B
Locat I on 1
~~I
II
~'nl
Homeft
0 .. 2
IT
~/ Posl't!ve
Negative Moment
locat f on 2
o. 1
o&
JJ
O~
0 .. 2
=-+:: '\
0 .. 3
0.4
0.5
0 .. 6
0.7
0.8
x/L
FIG . 2.20 SECTION THROUGH INFLUENCE SURFACES FOR POSITIVE AND INEGATIVE MOMENT
TAKEN ALONG THE CENTERLINE OF A FIXED EDGE PLATE
0.9
1 .0
0.,4
Negative Homen.t
4.D
0 .. 3 I
.......
A'
U
'4I.e-
u
e
u
c
Q)
0 .. 2
'...
os I t Ive Homent-"
8
.....,
m
a
::JI
~
0 .. I
\.
to
O':J
0 .. 2
0 .. 1
'<I
I. I
0.3
0 .. 4
0 .. 5
0 .. 6
0 .. 1
0 .. 8
x/L
FIG. 2.21
SECTION THROUGH INFLUENCE SURFACES FOR POSITIVE AND~EGATIVE MOMENT

TAKEN ALONG CENTERLINE OF COLUMN STRIP H a J = 0
:t'>a
0.9
1 .. 0
0 .. 5
s.s
d
Exact Solution - A. Pucher

0.4
5.S I
~I~'~---------
~ ~.S
S.S
L/20
SII
1=41
.,
~I
- Jensen
4.D
O.l
~
'+-
- l/G - Jensen
- Jensen
Cl)
u
c
t)
"<sL., .....<:::----'~-
::J
'+-
......
......
a
I >If
fIIII::
0 .. 01 5L
~ O.C~~I
0. 1
~~
= 0.123l
_I
~I
= 0.D8ll
01_ _ _ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~

0'
0 .. 02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
x/L
FIG. 2.22
SECTION THROUGH INFLUENCE SURFACE FOR POSITIVE HOHENT AT THE

'CENTE:R OF A S.HPl Y SUPPORTED SQUAR.E PLATE, fJ. m 0 . 15
... 78 ...
/~
__
________________
__-+/
kl
.1
He
C
CWl/12
lIZ
I:
[12 (a/l')2 ... 12
(a/l)3 + k 2 (1 - 3
aIL)]
2 .. 0
1.8
~
.....
1 .. 6
all
~
~~
I:
3/4
- ---- ;'~
......,.,.
r-
all
= 7/8
----.....~
= 213
J .. 4
1 ,,2
aIL
~ .......
.........
1 .. 0
all
......
all
0 .. 8
I:
all = 1/2
~~
~~
3/8
"
= 1/3
all - 1/4
0,,6
...-..
0 .. 4
0 .. 2
aIL - 1/8
0
0 .. 1
0.2
0.3
0.40.5
0.6
0.7
0 .. 8
FIG. 3.1
EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR FIXED END HOMENT
0.9
1.0
-79-
y
A.
" " Co 1umn LI ne
CD
-c
.....B
C
ej
III
ct
~{~.
C
Origi"n
.10
CD
.I
Lt-J
--
.
Loea t i on of POints
Point
x/L
y/L
Point
x/l
0 .. 25
0.50
0.25
0 .. 50
0 .. 40
0 .. 40
0 .. 10
0 .. 25
0.50
0 .. 10
0',,40
0 .. 10
0 .. 50
0 .. 50
0.25
0 .. 25
FIG .. 3 .. 2 POINTS USED eN STUDY OF INFLUENCE SURFACES
5.0r----r--~~--~--~----~--~----~--~
J.4
3
&!
il
34.0r---~r-~--~--~~--+---~--~~~
t)
11
Q>
';j
~3.0r---+---~---+---4~~~~~~~--~
Fig. 3.6
2.0r----r--~----~---4----~--~----~--~
. 0.4
0 .. 1
k
FIG. 3.3
EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT

IN MIDDLE STRIP H - J = 0
.
-81H
G
CD
\.1)
CD
D.
CD
A
6.0~--~----~--~--~--------~----~--~
5.0~--~----~--~--~----4----4----4---~
0.1
0.2
k
0.3
FIG. 3.4 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT

IN MIDDLE STRIP
H ~ J = 0.25
0 .. 4
H
....
G --
;
-
...
,'0
-
I~
6 .. 0
I
I
!
I
I,
- --~
~
~to ~~ ~ 8>Y
RQY<
I
V7/ ~V/7~
o -~
~
k
I:
,,~
.....
~'\ ~
0.35
k ==
x
f-
///
kx -
2 .. 0
I omi ted ... see F g .. 3.1)
k
J .. 0
E/
/
r--..."""
o
_ k
x
0.35 _
~
~
~""
:: 0
7// /
~'"
"
/'
kx -
0 .. 1
A a ~d B n I
0.2
k
FIG. 3.5 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSiTIVE MOMENT

IN MIDDLE STRIP H == J ~
0.4
-83-
16.0
10
14.0
12.0
10.0~--~~-+~~~--~---r--~----~--~
$o
4.0~--~---+----+---~---+----+---~--~
0.1
0.2
k
FaG. 3.6 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT

IN MIDDLE STRIP DUE TO LOADS AT POINT I
0.4
H
....
~
'E
10
I
I
1\
t,)
s..
.s
C)
~r-CD
IF. .
~
I
1
I
!
I
\
'\
OJ
~
>
~
;
i
\
1\
g='
12
~
~
I
I
I\.
"'~
.~
i
i
.!
~
II
"N
---....-......
2
i
j
E
f
r-- .............. I-
--
,--
.................... ........
0 .. 1
_B
"--- -- .....
I
-.. ........
~............,
0.2
....
0 .. 4
kx - ky
FIG. 3.1 EQUIVAlENT LOAD fACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOHENT IN MIDDLE STRIP
DUE TO SQUARE AREA LOADS, H = J - 0
... 85 ....
H
...
G .... ~Q)
\,
I!
\,
CJ
s:::
QJ
II>
.....
10
.s
'i
3
1B
12
t,)
47
"
----.......
2
C'
I-- -
........... F- .............
1 - - 1 - " ' - 'tz-. ...........
