U '

. , ~
3,

, " " l)'

OgfOBOPHU

ug
, gu

650-02-17912010-06 21.07.2010.
8. w.

6/1 ,

37.016:53(075.2)
, .

19498. ll

ll I lll

; [ , 6;

lUl .
,
.

: .

2010 (:
27

- 1.

yn).

- :
- 125

45.000. -

: .

ISBN978-86-17-16745-3
1. , , 1951-

125.

[]

COBlS5.5R-1D 254908167

ISBN 978-86-17-16745-3

YU, ,

2010.

, ,
, .

] .
: ,
, n-l .

]
, . ]

.
.

l<,
,
. Jb)"*fe ,

~~~::~.

l , fPE8

. 1

.. 11
.. 12

1.3. ES'111JA OCW18

. 12
pnI~~

.. 12

1.4. PEAtbE

... 13

8pcr~ OJIOCO

. .. 14

apcftptUlIteI1.OC4.

. . . . . 14

1.5. 18
38JI'f"O

. . . . . 16

.. 17

ay-:lpuota! .

.. 18

1.6

3 .

2.1.

t:

. 18

pocmpat
opoet .

. . 26

JCl

2..

AtbE t:

....

08CIIl(1ll(l
6'JWtOnelVlO

,."

nyneoOfI\tAClJlO .

-..,..,....,

PEl1IJE t:8E

.....
....

ataeqln~lIC\oI
r\nO'C uu
(l(Q1O

.. .......

680 .

n1

3.3.

'"

.. 41

kpOCO

41

64UoWo\Q(AOrtl)

"

3.1. J't:8AtbE 3
t: .
. ..........
.

""

38

.............

Ily~

..

. .. 39

rtt(l .
OWt(I.to.o.elO .
.4.

-~....,.

. .

,.
"
""

. .. 6

t:oawnO):et1I11 .

(t:)
Ul(l(lepj<uIo.noUICI!Jl' .
8 Qo1

8 3

3.4. Att>E .
Ui:lj~1'iCl .

.<8

.. 00

"
"

. .. 53

. ...54

3.5. ......... 5!i

Enep ..... Ol1 .
Po.yUlCl'pl1Ono.n.y .

3.6.

QJ tfP

. 50
. 51
. 58

4.1.

lP

.. 64

"

4.2.

67

69

..t~tCft .

. . 70

4.3.
4.4.

lP

. ...

4.'
4.6.

76

78
.78
.79

IkJ8tlOlf4
t4,:f1.0 .
e.no.unop .

4.7.

lP
efPetler

80

82

4.8

UY

5.1.

MAHElO 3

83

t.w:J.

5.2.

. .88

. .90

MAHElO '
.!80'nlftlOn.IfIIO .
nflOIY*lnIflIO.nt04ll.;,n

5.3.
5.4.

6.1.

ClPY .

lP .

.
.
..

104
104
105
107
108

!
]

. ..
.

f+tk.nw< .

f+tk.nw~

6.4.

f+tk.nwtllO
f+tk.nwpl)_

. .

.92
.92
.93
94

. ...96

.nt n.

6.2.
6.3.

71

. ..... 73
. 74

.
..
.
.

111
112
112
113

.. 118
.
. 125


.

( Q ,

, .
) , , , ,

, q>

.

: J8QQ
Q.Q .

, q> ()
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,

1.1.

06 , .
06 ,
(.

1.1).

, o~

.
( , ) .

~ l .

~ ;

1.2

().
. I' ,
.
.

r
, . .

6: , ,
. (.

1.2)

 ,
.

: "
.
.
.

. ,
. , , .

l ( .

1.3).

. (
.)
.
, ,

. ,
. ,
, , .
,

1
. .

"

. .

. , .

.

,
.

Ol-l
Q .

i(Q

onpyry.

. w

(.1.).

1.2.

Q
.

1.3

0-\. , ., 1 , Q

.
06 . .
;.

Q .

06

v ().

(Hz).

,
. :

V=T
'1 .

1Hz=ts=l+,

u ~ ocnoa.a or . .
..r lOOlCll

_0>Uj1
:

!J.t= 1 ,

T=2t.1
v=?

V=+=~'=/lS
v=O,s+=O.5z

. 06
.
. .
(.

1.4).
1.5).

06 (.
.

()
. 'l .
, " .. .
.

n .
(.

1.6).

KJlaTHa

I'

..

,..

..

. 5

. .

Jl .
n.
ro .

,
,
.

; . :

1l0

. .

, , ~
rc <l\O
. .
j~ (IQ H~ MOf'y
Xl.. ~

I\Oj~ uny,
~ w

poyrao )Q j~
:..

(Mory

na

, (IQ *~

..

,.. .6

. )

1.3.

(.

l '
I
I
I
I
61

--.._-_
..

1.4) Q. 3

. , ,

------

(. l.7), .
, QQ (. 1.7).
, , .
() .

_:0

?
.
?

1.7

1.8

()
. -!

1.8

. r , ?

.
.

(ny.n).
Q,

CTPOry Q.

.
( ):

u=O =:>

,,=.

, ?
,

! .

(Christian Huygens, 1629-1695)

.
'

, , .
.
, .

1.4.

"" . . ,
. OHeo~
, .
-. . ,
. an I<.

6
(.

1.9).

..
(
, l' ...).

.
. .

()
. .

.
.

13

1.9


(.

1.9),

( .

1.10),

,
.

(
)
.

(.

1.11).

(r) .


.

Jl

,.

() ().

1.10

~'lIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIli"'"lI il

~
,.

nl.

, ,
(.

1.9).

. , ,
, (.

1.12).

, .
,

. ()
, ()

'''IIII''"llIlIlIi-..l

: () . ,

. . , -

" ,

.
, , .

, .
, ,

, .

. .

,.

1.12

 , . .

(6) , . ().

(.

1.13a),
1.136).

(.

..
,

.
, .

t = s =.

, :

T=~,TOje
=

v.

() l1
() .

OIXO llO D anac 8JI&aI8 A)'*IIII&

~.

0,2.! _

......... peIceja!

.:

-,s
=,2.

'={.-=~': = 2.5,*

,=1

'=+=01 =5z

=?

0.5 m "

nepII

Cn

1.13

1.5.

: , , ,
. , . Q
. ,
8 ()

. .

08

3 , . ,

, 411101
,

cpIo1

1894)

101

w (.

von Helmholtz, 1821-

.
, .

Lehre den

Tonempfindungen als physialagische Grundloge

derMusik.

oce1'lajy

1((10 q>Io1 ocoQ

",

1.14),
-

. 1 ,

18, M~

, .

w, . ...

, , aKyCT~1Ka.

< < u

8,

die Theorie

(.

1.15).

. , ,

.
.

arperaTHa .
Q

, .

.

.
,

( )

16 Hz 20 000 Hz.

( 1 )
.

16 Hz.
20 000 Hz .

.
.
, ,

(, ,

11

.)

. .
, 11
.

..

1.15

'l8 w . ,
, 80 . ,
I 8.
w , .
t 1l
.

3mt (,

B11-

) .
11

h It1 m . l1lt

, 18, ..
tr .

( 1 ). (

) ().

80108101.

I rl (, )

(l-'I ). .
I . 8
ml'l 6

Ma l'HeTa

'l 6. : li,

. ' , ,
. II .

u "" , ""
.
; , 8

6 l1 l. ~1 ~1
() - (

" "). l1
l) . .

17

8
!ti
.


,
. ,

, I "". ] ]

. "~1"
.

"" .
.

TO<I,

, "" .

( )

. (1

-.

. .'

":

.~

',. ) "

....

~ ' ~ ' t./

,~\Io .." .. i\.t:

-,'.:i;;\ p~

~ .-

-,,,

1.6.

, Jl

. Jl

.
I' .
. , r .

. 6
.

racOBe r,

lt.
.

66 . 66 ,

. 6 , CJIy ,

wl)

lr . , .

Q :

( !-) :

- 340, - 1450,
- 5 .

. , ,

. ; I .
.
, .
Jt:

. , .
, . ,
. . ,
.

;
. , Jl .
, . ll

, ,
.

AyrOTpajaH

- 6f1'a -

'l

.
( I",
.).

iCoje

iC.

iC ,

iCOM

iC iC ,

iC.

iCojer

, .

iCoje n.

, ()
() .

iCoje

1. iCpeaIba?
2. n

n ~1 ?
?

3.

. ,

4.

S.
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. m1 ?
Il.OA

12. ?
13 . ?
14. . ? ?

lS. ? ?

19

 , .

" I::I "

Jl ":".

" ...

gu. l l.u , gi /(

, g g

90

n.

n U. 9 90

u i

, u, .
lopo u ll

g; { , u

iU .

u. , Q ;
u U. ll uu l
ii. g; . u.

. Il."
, .

21

'

. (

.)

<

, "


lCO .
lCO

)"*4 :
npow
.
,

,
,
,

,
. ,

,

(
,
. .
- <

,
,
, ,

,
)

2.1.

~l .

lI
,

MOryh

11 31 ~1 6~IKaMa

'lII,
~I,

11

, ?
. .
,

. , 11 3 Q
'l, t.
JI .

I~ " :

, : , , ,

~1

"" ;

, : ,

r.,

. .
() 1 ,
. ,

, . II

,
.

,
( ) .

l)
.' (.

2.1).

, lIIl II ll IIJl , ,

Il ll IIII 06Il1

eHepfllje -

II llt lll'.

. l'
. , ,
.
.


6Q . Jl
, 11

().
'r "Jlllm1t

ll .

rl ,

WYMOM

(.

2.2) .

.. . ;.... ~'._J'
,

~ ......\"..

..
.

'-

....-

",-

.-..~......,' -,

~ m

.'

. ~

2.2

li3 l'1l (. 2.3 ,

2.36

2.30).

, . I'

? , . ,
. .

(.

2.4)1

to- lI2.3

(.

2.5).

1-

I
to- ll

2.5

."~,!""

- - --

. "~'

,,"

1;;

.:

~
to- IIn

2.4

. , ,
, Q
.

(. )
(.

2.6)

. (

"" 11 ""

.) l1

, .
, . .
ll .

,
(.

2.7),

, rlOll.

.. "..:2.6

..

II..:2.7

, ,
Il .

3 . MO ~
ry , ,
- (.

2.8).

. ,

. ,
Q, . .

... II(1

2.9

'l " -
. "" (.

2.9).

'l , ',
. ,

.

ll
~OTa

" 11,

. , ,
.

,
.

...

ll

2.10

llO
.

n .

.

., __==_

Christiansen Rm,

1644-1710),je 1676.

.
.
] .

(.

2.10),

,
]

1 000 s.

] ,
, , .
, .

300 000 000 km.

1 000 .

, ()
():

ll lI llll [I.
:

= 299 792 458

, Jtebco
113

s "" 3000 ?

s=3000m=3km

t=.!=~=_I_.

,= 300000~
I

300000 ~

100000

1= 10 S.

'

, 225 ooo~. 200 ooo~.

,
, . .

. (
). . ,
, ry .

2.2.
80 . , l1
, (.

2.11).

, . .. "
11 . 6.
. .. ", .
. ,
.

~ u2. l

.
6 it .
.

2. 12. rl I Su N
So

" IlIt .

lll1 yao~.
I , .

, I ,
Jl, I l .

, :
I . ,
I .

,
. ,
,
(.

2.13).

.I ll lI,

. .


ll,

. ,
. II/III

If I . I1
.
0 CTaJleHa

(.

S,

2.14). L,

' ; .

paBHol'

1 ,

. ,
.

,
. (.

,
...

lJ2.14

CF

2.15)

6~1

0'0:

AD,

~1

. . ,

: , ""

,

= OL.

L,

, .

. .
m
(.

2.16)

450.

()

Jl ().

6
w,

(.

2.17).

t. :

l1

- 110

I'l

r-

()

06

yn ,

l ,

F-

F ,

f.

Il ,
:

, 6 (. 2.18),
6 ,

Jl (.

2.186).

06jawQOy
wy
.Q,

. ,
IQ

lW

,
, .

!=f

'l ( )

1I1tK.

( )

Jl,

.. "

It l tl (IIllUtt) II. (
.)



.
(.

2. 19),

1.

1-1

8
. .

2.

2-2

011-

. ,

F.

3.

3-3

1 .

4.

4-4

/I Q , ;
Q.

, Q
~ flUlm 2.20"

Ta'laKa

(.

t-

L,._.

"

l'

:\

2.20.)

I1

, I'! , : 3 '
ll () .
,
'' .
,

11

"" .

11

) 8Jt

(. 2.20)
, Il .

"

IlpeAMeT

(. 2.20)

l'l , .

. a'lKe :
. ,
,
. , ,
lIO.

.. OJul(a 2.20tJ

II , .
r,
ll

ll ll (.

2.21,

1-1').
2-2').

, (

(3-').
~1

ol'lIenaJlY.

2.21

(4-4').

!'

. !! . ,
~fall .

2.3.

, Q
. ,

. (.

2.22).

I'

.
II.
, .
, II

.1

IIcoj I .
llI ,

06 .
1'I ,
t . ,

II

(, 2.23).
~

2.22

. ,

- Malbll
:

~.
II lI (.

5.236).

~1 fl .


Q3
IIIl 06

n.

lI

n=~

'!I

. .

61l0 .

1.

, . 3 ( ) ,
11 II, ,
:

n=~.

,,_

'2 -

"1

"1 "2

"

"2

, :

. ,
.

payanr pcnar k npe.naaa crn.

.:

",= 1.50
-200000 km

".= 1.33

=225000 ~
s

...

""=2=!!!..;

'

.... _

22S000

km
_1.50

200 000 km

" ... = 1. 12.

1. 33 '


~I
Q 0 I)'
. 6. Q

, 6 I1 .
,

90"

. 900