0 .. 1
10--_
""""-
1--......1 - - -
0 .. 2
k
lIiC
I
=:jB
.........
A
--
0 .. 4
FIG .. 3 .. 8 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

DUE TO SQUARE AREA LOADS H J - 0.25
lIiC
16
'\
14
()
I
I
\\
f\1
.s
8
+>
s::3
Q,)
.....c
I
I
I
I
I
I
"\
IS
>-
"".",
"1"4
\,
10
t>
rf
'i
..9
D
....
~~.,
.C
12
G-~Ci)
"-
"
---..
r----.. ~
o
o
A and 8 ni I
0.2
0 .. 1
k
0 ..
= ky
fIG. 3 .. 9 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

DUE TO SQUARE MEA' lOADS H - J 00
II1II
!ID87 ....
I,
1
II
..
...
J
--CD
4r
~
-A
12
\.
\\\
1\
r--......
'x
"-
"~
1
II
I
. I
I
I
-!
I
~
"
1
I~I
~
---""""--.. I
r---.
I
I
I
'" ""'I~
H
I
!i
-~
I
I
\ '" '"
\
\1 \~
10
,,/
I
II
~ ~!
~
~-
~r----
F
~-
o
o
- ...... "'--
"
Fa- ...... I'- - - i"'"='===
0 .. 4
--
Bx
-...........
-- -
0 .. 6
-'i
0,,8
FIG. 3.10 EQUIVALENT lOAD fACTORS fOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP
DUE TO LINE lOADS H - J - 0
- -....
... 88 ...
Ii
"'"
12
TB
-I
I
\\1
!
I
\ 1\\
10
f----';
t
I:
r\.
'" '"
I!
I
i\..X
'\\
-~
H
r---... ~
.......... 1 - -
~-
0.2
I
i
'"
1'.,,
'"-
"'-
iTx - - -0.4
"
~ ........
Ii
~
I
./
........
..............
-- ...
+-_. . . -
~
~
0.6
~ Foo... --..... --'-""~
.......... to--
............
t----
--
....... ~--
0.8
FIG. 3.11
--
I
I
fx
II
---
,...,@
~r
"'"
,~
II
~
I
G ...
EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

DUE TO LINE LOADS H B J B 0.25
1.0
-89 ...
16
'\
I!
l\
14
\\
\ \
''(X
\,
\
"
\
"
"-
I\y
"'"
"
" "'-,
'"'"
"
--...
-....A
10
D
fit
E
(I
!
~
LI
-'"-CD
G
fit
\\
12
II
....
!
!
..............
H
~ ~y
~ """-.
r----.r---...
Fx
B ..
nil
!'"
0 .. 2
0.6
0,,4
FIG. 3.12 EQVIVAlE"T LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT aN MIDDLE STRIP
DUE TO LINE LOADS' H - J z ~
1.0
... go . .
Ii
""
~t-. G)
.-
I
I
I,
!
I
8 omit ted - See Fi g .. 3 .. 16
!k,
- (
7'[7::!'f. 'RJ::l1 I111
"
'\. '\.
.~
. 1 .. 0
'\.
-n
,,'\. ~/
-..,......od! -~// t"7_~

~{ffJ1 .[7} ./..4 U f4,.J/J
/
/.:..
~ ~~W
"
!III:
V- ~x - .0
II/I"'H I J I
~I:
0 ... 35
~ k
'17171 l' f / ' , ' , '
== 0
;. 1:1:
J{fJ1 idll- ff:1/ I I / Ii ,-", ~

H
==
O.2!
k :m
F
1'1
x
~~~ ...... ~ ~
~)(
a:
K)
0 .. 5
'-
U ..
.;l I~
kx
l1li:
. ' I\, \. \. \. \.
,k
--'
O.3~
\. \. \.\. ' \ " \
( -I
~~
Fltl
=-. ) ) --~
kv
,.
"
FIG . 3 .. 13 EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT

IN MIDDLE STRIP H= J - 0
... 91.....
I
G
1'1
.....
-;0
!
!
~
I
I
I
I
2 .. 5
/
- See Fi~ ..
B omit ted
"
lIIii
x,
V// /
1/
--,
/
IIiII
v// // [7//V / /
0 .. 15
/
k~
lIIIII
3 .. 16
0 .. 2 ~
,'"'""~""'"= ~"'" ~"'"'"'" '""'"

\,.
0.35
.,,~
"-
v / / v / / / V7~
~~r ~c~ ~--~
'I,r
} - kx = O.3sr--- ~
.. n
I:
~c;,
...-.,.
~~
0
0.1
/ / / / 7z7
"""'-~,,,,,,,,~
I:
.~
/7; 7/?~D ~ ~
M
o
k'v
,~
It
17//
f-f
. II
all k s
/ /
Ii
0 V>'
, .0
./
II
-7
t?2 ~
kx
V/.,..// / /L / / / '// /'~

V//
k
(J
x
~ kx p.. 3~ ~
~""
II
~~v-R~
\
0.2
k
FIG .. 3.14 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOHENT

HIDDLE STRIP . H = J = 0.25
0.4
-92 ....
:g
I
G
ED
I~
ED
ED
ED
~~(!)
A
6 .. 0
5.0
k x - ~.D
I x - . O. 15
" .'" "'" '" '\

" ." "-'"
0 25
II1II
'\ .~'\ ~~
"'~ ~~ "
_"\.~ ~"'\ '\,~
~ ~1F
~ ~~ ~~~ ~~
-~'<'~
'\
C\~
'\
"''''~
" , " k '\ .'\ _'\. 1'\~~"
'~ -~
x - 0.3:
"'-
B omit ted - See Fi g. 3.16
II<.
== (
~h W~ ~'l~ VZh ~/ ~// W~

\-k
2 .. 0
KW
k~
,""""""
0.35
'Lie
1.,0
)C
[\~~ ~~
1--.....
1/
0 ~ Is
~ ~ ~I
~"'~
I.
I"X -
'"
r~-
- 0
o~
I
k
.
..
0 .. 1
.,"
tI' /
- ~~0
V./~
0.2
k
:: 0 .. 35
bt
0.3
FIG. 3.15 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT

IN MIDDLE STRIP H - J = ~
0.4
...93 ...