lI ll ll .:. '!.
-
-

48,5",

42",

Q ,
.

(.

2.24).

6 .
() ll ll1,
. ,
h

.
ll
ll

(.

2.25),

(;) .

1l0
lIllll

1II1O'la.

1I

,
(.

h :

2.26).

. .

HopMalle.

;
.

"

(.

2.26).

, h . /l
. (.

2.27),

/l ,

 n . ,
.

~
. II

(.

2.28).

lIa

, , .

900 1800.

,
'! ,

. ,
'!

~leKe

118

.
,

I-[

.
, Jl
.

(.
), ~1
,

(.

2.29

2.30).

8Q ~.
OQTY .
l-i

, 03'f
npe.naae .

,
opcl Q ~

m
Q .
.

lll QOJOj
...

~ !

2.29

ClIUKa

2.

2.31

.
.
.

. .
()

. ()

. () (.

2.30).

, . .

, .
.
(.

2.31).

F}

01 - 0 2

Fz .

() .
, , .
, : , - .

(.

1.

2.32)

2.

. ,
.
, ,

, (') w ().
'.

) (') ll lI 2 (. 2.33)
, .
. , . .

) Il

If

2(. 2.33)

, .
) II ll (. 2.33)

. .

lif
, ,

(.

1.

2.34)

I .

2. 2 .
3. 3

(.

2.35).

. . .


, , ,
CO'/II80,

(. 2.36) .

..

....

2.36

-/ 'l80 6 . 3 ll1l ll
'l , .

l1 . 3 tf l

= ~ =- 1
'

l, .

. . rrr

2 , - 0,5 D

+ 0,5 D

80

, .

Jl ,

yoehaJbe.

Q (11)

(L) ():

u=.

11 > 1 -

, u

< 1-

.
l1 lf .

2.4.

ll .
n, ll,lI .

6II ~1 .
Sl1 . , ;
(.

2.330),

, ,

; Q .
, l1

6 . h 11

50 .

. 'l 'I,

4- 10 .

3
, . lI
,
.
,

jeAliY

(. 2.39). (), .
'I .

, , n.
l1 l1 ~!

2.39.
.

I1.
l

/1

I!

11""
11",,:

/1 = "".

JlaKO

I1,

06
.
1

2500.

...

n/( 2.7

 ()
6 (.

2.38)

, .

' 80<',

().

a.n '84" 60
1.
. 8l(

q>' 8
.

Q
8 l\Q .

30 .

..

( 80.).
8

fl .
8J1Q. Ql( ~l(
'fI1?\ I(~
:
ny

. 3Q
4

30

l(8 .
!\ e.ct

080
. !\
.
,

80.

I(.
,

:
I\Q !\
I\Q 80.

8 . 8

8

eew,

!\

fle

4 I!Y

nollOe
8 (

80

6. ).

2.38

 .
ll, , lC

.
lC ( .

lC .

Bal<YYMY

=3 ~

, I<

jeAHalC :

"-

=5..=!2.

, '1

.'

: .:

l<, l< .

I<OA paBHor

; lCao . .
< .

cn . :
, (), I< .
: ()

(lCOA

I<ao

()

( yn ) .
I<:

=
lC lI"

I<OA

..

1.

.. fl -

2.

. ,

3.

lC

4.

IIllltl'

KOpltCe

II5t :

1.

l' ll

2,

l ltI

lt

1I

; (I18I,) ,

3.

II

(1IpJI8ItAIIO;) IIII - ll ll

III;

4.

IICJIM

: ,

1I

. II ltll, IlIIII

l' ynaAHor

11 II.

flI flII

II ry III< Yllal'

yrao

II'l ,
() .
3 ; Il Jl, kII
:

1.

fl ll

Jl,

2,

; I

3.

l Jt

1I

l ..

l l .
Jl tl , I
llll:

1.

()

..;

ra

" cpalJe

2.

' ellap

3,

; II l' t

II ll

IlI Jl

[I

OCII.

ll lllt Jl Jl
Jl lO:

((/=7; 1 =

lm- I

11

U=-,

ll I Jl ll

l.

11111( , YCllpaBaH 11 .

11

-
YBel'laBa r

. 080r II
:
= ",,'

oIt

1.
2.
3.

?
?

2?

4.
5.

rlya ?

384 000

kl.

7.

70 0 ?

lb ,
ll ?

8.
9.

: ?

, ?

10.
11.

II , ?

I1 ?

12.

llO n , .

13.
14.
15.

, ?
l1 ?

lIa

II

45

' .

,
.()

(Q).
.
,

,


,

,
,
,
) .
(

<.

.1.

.
q

(VII-VI

6.

: U'Q .

06

. . .)

. , :

( 6 (), J(QO
,

. .e.n

w ,

n, . (e60H~1Ha

MOI'Y

Q,

). jeAHOl' }l .
,

ll

1,
, li,
ll ,

ll ll (ll'
). , I1
ll ll . lI,

'l .

(. 3.1)
. ,

. (.

3.16)

ll ll .
.

YI'ao

Il n1',
, ,
.

7.

MOlleKy"a,

1l " . ,

l3.

Ibel'oBO

( lI).

- () 1lll
- IleYTpOHa (). (
"") -

(). lll'
ll

lll1

cynpoTHor

+, -,

l
Il ,
ll.
1
ll

..

lII4I 3.

..

3.16

l'II

1840

,
.

,
. 3 , ,
. Q
, .

Q (.

3.2)

3 "" .
()
.
Q ,

.u3.2

ll .
,
.
, . ,

, . .

.VoI",

, .

,
, . ,
11 , .
, .

.e.n"
.

,
, ,

() , .

MQQK .

N1" .

( ),

, .

(Benjamin

FrankJin, 1706-1790).

- ,

_"

.
,
ll.

." (
)
.

3.2.
()

'----

,
.

. , ,
.

( ).

6,24 . .:
1 -= 6,24' 1018 .

n :

1 = 1,6

l O- '9 .

q = n ,
,
.

. ['
.

,
ca~

, . I'

OQ

CI,

(. 3.3).

I<

w ,

.
, Q

( . 3.3).

l-l.

10

QQ.
6llO Q,

0,1
0,001 103.
1 mm = 1O' m.

10'1,

1<00

1,6 '1Q-19 C,

OCQOeCT
,

~ ,," 3.3

~ ,,"

3.36

.

. . ,

(.

1.36),

. .

WQ,

,
, Q.

( ) ,

Jl60 ,
.
, .
.

. . . ,
Jl. .
Il Jl .
, n.
: , , , .,
, .

.,-"
. ,
. . ().
. .

..
Jl
.

. .

/. .
? ?

(ql

q)

ll (.

qz

1.4).

q l -

, . ' 1

3.4

2=

4 ,

...

'2 -

~ u

'l
1

'2=

Fz,

ll

r/ 2,

. (
'
.)
, . Q2' q I
,

(2 %)
3 q2' 3

(2)!
~
< 1 ~

80 .

30

"

ll Ql'
, ,

2q , 3Q2'

11 6 ! '"

II
.

,
ll ,

1736-1806),

(Charles ugustin ulm,

1< R ,
.
yr.
:

3.4.

,
Q ,

,
Q .
80 .
,

.
ll ,

. ,
6
Q .

llO).

I'

MOI)'

..

3.5

w
. n,
, , w,

w.