H
4 .. 0
2 .. 0
<fIIII1"'"
t.>
$.G
.s
(J
r:!
'i
.s
.,
~
s:::
>
"1"'4
S'
$-2 .. 0
FIG~
3 . 16
E~~VAlENT lOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

DUE TO laADS AT POINT B
-94-
8.0
1.0
~:
\,
<E
4~
ti
'\
I'
-G
...
1}3
\
11
II
\.
'\
s.o
II
~
"
..
4u..=
",
\~
...
",
'" f'
.~
.....
'
- r----:;.: ~
1.0
I""""'- __
........
"-
.......
"""'-
.........
H
A
.
IE'
...... E
o
o
0 .. 2
0 .. 1
k
fiG" l,,11
E~IVAlENT
0 .. 4
x = ky
LOAD FACTORS' FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

DUE TO SQUARE AREA LOADS
H- J - 0
II....
I
G
~p.
1:8
.,
!
.1
.1
!
;
I
I
I
!
II
I
I
\ ..
\ ,B
2 .. 0
"'\
--- ------ .......-. f
\..
1.. 0
....
'-
r - .........
~~
.......,;;
o
o
0.1
&.I
VI
"Ill
i-
"l
"-
-- - ..........
0.2
.~ I
....................
~ .........
~,...!
0 .. 4
kx - ky
FIG~
3 . 18
E~8VALENT LOAD fACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

DUE TO SQUARE AREA LOADS H = J
0 . 25
Il:
:g
I
G
f
.-
~-[)
~
I
i
!
I
5.0
~bm.
lj
i
~
'"
"'"
2 .. 0
E
8
B.. 0
~-
./
:/
A
~
0.;
0.2
0 .. 1
k
:::: k
~
0 .. 4
fiG .. 3 . 19 EQUIVAlENT LOAD fACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

DUE T'O S(JJARE AREA LOADS H:::: J 00
&:
8.0
.... 97 ....
\
\
...B
7.0
II
G
,,
.
4r
---A
"
~~
IE
\,
6 .. 0
\
i\
'\
\
'\
5 .. 0
B
x
",
\..
i,,-
"
", ,
"",
-
"-
"" "-
...........
2 .. 0
H~
1.0
---.;;:
r;:::::::: ..
F
..........
--
.....
o
o
0 .. 2
0 .. 4
0 .. 6
0.8
FIG . 3 .. 20
LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

DUE TO LINE LOADS H = J - 0
E~IVALENT
1.0
--If G
II
I,
cf
'~~<Y
IB
!I
'(
I
~
"
""
2 .. 0
~,
~
-
0.....-
........
""'F
r---- ~
I
1 .. 0
B
x
!'o.., ...
~
..........
~,
....
.... ..........
My
"""--
-~
----
..........
r-----.
......
...............
o
o
c..
v.v
0 .. 4
1"\
1'\
v.v
fIG .. 3 .. 21
EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

DUE TO LINE LOADS
H = J a Oe2S
"I
1"\
.L.v
... 99 ....
B -G- LI
lOU
cf
B.
D
0
....
~
.. (!)
B
5 .. 0
"'- ........
'" "
~"
" '"
s:
"""
""""-
2 .. 0
'-
Ii
'"
"-
"-
"-
----
1 .. 0
~
~
---.. ~
B ~ for .11 k'~

x
0 .. 2
0.6
0.,4
0.8
fIG .. 3 .. 22 EQUIVAlENT LOAD fACTORS fOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

DUE TO LINE LOADS Ii - J - ~
1.0
... 100....
I:!
I
G
:F
.C
f-
-r~
I
j
II
!
~
2 .. 5
1<Ix 0115
kX (
k == ( .02~
x
[)('...'\.'\.'\
~L
Pc ==
",C;X
~"''\ ~"'~ k\.
"'"""" ~ ~ ~
~
,~ IV\
//// ///
~x~
// / /
/// ///
/// /
// /
1;= ~
///
//
-F
1/
//// j/JY j//LV// 7~ C/~ ~1\ \
'\
r- ....x
f-
.....
.......
""'.o",oJ
BI
0 .. 3'5
I
!I
80R1 itted . . See Fig .. 3 .26
1.0
r.- . . x
~'\.'\..
~~(
0.5
I, '\. '\. , ,
-<
~f-k
1/// /
:=
0.1
'\.
7~-~
17/// / / ) ( V
' I
"\." '\." '\. I"'\. "'\. "
/
r- ....
'\. ......
A
~ O:3~ ~/j
/
V~ f-A
IL-
II:
0 .. 135 H
0.2
k
FIG .. 3.23
.;;8..,
"x
'7 ",
'\.
'\..'\..'\..
...........
V ..
""
""
03
EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITI_VE MOHENT

IN COLUMN STRIP
H = J == 0
0 .. 4
I
G
d)
I
i
I
I
2. 5
I
I
I
I
kx : : 0 .. 15-
-\
[.7/// ///// / ' / / / v / /
i.\
777/
////
.///// /// /
.
kx = o
\
17 / /
I, "
' " '\
t-.. '\. '\. '\.
- ( .. 35
VT/57 /////
//LZ -
'""'- ~~~ ~~
"0~
",'\. "- I'\.'\.'\..'"

t\.' " ' " '\..
"'\. '\. '\. I'\...'\...'\...' t\.''\..
'\.
'\.
'\
'\.
I-F
""
~"'~"\ ~~"" ~~'"

.
~"'''''"~"'"I II~""~
k
F--
r-
1111:
O.3~
- O.2~
E omitt ed.... See

I
A / .... /
7'VX A
Fi~.
~~ '''k~X ~ ro0
0 .. 5
3 .. 3E
simi 1ar to E
kx - ( .35 .A.AA~
AXA ~) "'XXX
r--.""\. "\.. '\..
~~"\
A
kx III: 0
11\,\'\. ,''v''Y"'5t
~"'~
x/\.
11
Ie. == O.. 3~
x
o
o
0 .. 1
0.2
k
03
FIG . 3.24 EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT

IN COLUMN STRIP H J = 0.25
0.4
.;..'02 ....