.

ll II (.

3.5).

f
.

.

(.

3.6),

**

.
.

,
, . 3 1.

1 .

I .
Jl,

=-

q


.

N/C.

, ,

. ( .)

n .

..

U(

3.7

~ ,,'()",".
(.

3.7).

, ,..

"
,

( ). ,
, .

tcr
. tcr tcr

3.8

tcr w

.......,......-

tcr , ,

.. UrUI(D

:
1~~ j~ f!I.
. l.I,I
~ !lOe

T~ 1~'+

qm. 6'*fO
c~ opetl~

A!le

na

~. ll c~

, , ,
'. enePOCKorl a
, . , 'i

.
. ,
: t
r .

ana]~ yr~ c~

(. 3.8).

wy Vl

, .

.
jeocT08CI.
ow

.. j~ tl
OI~ 06wo!IQ, Q

pk!lOO .
nootly ~ c~

, Kojl!
, I .

.
, .

MOJllO ll

6: q:l.

'i

......,...,....

eI ot

ltOu~

II 'i

, ~l

]llO
I+O

!le

c~ IlO

3.9.)

8Q ".

nOJollO

~!l.

.: LIJ.1(lO". ( .

80 nOl\OJ'fj~ c~

..

Ul(3.9

"

3.5.

8 .
.
.

I'. .

Je l'a (
JIl' Q )
, IIll

q,

( )'

v q.

, (03I' )

.v=
q

(). :

1)
)
IV = - = 1-

IC

1 V
1 I' 1 .

("").
yn

. .

" ;" ("

;").
.
.

7.

: " "
.

( ),

).

Jl,

.'

, . ,

"

( ,)

Vt

V!,

V t > Vl ,

(U):
=

Vt

V2

, ,

. " ".
, ,
. =

VB - V A

. ,
. =

VB - VA

+ = V c - V"

= Vc - V B. ,
+ (V H - V,) = V c - V A'

, .

, Il
'

.
,

, .

.
,

. ,
,
. ,
,

. ,

.

or 4,5

V.

ll

, . l'.

220 V.

(, , .).

L1Ep = q'U'
,

q. , :
A~q U.

ll.
,
l' .

1 .

1 ,
1 .

,
.

(.

3.10).

F= Q' .

~Cnu"a3.10

( .

3.10),

~F d~q .
I~

=q

~EJ.

E~-.

d
,
,

1 /.

<."III'" '!'ilNlCH,)
,

'0

3.6.

.
,

.
,

"",
. ll

"" . ,
! 1

.
I'
. .
( , ,

I' 1I .)

? .

. .
, . .
. ,
n.

ll

: , , I'
(.

3.11).

ll .

I .
( .

3.11).

, OI' . (

.
I.) ll I' Il
. ,

.

I'
, .
.
. I
.
, ,
.

,
. rp.
,

Apyre

.
.

6,

, . t ,

11' yn .
. ,

. . . .

.."

, 'I 6
.

J.ll

(k ,
.

. , : 8 .
, .
80 .

() ll

..")

(). (

(). ,
: +, -.

1840

r , aJl:Q ,
ll .

( ynOH () .
:

1 =

l,l- 19 .

.
u: . 08 :
Jt.

an Jt ,

(
, :

F = k ql q2 .

"

,
yr Jt .

Jt
: .

 .k ..:

q.

' ( ) '
..

" " :

=-'.

3( (:
: :

U=

V1

B01l

(V).

,,: :

= q'

1.

6.

n n

n . . .
, . .

2.

n n ~

3.
4.
5.
6.

peeM~
?
n ?

w ry ,
?

7.

n ,
?

", ""

.
.
:
i80UU
6U Q . u
, >80 u>

UUX il g80.
u ; u,

. lb / ugu

ui 9 ,
u

ugu ui

u g " f; .
uf D. u
u eKcepMeHioM

iii

UUJ60g

u .

;
iaKO iaKO g,

g ,
u
g U.

u ,
u

,u,

u u
i, u

. ggu
u ig

g. ig i

: "
?"
i ig

g g

i

,

g,
g.

u,

uu ,

u.

uu u. , .u

/. uuu

09

, g U. uu

u U16g ig ceiOM
9 u , u
i. uu f ,,
Q uu u u,

80u u.
. : u1t>lI

90

cpencTfla,

l-.

1996.

~ ",
6

?
.

,
,

s'f'*ie :
) ,
(

,
,

,
,

),
(U -

4.1 .
Ib ll ,.
Il<.1

Jl~

Jl 'l1, ,

113

I' l lII

3-

l ll

3.2

ct[] I l,Iil Q'I 33. 311 31

l l , 'II' (.
D "

3.36).
113

1l3

, 11
n .

8 lI llI .
haeJl ek-

, II

fl 3 II<I , . ,
' l l
,

'1).

' 06 '.

Al.la l' 'I .

IIr l) , , (

' )

110A .

; ll II Jl I1

1' . 6 , l1 1l

,,+ ",

.. -", '
AllC Ta'IKe. Ta'IKe

61l0 l
ll ll .

YC~lcpeJIO l !l IIO l .

ElleKrpt1 0 llla Tc're

IIO1' flll

l~f lI1, ,

lIaHOII .

l'llI 'I' lf l ' II 1I3.

AOl'OBOP

110 ~lll7 'I7.

, n .
Jll l I ~

OAL"080P , ,
. l ,

I'aCOBa .
- 30ll (l17, ,

IC' 6 I\

... ), , ( ).


Jl 3 11 .
I l Jl

pelllCTKC( . 4. 1).

I l 1 3 060l\ 8 I' II
.

IIO II llllll
.

(II . 'I Q ) .
'l 3 1' .

lS80

n . .
3 l , Q

Il 'l . Q 3 Q .
OII II
I M a lb ~ K l' l

Jl

. ; ;.

..

n m

'1.1

..

IlI(II

4.2

1 1l 'l ,

( ),

( II ).

II lb .

,, " :
(.

4.2).

.

aCOO Jt Te l;

, I

Jl n

u .
I~ , ,

IJ w e cneKTpOIJa. Il

I3 Il. ,

lI ll .
HaCIt O L~ 11 lI
I tl ;Il.

67

4.3,

- I' ~I

, (
.)

II'' 'lIIO h II
ll , ll II (/l

" . .. ,).

68

4.2.

'I ,
, ' l' ,

. 3 yn

'lll IIII

(1) . QII

1'. I I Q :
ll l1 Il II
ll IIlllllt

IlpeCCK

IllI.

Jl , 8:

! = -.
t
II

JI 'l .

l'l ll ( !) .
3 :

aMllep

()

Ol. II rl
,
, .

q=

ll

'.

1 = l Als = 1 As.

w l "

w "

.

.

w '
.

',

69


ll
311~1 .

1'011110'1'110 .

CUCTJlOCHOr

lI 'I l'lO

Jl /l.

I'I

l'IO, . -

6 CIICKTPOMOTopa.
II , l' .

01301',

MarHCTHO

em~KTpOMaHeTa. . 'I I'I OBQI'a

Jl

APYI'OI'

(: llI' ('I) Il (:
I'. ltlll1 llt.

m ,
. n

lO ( l'

) ( 6). ( ~l)
~n ~I .
I Jl l

I' ; . l'
, '1 Ji I'.
ro .,'r",

70

4.3.