II
H
...
I
G
lr
.C
I,
1''l3
I
1
I
;
t.
....
"'x
~ 'l~
~ ~// //7 ~ k7\1
, "
'" N
AX
" '" '"
~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~"'-~ ,,",,,
kw
F"
IIII!
V'V"'!Io...."-. ~
~ ",~
p.35
I
I
I
B ani Ioted ... See F g. 3 .. ~6
s im Jar t
k = ),,35/\
.x
1 .. 0
J;,
/ \
r"-"-,,"
[7
"'' ' ' ' ~'\.'" ~~ "",-"'0 ~~~~~~-
X/"X./ rvX/V
A/')( D(/VX ~j<',/ b(~ VY2S.
k K- 0 - ~
O~5
all <.'s
o
'0
0 .. 1
0.2
k
FIG. 3.25
03
EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT

IN COLUMN STRIP H = J = 1.0
0.4
.... 103 ...
H
"""
I
G
4~
1.0
f
....
A
I.
IB
0,,0
" '"
I
1
I
!
i
I
""'~
5 .. 0
~
I<
.... .................... ........... ~
.....
.......
II<
x
a:
== 0
.:::: ........ ........:--
......
"
~
i
..
-- -
........
= 0 .. 35
............... t::.--k
.............. 1..
-- -- -oX
:"""""'"
2.0
H ==
u
--- - --
"
...... H
qJ
=: ()
........"'E'"'"
...
m
"
#\
=:
I. (
1,,0
o
o
0 .. 1
0 .. 2
k
0.3
0. 4
fIG. 3 .. 26 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

DUE TO LOADS AT POINT B
... 104...
H
....
I
G
E(I
4"
D(I
A
6.0
u'r:a
CD
I
!
\\
!
Ij
i
I
'\
II
I,
'"
"-
2.0
" ~l
--r---...I
1.0
E:
..-.- ~
"
o
o
,0.4
0.2
0 .. 1
k
- k
FIG. 3.27 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOHENT IN COLUMN STRIP
H =: J =: 0
-105~...
I
G
ell
flB
G)
I
1\
5.0
"
~~
2 .. 0
I
B
'""
Ii
"
I
~
I
........
~.
.........
1.. 0
E
A
0 .. 1
0.2
0. 4
kX - kY
fiG. 3.28 EQUIVALENT LOAD fACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
DUE TO SQUARE AREA LOADS Ii == J :: 0.25
.
l!
-G
II
riJlll
6.0
!
~
Il
I
I
I
I
i
I
~
I
~
"
.~
2 .. 0
"
----........
A
1 .. 0
..
IJI
o
o
0,,1
0 .. 2
0 .. 3
0 .. 4
kx - k y
,FIG. 3.29 EQUIVAlENT lOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
H:I J
1.0
Ie
Ii
"""
II
G
4r
....
A
6.0
ct
5.0
\\
.~ Bx
.",
2.0
~
-----
"--....--...... ~Fx
I ..
1..0
"'
"
...........
--........
. My
~ ~
~
o
o
0.2
0.6
0,,4
0.8
. FIG. 3.30 EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
DUE TO LINE LOADS H - J - 0
1.0
.... 108-
-1I
II
G
~r
-A
fa.
filB
....
_I
i
I
I
5 .. 0
\-
'\
.i\.
'\
2 .. 0
I
II
'""
-----r---..-----
~x_
'" ~~
F
x
...............
1 .. 0
.,
...
~~
-r---..
~~
----
H
y
o
o
0.2
0.6
0 .. 4
0.8
FIG. 3.31
EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE HOHENT IN COLUMN STR-If

DUE TO LINE lOADS
H R J 3 0 .. 25
1.0
... 109 ....
{i
....
I
,
~I
--A
(i)IB
~.
I
5.0
'" "'~
2.0
--
. B
""K-.
.........
"'
'"
v,.
1 .. 0
I
"
........
...........
r----- ----...
0 .. 2
-----
H
Y
o
o
---.
------
0 .. 6
0 .. 4
0 .. 8
FIG. 3.32 EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTO~S FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
DUE TO LINE LOADS H = J = 1.0
1.0
... 110....
"
H
...
.,
.,
l~
.,
3.0
1)
!
I
~
2.5
0
,..
30
&!
~
tD
3
...,
!.......::
IL' /
x == 0
.L
/"
f-
kx == 0.15
7 _ .L. 7'7"7- ""-
~~
~ ~~ ~ r
V4 ~ ~
!
~!-
~r~ ::
2,,0
"
LLL/// /
////
11
~
V // /
,/
////
,'.,,"7'7;
II1I:I
...,
1" 0 !.,LL// / / / /
/
/
/
/
./
v~
= 0
-,/
l-"'x - u.-,)
./
./
,/
./
=~
~ t77'// V/// V777;
,-x
/
=1 ~.35
_I
1\
I ,,5
""'" V\A/X
"" "
'>6<:'X'V ~ ~ '<."N\XKXXA K/XX;X
1/'1..."
,,",,-,"
""'"
"" V
'" k,'"= C".35~
k
f-
::: U
::- O. 35
1)(
::s
. 1<x
,;
$:l
0.35
0)25
z:
////
./
./
,/7
'i"v
0 .. 5
U.
/
././ 7 /
k
x
I
H
./~L
0.35 1-1'
,
o
o
0.1
0.2
k
FIG. 3 .. 33
EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE HOMENT

IN COLUMN STRIP H = J :: 0
0 .. 4
-'II ....
!
I
H
....
'I
I.
Ie
/./
/1
113
II
!;
,
p.35
x
k...... - 0.25
kX _- D.15
\\,
..........
:=
.C
!'
!\\\\ ..,...,......,. 0
V'VVV'
~
~~
~~
~~
.... ru
-.....-. ~
"'x
....
~/ 20
""
,,~
-,
"',
'"B"
....
""""
I..LL /
A/\/
i' "\. "\. "\. '\
Ie.
II:
x '
1', """~
0.35
!