!1'11' IIaJl

80. Q<l lI '-l

". l (I , )
lll lI "

, n
Jl . ll tl
.

rI;
'"

, IQ lI

rlQ m
. II Q
r .
03l I l l

/l I . ll
/l .

1l011O. u 0u

"rI1lYc" ~1 ""

JlQ UlU'n ll, .

QlI. pe~

ll. 'I
, . , .
0611 (
, , lb, llO IH~Ka ) I'1.

clloJballlIbe

. ,
" w " (. , , ... ).
II

'I "r ll "r .

.I , ll ll ,

IIO.

Jl

'I

1"/1l1O ,
l( .

Beh

Jl

1"e'IC 'l

lI It

II01"ll 06ll
" ~1 "

(- )

(+) 3I

"".

je ~IOCMeplle 1 ll 6
. II ~
Jll Wlt llJl

. :

(+) (-).

06Jl u 0 .

4.5.
.. IIII 4.4

71

 l} I

12 V

(+

1,5 V

( )

( ). Il I'

... ).

ll

!::=======;:,I~~~ lI, . 4,5 V / 12 .

II

1I01l0Ba)

1'! (

ll .

(Luigi Galvani,
1737- 1789)

4.5

.

,
. ~

u' ,

80

(Alessandro Volta, 17451827) 8Q

.
. . ,

, 110
. . .

1800.

CTpyjll,

72

50 Hz.

50

. .

4.4.

ll'l .
ll (.

4.6).

' .

. , 1I'I
l l '! 'lI' .

'. +

,.i

,.~
,

'W"

~.
'

"

~ l

4.6

UJeQ. ,


ll

11110

)Q

.
olae ,

01'l

IIDpll ().
,
06l()'

II
: .

...

lI

4.7

()
.

( <:)

nOTpowa'ICM.

80 ( )

1101 .
(.

4.7).

II u u I/g u '/l.n u
g , . .

, , 't f U/itlLl.
g omnMetipoM Q
'l!

73

4.5.

ll3 Jl

. 'II l,
. ll .
080

lll'. I' IIQ

6.ta , ll
80. IJJlI
ll IIl1, .
: .

lIl13 Jlll 1 1 IIII

ItaIIl'l "OllIlt,

, 'l
(
'Jli II ).

I
'l

lllt

(01.

jeAlIor .

4.8), Il

"" .

, <l :

-1.

u (.

4.86),

Jl

I' l l' . . II
, ll :

..

74

ll

4,8

rl ll

S'

II

R--

IIO (f.l)

()

'I

' II . .
Jl Q. , n .
'l I10 (

1m

: ):

R-p.

Jl I I

Oi' m 1

I~ "" ,

1,6 )<
1,7
2,8 )<
5,5
1,0
4,2
5,0
11

10"
10-11
10-11
10-11
101
101
101
101

R=p- .

q.

Jlll O'rJIOPHOC1' UlI ll It

(), ", IIIlIl31

QI II'IOI' )I ' ul l .

ry,

4.86).
.

(1), <,

. , , ,
.

, I ,
.

"Ib

- (1). Jl ll

20 .

,
:

2 mm 2

1=2 krn = 2 000

r=2mm=2'iO- rn

1,7 10

'

S=''=, 1 4' (2'10-')'= 12,56'10~ '

-8

R=p'-S=1,7,l .

R- ?

2000

12,56 10

-6

=2.70

.
31. .

75

3 ' l l l 1 I
(.

30

031

km?

4.6.

(Georg Simon Ohm, 1787-1854)

I'IJ

. l l
.

4.9.

Il I' 1l0,
.
Jl Jl,

12 1'.

, ,

'l .

(ll

4. 10).

(l'Jl 60 ).

HaocllOBY

ll
. , .

= COl1st.

l Il ll
Il

Ibel"a

I'IJl, " I
,

R=

II. l l

l
{

jeAHOI
ynpa80 I.
OTIIOPHOCT Jl

4.IQ

76

=I

.:::;.

(0.):
l

l = -

= 1-

 ll

1=-

'I 80 . ,
ll:

ll IIPOKOAII~IKY ll)Q ' lI ' .

I, i1 lta ICOBOM 'lIl .

:
=

RI.

I1 II lI ::

0.5 .

220 V,

=220

1 = 0,5

R=-=

R ?

220

0,5

=440(1.

ll i1

'lI\ /, II .
I , , ~t'I .

ll~1'I

~.

I'I '

' II 80

. ll

( JiIl ),

, , I1
( ), fl I'
(. 4.12) , .
,

YKyrlHa R, :
=

R 1.

, . ll . n
' l u eJleM e ~I Ta :
II

ll l1 " .
ll . 11.

Ull ,
, ll ll
Jl.

77

3
ll I
<l 811 ,
II
II3 11R II".

Q Jl , . ,
.
II l I" , Ii .
.

".

Q .
W ll , ll II II
. . 'l
18 .

4.1 l a.

RJ

! ( )

(.

4.116),

~

(.

4. 116).

~ ,

OMOBOI'

: 1

R. 1, 2 =

1 (.

4.12a)

+ U,( . 4. 11 .).

.. CnIlKD

4./1

= . +/ !-
~Rc=R.

+ R2

'l l l 01' Il0 lI

6 .

78

.. ll 4. 2

l l
.

4. 12<1.

It ('I .

U1

! l l ( )

Jl l I\} l IIO ( )

4.126)?

IJ ll :

U = Rc /, = , ', = /1 "
: , II I! II 'l ll " :

Re

=-

R,

+- R2

ll ' l1 1J3.lI " llOI1 1l}l

R, = 3 .,

R] = 6

. (,

) QI10Pl!OCT Q , ?

R =30

R = 60

R, = ?

:
. :

Ro: = R J + R2 = 3 . + 6 0=9 8~

R1 -R2.
30 - 60
= R J +R 2. = 30+60

79

Rt

Re

20

RI

=-+ -

4.7.

'l' l'
() I'

[' , I1 'I :

= qU

Jl
(' I1 :

, l' :
= It.
lII ll ll l1 l lO
rll3

113 OI' Jl

, ;tl !lII

II ','; I<

I'

0PCMCII3

c'I'py;e.

"

~}]ll
ll ,

0),

l J=lV,lA,ls=lVAs,

. . .

2 ,

220 ,

. r ,

l1 ?

=220
=

1= 30

UIt=

220

2A1800s= 792000)=0,792

= 1800s

=~

" ":
0 , , ,

I' , Jl
, 81' , , ,

80

 l'

I!peMeH<I,

1l , C ~lar<1

, = "-,-,

=~

,-,1.'-'.'

= I.
Jf ll'IIIOI'

1131101Ia

ll llll ,

(W), ll I1

IW= I

= 1 .

I'l ' : I;I

(kW) ( W), I , (I1lW),

'l ll' l l l

1 :

CHAfA(W)

25-200

200

60jlIep

2500

'

0,5

000

'

rII<!. <l I, I I ! 1'11

IC1'<lIl 1:

1'Jl8 11II'I CJlII 8

100 ,

:
-220

1=

I=,1

118 an 220 V?
:
==220
=22

0,1

=22

W.

81


'
, .

CHcpfllja.

lll' , l1
-

0).

(Ws) :

1 ) = IWs.

'l )

(h),

(kW)

I" -

(kWh). ,

1 kWh = 1 kW 1h = 1 000 W 3 600 s =

=3 600 000 I =3,6 ).
Jl
6; (.

4.13).

Jl

6'l .

CHare.

w .

..

Ul(n4.13

1,5 kW 2 . w?

= ,

1,5 kW
<= 2 h

= 1,5 kW 2 h = 3 kWh.

82

4.8.

,
I'. .
, .
IlQ.

I' ll

Q,

= t.

Q=

11.

U =1 . .

Q=lR1I
,

Q=FRt.

eany

20 4 .

Q()

ocn6 5 ?

=200

1=4

Q= !

ll(l

Q=A.

'= 5

7.

QJ1 Q

Q=FRt={4A)'. 200300s = 96000j

=3005
Q=96kj.

83

. ro.

.
JI ,

( ;) .
.

" :

='1 .
t

llO
< .

'
:

= - .

S
8 :

I =!!.- .
R

'
ro , ro .

.' (ll ltI ) 'lll II

II
:

= .
:

Q = R' .

, ,
n ,

1.

40

2,

120 .

?'

3.
4.

?
l 01l0 'I

, 'l , 1'?

5.

, . .
. lw ?

6,

,
?

7.

, :

080 ,
r" ?

84

8S

. ,

,

,

.
, w

. nyoa
)
(

-
Q

!
?

r-_ '

,
,
8
,

w
e

o
are


;5. M~HeTHO

5.1.

"

(Fe10})

. ,
,' 'I 31l33 ' .
6Jl 3 (}I, .

II1 t) I , D .
! " . cra .

ll,

011

Il. ,

,' I 'I .

lI',' I lI. ( ,)
., u ' ,
, ( )

Hetle

I1 IIO/IOB51,

(N)

(S), :

' , . .
110 .
: :
' Manlee
"n,

3HellO ,
: , ,
, , ,
, ,

( ll , )

l ' , ,
ll , , : ,
l

M31'IICTlla

IlII ll II11,

/ I

cBe'I'"

(,

5, 1),

. pl~e HO . ,
II -, ,
IOlI ll

cKalle

ll ,

/ ,
li<1 ,

..

mll 5.

 08

I' , I'Jl

"3810 MareT,

llOu, lln

t.y

, Ib " II6

r.

l'- OlIO

, n I

(.

5.2). Yrao

(William

6i1,

1540-160)

l~ ~I n Q

kll. 10

1'l

, Ult

. De ogne.te"

-.

arey"

Q(lC
.

...

l/

5.1

,
(.

5.3).

rn , .
,
. ,

, .

, .

.. uS.

noc
'
<0300.

c~ ar~T O*~
n4e 80

[]

(.

uo80

, .

: , w

.

u

WTO

~q "
llO.
l'!

5.4).

, ,

l',

),

IIQ, IIQ

68

l'Q I \

, 06Jl ,
'

rn:

 . .

: ,
,
. "

(). ,
.

. ,
. ,

("") , ("") .

IJ Qe pp*OllQj
1\11Oe .

6)

5.4

5.2.

( .

5.5)
, Mal'HeTHa . l"Jl
"', . . I'l 'l
. I l Jl ,

Il , l .

(.

5.6).

OI' ,
.

1l ~
Il (.

5.7). I1;
+ - "), Jl

("
..

n.S.S

Q80

'* .
: :

(ans

Christian Oersted,

1777~1851)

)Q u
,
.!
,

:
.
.
3Q

0t
l-l().

an .
ouo :

:. M~e
ow r& ,
800

..

llS.6

1-y:
(1820121). .
~ : 080
1(.

..

lllm

5.7

",

;
Il ," 3 Jl .

5.8.

I< ,
I l

. ""
. .. "
,' . ;

( ), I'I.
Mal' HCTHor
ll (.

5.9).
~ /I/I 5.8

11

. 110 ,

I , . .
, .
, ,
.

I , .

5.3.


(.

5. 10).

Q )'

'

.
, .
,

. Q

(.

5.11).

naH
, ,

.
.

Mal'HCTHa

Tetle

5. 12.

, "". ,

. .

..

5.1 1

..

5. 12

 , ?

:

() ,

If,

1,

(!) '

1 I' .

I'? ?

FKoja

. :

= /.

.

B=~

1 1

lN
= -:-:="--=1-N- .
' l

'

lf

(.

5.13).

!\.
.

12

CQJQO 3Q .08
. IC .4

AMnep (Andri arje Ampere..

1775-1836)

noe.o /JIJ

.nwe.
8

puyCf1,4 .,!

'f1llJ
.QQO
3Q ... ..

5.13

5.4.


/I I1

'l , II
""

"

. ,

. r ,
. r l.

'U;

Igt

.... ary 9" fiOdliOj< lllll<lll< U

U'iD'" Iju

IaIjIo~'r t=!~'
...

.. yIen ... 11 fI8CUJI8~,

~

1996, !. 1__ 170.

 <l Koj~1
II

, 'lQ

'l . ,
.

, ll lI
" ,

3 ,
.
.

,
.
. , Il
. , 6
fl ll "- " ll
ll 8 .
I' I) ' .

u u g :

I cre , ()

~~;~~;~~!~r ru (,

;;

l' ). OL' . . 3
OI'ocr pene -.
UIO l .

. . Jl

, U'O OIpOMJ-! rrea.

' - ,
' .

, ,

( ) ,
. .

.
, IO ,
. 8

. , .

l'

,
,

Ha~

- .

,
!'
lll .

'l

, .

.,

", .

1902.

, .

:
,
uIIQ , 1 f g .
, , og ig.

 , ,
, ' f.l

1' : ~I , ,
, "", .. " " ",
Q

( , 1l6

6 , . ,

l',

, <I,

6, , . l'6 ),
n" lI -Jl
, ll ll, , ' ...
,

, 'I' h
'I ,

8 : Jl (),

, 1u

Hujaiapa

ig ig UlIg lli

(Westil1ghouse, George), g I-Iuu, llO

140 140 g 1l g

, ll u , u u
gll, u ll. Ulllx

og , gll
fx 1.

Jl

1l0 .

ll

APyre

:areTe

,
.
.

MareTHa ..
;.
, .

.
MareTHO
. I(;
, :

.. " .

1. yr Q .. ?

2.

n ,

. It :

113

) ''' .

3.
4.
5.

lI l'lI ?
!1 MOry ?
lI 3l ,
?

6.
7.
8.

3eMe~
?
llllO MarHea ?

09

g ,

. ?

08

lb,

.. "

II

ll

u Ib. 3,
Ib i 0 g u

3. . 3 lU ,
i g .
., nu g
I i . n .

, ..

,
.

,



pew

.


u
3Q

? ,
,

,
ny.

,

",

O
T
,
O

'*4

q:,

,
,

q>

,
8

6.1.

3 .

~I

, . XIX

~1O , .
t't8 Jl1' - .
"POTOII,
n ',

-IICYTPOII.

MHoro ,

. .
ll, elleKTpO~1
<t . ,

BepouaH.e.
'

. .
.

YKJlea

Il1.

.
'l

I"IC,
, .


()
II" , . CJleKPOH 3 .
l' .

oaen 8CI lU8Q 30

Q8 : .Jar1:"