~
"'x ..... '"-
I
~
V / / / 1/// / ' / /V/ 1//// ' / / /

\
~ ~"'~ ~"'~ ~~~

~ k
1.0
II:
kx -
P.35
0.35
77/V//
0.5
o
o
I'\."'\.
k.
'\..
==
-//L.
,,"\:S'l
""""-'.
(J
/ 7 / / / / / :/I/V/ V/ / / /777
/
' / / / ///-J/ V77/

ky
'///
~""" ~'"""'\.
v /
./
'
'\.
=~
kx
= 0.315
"-..;;:
kx 0.35
0.2
k
FIG. 3.34 EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT

IN COLUMN STRIP
H = J = 0.25
0.4
-112 ....
H
....
I
G
JF
\r
3. 0
k : 0,,35
x
k
0.25
x
b-
k :~
f-
/// ///
/
./
V//
= ~.35
"k "=" ~"". '"
'\
822-' 1/~ ~
~/'J/
13
O.I!>
x
k
=0
1\ r
V//\./\ y~ ....
~/'V
17 / /
.C
~~~
~~ ~ ~ ~-;.4
""""""
--
///
~"'-""~ i\..".~_"\ ~'" '\:~V//

~Xj
8
!-
- ,~
11
'""'"
rill
///1
I
fill
'IIII JillI, rrlI I III I /
I
~~~ ~~" ~~"" ~~' ~"''''"'- Ii\.." " '" ~
/
iLk
= O.. 3~
kx
~"'="') ~ ~~ ~
~~
0
~~
-/
lIE':
r".
.....
0 .. 5
1/ /
1<)(
lIE':
kx
I\:
...
./
0 .. 35
./
0.35
x~
./
/.ZL
C
~
....,..
II~-.I
I
"
0,,1
0.2
k
FIG. 3.35 EQUIVAlENT LOAD

IN COLUMN STRIP
0.3
FAC~ORS FOR
H = O.2~
NEGATIVE MOMENT
J = 1.0
0,,4
B
....
I
G
~lr
"
1]3.
(3)
3 .. 0
II
~~
2.5
I
I
I
I.
"
..
~~
~~~
"~'~~ ~
"
I"X -
~
" "
"
"
~~~ ~
/ / / /V7"/7'
~ I\.
b()()\(
"'''~
~
..............
B,.. ... ,..
~
/
" ~ -A
...
~
L- "x
I
k = 0
x
I.
Lkx
v.~
1-
rxm
,,'~
0 .. 35 ~ I-
~.
x = C
k :: ~"''''~
x
~"'''
~~
'"
~'"
kx - 0.35
1..0
O.. 35~
~"\."\.
~
0 .. 5
kX
oX
~'""
'"'" '"
"""~
X/
I\. "\.
!l:
'"
p/\
/'-./"./
C
,,~
/ ' - / '-/ D\../V
"
,,~
'-.
I
/
I
0.35
0 .. 1
0 .. 2
k
FIG. 3 . 36
~"'~ &~ ~~ ~""~
"')( ,,'" " "'i"- "" "<', "'' ' ' '
"4
= 0 " '" "
~" -x
'V X7'\.]
'"'""''
~,,~
k, .= 0 .. 35
0.:;
EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE HOME NT

IN COLUMN STRIP H = 1.. 0
J = 0.25
0 .. 4
-ll4 ...
~
""
c,
CD
DCD
~
....
II
II
3 .. 0
!!
I
I
I
2 .. 5
=0
;-~ X
~k x = 0
.j
~V// ~ E77
~ ~_f
~ l?<X.X k'~
x
,]A IX"''''
~ EZ)0
~
L, , == OC ~~
.L
1/
'X
777
//V /
ZIt
0
/
/, V ! / 7 /
II'
~ ~-V// ~ tA
ILkx :
kx
/1/
0.35
~ .J
== 0. 35 .
/vvv
' / '7
/v/
//.
////
~~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~'" ~~
k = ( .35
k == ( -J
x
1 .. 0
.. 35
x ==. C
k.
0 .. 5
o
o
1\77
"'J
k)
~~
~/~ o/~
=u
1//
V7h V// V/~ ~

/// /
/ /
= 0 . Vkx
== O.3~
/ '2.
"
104
0.35
0.1
0 .. 2
0.;
k
.y
FIG. 3 .. 37 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT

IN COLUMN STRIP
H = J = 1.0
0 .. 4
-115 ...
H
....
I
G
...
8)
E'
.C
:a
3 .. 0
/// /
2 .. 5
1/
k.
.,.
!
j
kx -
;
)
~~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ .......B
:.....:::.....L<..~
A.. /'-./
. / 'J'
'it'
= 0 .. 35
~
:(.0
~
~L -~
....J
k.
I .
= 0 ~-
-A
/'
:: 0
~/// v/// //// V//

k
x
=0
//// / / / V///
:: () .35
k..... = 0.35
rmY/LL
/
~ ~ ~ ~ W~
1 ., 0
'" n
.l,.
"lC:;
We( //c(/ ~
-z~m ~ ~~l
/
/. X
!'S:~A
x7\A /\1K
\.\.,\,
",\'\\. ,\. \.'\

~_
kx == 0
0 .. 5
ky :: 0.35
\.~~
I
H
1-
= 0 .. 35
I
o
o
0 .. 1
0.2
FIG .. 3 .. 38 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE HOMENT

IN COLUMN STRIP
H - J = 2.5
0 .. 4
.... 116
, .
Ii...
I
G
EIJ&
8)
....
A
13
3.0
!r
I
I
2.5
r----- ~
...............
I
I
I
"hJ
i
--.......
I
F
E.
t .. 0
I
H
0 .. 5
o
o
0.2
0 .. 1
FIG. 3.39
=:
0.4
k
y
EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN S,TRIP

H a J == 0
!
H
....
I
!I
E(I
II
I~
(9
)'
3.0
~
'j
I
I
!!
I
i
i
i
2.5
--- - r----
1-0....
!
1
..........
i-
I
I
I~
1 .. 0
......
0 .. 5
Ii
o
o
0 .. 1
0.2
!
I
F
E
---~Jl
I...
!
I
I!
I
i
0.4
= ky
FIG . 3.40 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
H J B 0.25
II::
H
...