.noCIC pcD ~" .

tw.o 1pcD

jeJrpo,

I IPOOll3 Il, . 1 " IICYTPOfl

Q1I tw

pcD ~

1840 Ilya .

, , , .
.

Jl a'rOMY ,
- .

ll l\.
n , l. ll .

. .'I

. '

. 1.

(.

6.1).

. .

..yne." . IOW. ..UrP08"

..". NICI
lCO*e .rry

I 'l .

IIIJ

lCO*e IIIJ
l ..

 ll lI .

6.2.

, lI , OI

(. 6.2).

1 92,

100 . ,

, . 6.2
I- .
.

6.20

. .

, .

, (.

6.21).

Iberos
.

CBera ,
. .
I-.


II
Q . ,

.. l' . . ,
146 92 (. 6.2).

.I .
. . ,
II 61 . .

ll 30Q.
. . . D :

iilu 80901l, 11 338311 gu,

u 8090 - muu, I1 '1'

h
HeYTpaJIO .

/lOII /l'II , " " - OlI.

. /
.

IlacTajy lI lt t.

TO I , . ,

lb

( ). u I1

Z.

1l>, l.

Macell" .
6.2 Z : Z = 1 = 1, Z = 2 = 4,
Z = 3 = 7...
.

, . (),

(Z)

ll ( ):

. 6.1 :

IH 1,

2 \ Li1,

8016,

,ntJ238.

I' .
,

/l 20 .
,
( .

6.2). . Q

.
l.

. , .

HYK/leOHa

tl
l

AC/lyjy

- ll .
100 II. II

h , ,

h .
l l .

OliC,

l 'l , 1l .

6.2.

, (nr

1852-1908)

Becquerel,
XlX , .

( )
.

(radiare -

).

(U).

(Curie)

, ,
.
. , ,

(Ra).

(Hoaale "g8 '; ,

u, u g

, ux .)
,

.
(.

6.3).

, , .

.. 01111(" 6.3

.
6
. .
, ,

Tpal'ose .
Q 4

~-,

Q !

.
. .

6.3

-. ( . ,

.

, .

Q.

()-.

, ~ ()-.

() - ,

l, .

:
a-l~ , . .

-.

~- ~ - .
- Jl , Jl, ll

, l1' .
.

MOI)'

6 , I)'

6 .
u

6 .
l'

. .

..
. .

, .
Q , " .

.......

. ,

"~ .n 88IIIIN

. ~- . ,
6. , 8.

npeU. 80

pen paoak ....

CUI OIe ~

(6ll) ( ),

WQIQ4 w8,

l' l' .

lfIJ .t pclCna

cr1OtfC4 .
ua.

ltI
te4 ~ te4 .

, .

8.

OII nyre, PetO

8.

~.

et4Cr. . IllJ8O'f

: 9}U

92

(2).

fIe <:O.no

Th131~ + }
(90)

90

Jw"! """'"' pyn>."je

lO pclCnocL
nopcJyua

l'IOjI:Ir
_
_

~.

~~ (

6): 2' --+ 2sNi

+ -.

llie

_ Oocellee

pagy.

I ga 9u

_ .....""

'U80Qla,

OOeg _ ..."

", *'9u

lO l& l9~ u

Jr u. wt

09 . "
9g; ~uu qi 09

u.

peKoMepHU lO

MHOfux u 9uu.

jorpo II:IIO

6.3.

I l']. qJ tCJI.
,

r,

20

, ~ .
(ro) IllI .

ilOlI I.
lI . ,

, (lI~ (1lll )
,

(91UUS),

10101)'

ll I.

I' (.

6.4) .

6.4

11' ,

, .

3 ,

'1'0

8fl .

, , l1' .
,
.,

, .

2-3

6.4.

. 11 ( )
;

8, 16,32,64, 128

. .

l . 1l0 , .
JlOl1' U
1l0 . 1 .
l1'

6.5

U23S

300 l'

l' (.

6.5) .

Jl
. II lI: , ,

. ,
Il

l. en I'

, ,

caropesaIba

, , ,
l
( 'I ), ~I a
, .
, .
.

!I ,
ll ,

. Jl60
. , 8

li_iDtllIU

IUlIOtI

. ti

Uflog_

li

dfJtl

yrpo , rpo

YOI!M IItflOM

, ,
. 11
, "" !

..

llltI

6.6

311. udIiu

II

tHepfuje

OKflUpy iJpoffVt'.tI

fli<: JtljeYHt. g_t:NutItI "tI-

w I . ( ) ( ).
(. .6).

ypd)aj

KtUyjt
yl1ly,

"t

6.4.

6 ,
II . l l ll l106.> Q
h [l .
Il"

(.. ") .

080

, .
. ,
.

;;
Q . QQ ,
.
'I' ,

l .
.

6,7 .

n6.7

. , " I' I'" 1' (

) l1 : .

Jl6 II' l' w ,
. l'
.

Jf
. , '

, (, ,
, 6, .),
, llO l 1 ,

, . .

II w
. I .
~I ( 'lObe,,-) ,

0110

' II

. 1 'l
h."II . 'I .
-, , .
Qll I! .
IJ , ll
I1lllll .

I1 , , Q
, L~ . -

11

~- I I n ~I ml
ll, - .
' nl 1 0 8 ,

...

6.8 .

6.8

'lO
lb I' (.

6.9).

06

. , ,
.

.
n II QlIO t (II. IJ).
lI 611 01'lI. 31"n3 1I
, m - .

CYMI'IOp-

- 1'3, QII .
"' .

"1l

;'!, l- "Il" -

II ("80 -

, ]

." , l-l
Q. . t l
n Q 11
l. 61 l l1
AY I'o I'
rlpeJtCT31JJaj y ll.

BpeMClia


. .

-
- ,
1l 1840

.
ll. n-.

Q.

-.

() - 'n
. ; .
;. ;

() ,
.

, ,
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

'l l ?
l l ?
?
" II U ll ?

u ?
u I ?
?
?

8 ?
?

fll

aflloMCKoi

I Ia'Il 06 .

IlfllU 11 g ui1l I1 g 11

tiefll

ll ll . giU

'. OBIIM 6lb

IIll'l. , ,g 130.000u u I1

70.000 , u 011

i.Il ll

i. .g 'l, , . "Q l~llat~ul'.

ll tl

OHII.X
IlM IIa i.

g /" U800

 80 tp
I<e oc~OB~oj I< I<~
I<ojy tp
I< . e~e

~ayKaa, ~
~ .

~ :

~ , q:l, tpl<, q>

...

. ll 1'
.

Ta'IHO,

! '

l"< . ,
'1 ' OI)'
.. ,
. (

lioue

5 .)

l ,
ll
.

F.II l(l(

)

Jl, .

Ta'I HO

lm

nOCl a: }'
. ( ' I : n
Jl

. Jl
1I / . l1
.)

10
l1 , ~1.
I1 3.
~l .
iiiu "

I' "" .

xllpypllljll

118

 :m II': '""';'" oKpehe

_______...iii

KOllllliY"_~"
_'_

M ~tOl'O

JIYI'yje

I'I1 (

l '),

CIIIIP:llltI
{lIpcl.'H
}

/. lI ,
,

rla II

I lll I ( ) ,