I
G
3.0
'
....
A
,
,
i
t,)
2.5
.s
CJ
r:!
i
.s...,
!
,
"~
..--..,
2.0
-..............
I
!
s=
OJ
~
>
.....
$ 1.5
s:s
..
...........
1.0
0.5
./
;
)
0 .. 1
FIG .. 3.41
0.,
0 .. 2
:=
0.4
EQUIVALENT' LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

DUE TO SQUARE MEA LO~S
H 0 . 25
J - 1" ()
:II:
-lt9;"
II
f!
II
I
G
II
4"
13
"
3 .. 0
1
!
--
2 .. 5
-........;..,..
K~
B
!I
-~-~
~l
--J
1
I
I
1 .. 0
II
0 .. 5
i
0 .. 1
0 .. 4
0.2
k
= ky
FIG .. 3.42 EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
. DUE TO SQUARE AREA LOADS
H 1.. 0
J
0 . 25
2C
:B
..
..
..
3 .. 0
!!
1
I........
-~
2 .. 5
~
B
'"'"
~
--............
~
II
---
1 .. 0
0.5
0 .. 1
0 .. 2
k :: k
FIG. 3.43
0.,
0.4
EQUIVAlENT -LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOHENT IN COLUMN STRIP

III
J :: 1 .. 0
l!
I
G
JF
3.0
!
I
.....
-~
B ~
1
I
- r---.:::
2.5
~~
I
"
I
-'
L,O
-,
H
0 .. 5
o
o
0.2
0 .. 1
0 ..
x ::: ky
FIGo 3044 EQUIVALENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
H z: J z 2.. 5
-122-
I!
i
I
H
....
LI
..
Ie
..
-A
G)
IB
3 .. 0
I
I
2 .. 5
.,
I
B
x
- r----. -
............
..............,
1.,0
Iy
--- --.......
~
H
Y
~
~
0 .. 2
--::::;
~~
0 .. 5
o~1~~~~'I~I
""'"
r----.
__~~~~~~
0 .. 4
0 .. 6
0.8
fIG. 3 .. 45
EQUIVALENT LOAD fACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

DUE TO LINE LOADS
H- J - 0
1.0
... 123-
T
!
T
...~
II
G
!I
4'
II
rJ
..."
TB
()
2.5
r---- ~
Bv
-..............
~~
.......
1.0
1...
u
y
0 .. 5'
'""
~
~
::::;;;...-
--.... ~ i--..
"
...........
r----...
0.2
0 .. 6
0 .. 4
0 .. 8
, FIG. 3 . 46 EQUIVAlENT LOAD fACTORS fOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

DUE TO LINE LOADS
H = J 0.25
1.0
-124 ....
LI
~.
".,
1'1
@)
4f.
.....
IB
2.5
I......
--- r----.~
~ ~x
~
---........ ~
""
"'"
----
loom....
H--,....
0.5
r----
'"
~~
-~
1 .. 0
By
'"
..........",..
l----""'"
r---... "'"IX
r----...
0.2
0 .. 4
0.6
0.8
FIG . 3.47 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
DUE TO LINE LOADS
H - 0.25
J z 1. 0
1.0
....
---'
II
I
~
LI
cr
--
IB
2 .. 5
0
~
.s
C)
-----
iJ
3
2 .. 0
8
~ x
+'
d
G>
IS
::::s
oc 1.5
r---.
--.............
" " '"'
~~
.........
1 .. 0
Y
--....
Ii
0 .. 5
---------
"
"
-----
.-..-- ~
""l---
-----
0 .. 2
0 .. 4
0 .. 6
0 .. 8
fiG .. 3.48
E~.VALENt lOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE HOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

DUE TO lINE lOADS
H - 1. 0 J B 0.25
1.0
-126 ....
tI
...
II
G
(9
"
cf
B
2 .. 5
!.....-
...............
51
-r---- .,
............
.. x
~~
'"
........
Iy
- ---- r----.
til
0 .. 5
fiy
~ .....
"
,~
.......
J ,,0
.......-.""..
II
"'"'--
..-------~Imo..
---
"
o
o
0 .. 2
0.6
0,,4
0.8
fiG .. 3.49 EQUIVALENT LOAD fACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
DUE TO LINE LOADS
H J ~ 1.0
1.0
II'
....
-A
it
J
C9
K
~
r---- ~
IB
"'""
~-
""
"
1.0
------------ ------
.'y
"-----------~
---
........
~"'"
lUI
0.5
'~""'-
"
2.5
LI
B
..
IIX
......
- r---...
o
o
0 .. 2
0 .. 4
0 .. 6
0.8
FIG. 3.50 EQUIVAlENT LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
DUE TO LINE LOADS
H - J - 2.5
1.0
Il
...
II
~ '~~G)
..
-A
""
lS.0
"',
~ .........
14.0
~ "-
~~
fy
kx -
f
TB
-0
~ r---.
............. """"'--
I, kx - k
y
0 35
4.0 -
Ie.
lillIE
oX
H.
Ie.
It
II:
-~
~,1lI
III
..........
0 ,35
III
2 .. 0
F8
+ 411/3
lillIE
k If
1m
0.
K.
-~
-- _
o
Ii
~.x
E~
.........
1'.
I--
0.2
'0.
.5
= 0 .. 35
............
L~
--
1 .. 0
0 .. 4
B, I~. - k
x
is. -
= 0..- ",,-'"
-- --
i-- - -
0 .. 25
O.. S
0 .. 8
IMUHlOAD fACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP
o
1..0
... 129...
8.0
J
H
.....
..
7.0
C
I)
,I
I
,
......
..~
BIP ~-
6 .. 0
1=
Ie .."
:lIZ
j1
5.0
"
"
"
I
I
kX -
== 0 .3
'"'"
",.'
+ 4H/3
......-...
0 .. 3 5
IE:
k,
~ r>::
l/
........ I---..
~
"'"
0 .. 2
I~X
--- -
100-
/'
~ I""--
~---
2.5
.....
ky
~~
k..
lIB
1 .. 0
0 .. 4
ID
"
filii""'"
1'\
.,p
~~
.,..".....
- ky
---
.0.6
1=
" >l
-....
~
O.3p
A po
"''1 ""-:k-
><...
~ ~ """'- ~
/
~r--....x
F-
E,
k..
'"
'"i'x
'"
-----
-- r--...
I
'I
I ~ k,x - k V
2.0
- 0
1<.)'
II
3 .. 0
r----. ----..
'" 'Z
4.0
1 0
I
I
I
II
0 1>35
B ~" ~
~
~
'
""""'-
"
0 .. 25
0 .. 8
FIG.3.52 MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT iN MIDDLE STRIP
o
1 .. 0
-130 ....
....l!
II
G
II
J.
"'"
rff
s.o
5.0
B, kX
D. kx ky
2.0
:i
-~
t:- ~ ....
SIll
0.35 k
SIll
lID
":-14.
1.0
.....
lID
+ 4"/3
0.2
k~
lID
=:
.. 35
0 .. 35
0.6
L
~
~I""
:III
k,
:=
O~
o
0.25
)...0
0 .. 4
ky
~--
o
2'.. 5
.~ .3~
k,.. == k., == ( .. 35
Ii
...-
I fII I x
~~
."
F fII k)
llIII:
B. k) k
Y
=:
/v
0 .. 8
fiG. 3.53 MAXIMUM lOAD FACTORS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COLUM" STRIP
1 .. 0
... 131 ...
LI
:I
.f
II
---
IB
~
'"'-
----... """'r-" ...............
A. k,
............. F---
2 .. 0
r---.. t---- r-~
III:
. ., n,&rl
~.
"'""--
kv
E.
==
. = k.Y ==
I~
I k
== ky = ID
0 .. 4
= 0
---
.0
0.25
1.0
2.5
Ie.
'''''
k~
o
0 .. 2
..........
== ....
&r y - l~
HII k,, == ky
-----I
r-- ~
1.,0
+ 4H/3
III:~
0 .. 6
0 .. 8
FIG. 3.54 MAXIMUM lOAD fACTORS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP
1 .. 0
1------r
Decreasing
Decreasing
or
-D .. 5
I to 1.. 5
P
Decreasing
I to 2
1 or ....0.5
Ca>
Positive MoMent
Location I
or ... 1 .. 5
Negative Moment
Location 2
(b)
Middle Strip
1 to 1.5
I
Decreasing
Decreasing
/:
1 to 2
2 to 2.5
IIII (c)
Positive Moment
Locat Ion 3
Negative Moment
Location 4
(d)
Column Strip
fiG. 4.1
MAXIMUM LOAD fACTORS H - J
lD
.... 133 ....
III
1 ,,5 to 4
IV
1 .. 5 to 2
v
2 to 2.5
0r
... 1 " 5
(a)
H == J == 0
2 to 3 .
or
... 1.5
(b)
FIG., 4 .. 2
Any Hand J
MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS
12
... 134-
or
Decreasing
2. to 4
...0.5
Decreasing
Decreasing
to 2
1 to -0 .. 5
1 or .... 1.5
(b) Negative MOMent

Location 2
Positive Moment
Location 1
(a)
Middle Str1e
-I
-1
1 to 2
Decreasing
Decreasing
/:
Decre~
I,
1 to 2
2 to 3,
I
--
I@
(c)
(d)
Positive Moment
Locillt ion 3
Negative Moment
location 4
Column Strip
FIG. 4.3
MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR ANY H AND J
.... 135....
FIG . 4 . 4 l'OCAT ION Of L.' ME LOADS
100
"'-
en
Q.
.
"0
80
."
...J
60
E
....
0
"'-
..
c
40
;:)
GI)
20
">
'::;,
0"
L!IJ
0
0
20
10
Span
Len9th~
30
ft
FIG .. 4 .. 5 EQUIVAlENT UNIFORM LOAD FOR LINE LOADS AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS
-136-
APPENDIX A:
TABULATION OF INFLUENCE
COEFF~CIENTS
In this appendix are tabulated the influence coefficients for

o
the four moment locations designated 19 2p 3 D and 4 in Figo 2010
These
moment locations are shown on the figures in this appendix by a heavy

short lineo
The moment at these locations acts perpendicular to the
section indicatedo
The unit moment p mp at one of the moment locations produced by
a concentrated 10ad p Wp at any node point P is
m = Influence Coefficient at Point P x W x Scale Factor
A negative influence coefficient indicates a reversal in sign of the unit
moment from that normally.occurring at the location with all panels loaded.
AS
Scale Factor = 10-4
FIG. A.I
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCATION 1)
H= J = 0
-138 ....
-3
-/l. -Z3 -3b -
Scale Factor
FIG. A.2
= 10-4
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCATION 1)
H = J = 0.25
.... 139-
()
(P
(~.
-14 - I~
-~
-f,
-~
-j ~
~(,
-h~
A"-
i:i
(~
I~~
/ 0/
z.~
Z,
J~
21 ~
4..~
~~
.5 ~
C~
!O
~I.
o i
2"17
5 ~ 8 ~ /(. ~7
10 /;
4-~
8 ~ /'3. '9
10
11
G~ IE. II
I:~
eD
-/
46 27
/I~ (r)
qll
I'
Gtz
"
/~ ts "2 ~~ 'Z~ ~f Z p3
;, :2. Ij15
'Z~ ~8 2: ~5 3 ~/ 3( il ~ >8
3 ~S Z: ~5
~,
o 3~
Ie )2 '21 ~.3 ~4 ?o ~ ~6 ~ ~2 It. P5gl1 'SI /(. )73
.5 1
/0 F7
z, r8
10 3:>
It. iZ
21 :lG:>~ !5tD 4-~ b
Ii ~ z rq
., t3 ,. 145- ~z
o "215
.3~ ~,
51 14 ,
r~
3 r;g 5: ~ 7: ~9 If) 08 ~ ~84- " ~2

......
;~
g~
17, ~
Z 79 3( ~{D
I~
c:; l5"
I~~I
2 ~8' ~ r.5"S ~/ 3 ~/
a 14
4~
8~
Zr? 5~ f'(/.
rs
/&17
~f."l ~R-l
"
Z5'
/J
ABO' ~T VER' " ~Al
7"'
-
cg, ;2 it) ~g II "', Iq 7.3
15:9
,..., , COE rF IC IIENT $ M ~~ S'Tmt.1 1'(1 CAl.
5 '4-
G;, ~
Go 73 , fA.-S rl-2
3,
3- M' z~
f8
2 r~ 24 ~4 21 p3
1If:/
II~
~tJ
rs
I I;.z
/~ ~5
'2
417
i'
:~
G,
14-
'2''(/
4 ~ 5~
6~
I~
z:~
2 :>.
I;'~
c:;
-'7
,ill..
- J
~:.
(~
(' ('
0
41r:;;
::> -~
10
2- 7'/D
<:::>
-g
-
'/
-I
4 -:6
4- t!J
-J~
10
10
Scale Factor
FIG. A.3
= 10 -4
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN "fDDLE STRIP

(LOCATION 1)
H=J = ~
INE
-140-
Scale Factor
FIG. A.4
10
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCATION 2)
H= J - 0
Scale Factor
FIG. A.S
= 10 ~
INFLUENCECOEFFICIENTS.FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCATION 2)
H = J E 0.25
.
-142-
Scale Factor
FIG. A.6
= 10 ~
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN MIDDLE STRIP

(LOCATION 2)
H~ J =
Scale factor
fiG. A.1
= 10 ~
INfLUENCE COEFfiCIENTS fOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(LOCATION 3) H z J = 0
-144-
Scale Factor
fiG. A.a
==
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(LOCATION 3)
H = J = 0.25
-145 ....
c~
~~
..
~.
~'"
~I-
~~
-:~
"
G~
~~
... ir
I~
/,~
~~
/b
I:!>
15
1<1m
/7
h~
/'
/5
/c8
'2 ~
2d
25
2; ~
I.)
20
z4
z18
EI
-4 o 3 ~
2(~
:J'J
3~
4- I 4.:. ~
J
':~
..
1:.
.. ~
~:j
11-
4!~
(t>
~~
,,~
""
. Z
~;
I tp.. 2.1
GFo
/7
;5
-.,
I ~
'Zo 3 ::> 3~
t/- ~
Itf.o
z4
~5
4- 7
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FIG. A.9
COEI ~f IC I Elm >AR E ~T 'Itt ~ ICAI ..
-4
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT IN COlUMN STRIP

(LOCATION 3)
HB J B 1
INE
-146 ....
124-
12
/2.
/2
II
4-
z.
s
/0
II
Scale Factor 10
FIG. A.l0
_3
INFLUENCE COEfFICIENTS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(bOCAT80N 4)
H J - 0
8:
-147'!"'
II
14-
~I
20
/9
17
Scale Factor
FIG. A.ll
10 -4
INflUENCE COEffiCIENTS fOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COlUMN STRIP

(lOCATION 4)
H = J = 0.25
Scale Factor
FIG. A.12
= 10 ~
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR NEGATIVE MOHENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(LOCATION 4)
H = 0.25
J - 1
-149 ....
Scale Factor - 10
FIG .. A.. 13
-4
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(LOCATION 4)
H - 1 .. 0
J 0 .. 25
Scale Factor - 10-4
FIG .. A.. 14
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR NEGATiVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRI.P

(LOCATION 4)
H - J = 1.0
-151-
Scale factor - 10
FIG. A.IS
-5
INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT IN COLUMN STRIP

(lOCATION 4)
H = J - 2.5

An Analytical Study of The Moments in Continuous Slabs Subjected To Concentrated Loads

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An Analytical Study of The Moments in Continuous Slabs Subjected To Concentrated Loads

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,

CIVIL- ENGINEERING STUDIES

C!OfJ ~UCTURAL. RESEARCH SERIES NO. 264

IN C NTINU US SLABS SUBJECTE

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE MOMENTS

... iii ...

Description of Structure Analyzed

'. "1' '1

Concept of an Equivalent Load 0

SUMMARY AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONSo

Out1 ine of investigationo

EXAMPLES OF USE OF LOAD FACTORSo 0 0 0 0

MOMENTS DUE TO CONCENTRATED LOADSo

COMPUTATION OF INFLUENCE SURFACESo

Summary of Influence Surfaceso

Comparison of Slab Moment Coefficients.

Unit Moment Coefficients for all Panels Loaded

Summary of Equivalent Load Factor Curves ..

Maximum Load Factors ..

Moments Due to ~ Load of 2000 lb Distributed Over an

Load Systems for the Computation of ~nfluence Surfaces

Load Systems for the Computation of Influence Surfaces

Computation of Corner Reactions for Partially Loaded

Influence Surface for Positive Moment in Middle Strip

influence Surface for Positive Moment in Middle Strip

Influence Surface for Positive Moment in Middle Strip

Influence Surface for Negative Moment in Middle Strip

Influence Surface for Negative Moment in Middle Strip

Surface for Negative Moment in Middle Strip

Influence Surface for Positive Moment in Column Strip

Influence Surface for Positive Moment in Column Strip

influence Surface for Positive Moment in Column" Strup

influence Surface for Negatove Moment in Column Strip

influence Surface for Negatove Moment in Column Strop

Influence Surface for Negative Moment in Column Strip

Influence Surface for Negative Moment in Column Strip

Section Through influence Surfaces for Positive and

Influence Surface for Negative Moment in Column Strip

Section Through ~nfluence Surfaces for Positive and

Section Through Influence Surface for Positive Moment

Equivalent Load Factors for Fixed End Moment

Points Used in Study of

Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment in Middle

Equivalent load Factors for Pos~tive Moment in Middle

Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment in Middle

Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment in Middle

Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment in Middle

Equ6valent load Factors for Positive Moment an Middle

Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment on Middle

Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment

Equivalent Load Factors for Positive Moment in Middle

Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment in Middle

Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle

Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle

Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle

Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle

Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle

Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle

Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle

Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle

Equivalent Load Factors for Negative Moment in Middle

Equivalent load Factors for Negatuve Moment in Middle

Equivalent load Factors for Positive Moment in Column