pcllArCllClI
llll

~l I'I , ,
1I0 , , ,

Jl
, Jl.

... ll
II

",OIII/!

IIQKpelm

KpCllCT

l7i, uu

IIll
11 I' !1;ll

060; ,mm

ll ll ullll iu

; 20
I'9, uu

u',_ 6U1I0;
tJ u.

PeHgieHcKU

llgllitu ig UlI(190 1 ) lIeMtI'fKllllaY'IHUK

ll llll (Wi/Jrelm KOflrad Rontgen, 1845~1923),

1896. iogUHe

ll ll'f ll lb m iu;
'fU, lIII IJ .

09

II. at~ u

80 lbg llU'fU 60l/

'IUU rUKueUMa 11 ili u 1U 9 uN.

IU1l g: Il) 9 Ullf llll) ll

Olu (lllu , Ll 9 ' {yurm!

ll

Pell9icII

9II CHIIMaK "'9 11000_

Oiii"p"lle ptll9icHCKUX mr.u ! 09 elioxtl1lHOi 'lU

tl .,. P1l9lmCl(fJlillja, 1910. iug'lIIc

9(1

IIt9ciIl.aje 9t111
lbtl

119

10IIJ


I 11'1 ,

Beh

Il . ,

l ... ,
Jl. I1
l1l-1O I1 .
u9II u
. uog

ll .
1l0 . 'I ,

. TpaJliCiIiopl1

eHepl1je .

l1m.

I1 (I1, ,

), ,.11 (

7.

). II

, ,. . (
~1 "!

.)
fl... , ll

"

.
Il

~l

, 110

I' : 1. , ~1
, 6Jl, ll l1
.

u ll;
u9"'

ImiIieipucallllX

?
ll 6 .
, f
. ~1 }Ia

.. " . I' :
t- ""
. TO~

/
'I ,

IlOpen

l"pa l)OM

, ,

III.
'I,

eJleMeHTapHe

MOI'y

I1 .
'l ""
I1 . , 6 IIll II' ,
'l
. 'I IIl1 It
(

7.

).

HajBehl1

1211

1l

(CERN)

}] (

 ) .
~l

jeAa l1fl

.
, O I- "l 'I

. , 'I
h I' . ,

1 . lI

.

I-! rl
( , .
, ). l~ '

, l' ,
lI Ul 1'0 l
.

'l l'

ApY I'a :
1"!O'leTaK ,
AaJleKoj . 1I 'l

Ib , I'
ll,
ll .
I' ( , , )

rl1l .
'I .
l' . t',
1l0 ,

,
,

01101'

06

l . , II
ll I' . ll

ll ,

-:. : ;;:;.Jl ,
Jl ( ll I') ll .
ll ,
.

.
lm, .
Jl3 . ,

~1'l , ry .
Jl

ll , ( ) ,
ll Il lI ll
ll . .
I1 " " .

npoY'le

121

',u

uugu
u IlCumll L m/CI ;uum

( uili ) . LlIfi

-Ollec (Heike Kamerlil1gh -Onnes,

ug, ,

olTlliopa) u

1853-1926)

l'

yciliaHoBuo

uug iliU (l7i 'Iii111

UCl7i.um gu lI

ll gu

15

1913.

;IlIl.

1 lIllJl

um I 'I .

~18 .
.

IJaM

1l0

1'0 51 (
. umi-

2007!).

1' .

; lI u ( ),
Uitl XCJlujYMO/tf

ga

0011 ;Il

6g ill

ll mu.

12

EII tcrpll II

ll

ype~ajll

I(

em

IIajyhK 11,\1 I(IIQ,IIll II08 l(

cacTojl1

- lI0311TlllllIO

lI llO I",

aTo~a .

~l - llllllll lllI e;rcypll'llIt' .

:

ll,(' JlII~ ;l(

- HllCTpYMeHT

r l .

)l II II

l(lI.1113 illClI ,l

\'llor OJlil

0.1

..".

- tl I I lyr 11 11
0113 II I;I,'tI ,
- CII('I(TI'I1'1111I IlallOll 113 Kpajt (HeOlln:pehcllor) II3I!.
pu - IleraTlIl;IlIOIlaCIICKTp"caBa 'I. 3'I1111 3I' :.l. '! rl)<':
l'

lll

eila_

<II:R

TOI(O.ll II.'lll

.1 I, I'III( nll. I"'

lllI 8tilI

- l}a 1,0l1
lIel('O .l "aCiI('f(TpIIC3110,

I'rI

8aK)'Y!oIY .'ol ll l -

1I11'11111 lIilt3

)!

- 0(11081111 10 rpal)e l t',1'Il,

;11 011 llll !)III 'l
11 ~ICI(() ,
-

IJI ~epOlI

II'!II

'11183

CIIOII ll llpell1l.
" l' I (O'Il11l. 111111 Jll

eJllCpll'lIl

rl ll;.'olJJ,('I ClI
'IIII.

- ll3ICIIII allaClI t':<>l1ll1

;I', Til1I30JC ll 011 )'lI6'l

ill1ll3

- YJl.aCII OC ll e~ICII~
l!Or I ')I, . ll ll CO'IIIB:\.
03I1aK1I.:/

s,

lllI: r IIlI:

Jl

lll'/()( l ll llll;,

"

ypc~aj ll (ICII II IIPII(YCIIO

(KoII Ka8HO) II ofHCJIallO - l'

lI:oje

~ ll 1I0l

CCIIOcr "

'l ,

113

ll

- 8.1I 11:0;11 rp Il 1'

11 ;eall IICyTpoll,
:m 'II - C8CTIIOC u llI
lIOBPIIllI1lJ,

3(),lII

II'llI ll{ll

.,

11

M3CI'"jailll lt .10

II II'lt' ( "ll II) :" f

!.'ill1C3l;1

jt Jtt'tl

Il (1I0:III I1 "

IIII

II,'31111. o ll opa

Ile"II'1111I3
Y(MepcllO)I l l . 113-

- IIO Kpeale HaCIIClI:rp"call.a ellenplI'III01II _

ln'pll'I rloe - ilI1311 IIOll
,lII'III I', ll.\l <10 (I,pIIB.1J'I11O IIII 6 llO) " 113 IIPYI'a lIaenccrrpllcall3 TClI3,
rrIIll 1IIIIIIIjc CIIIIC - 31ll11ll ,'Itllllt

1111

Q,1 11 1ll1 1l. l1IlI

(1I3.\lcl)y

ll"II~ IIl;r ,

3}l

rlpCHCCC

1I0 -

~ 1!J)()801lI,

1tI'lll IlpeiIHOC IIII(!

lrpo ( )

0311lIO Il3cncrpI

) (III(ll 1

,\la, llO Ilpo1'Olla 11 lI,

- .\I 111111 III .1l l
lIae,l eKTpllCall II 311III II II Ile1'3TII811O,

~II "n

11O"..

IIORPIUI!,

_ 1101.

E.rI "'lll

IIl II31 II enII '1II 0

Koj~ lIIlIII 8
lI (II

II31 11t I3 I\II(.

ll

ll ll eIlCI<'-ll

11011>3,

ll II III I orrr ~O

ll, ll",!.' lI!.'II!.'llC IO

II 'l II(I'I

C/la60

n n"ll .

61lll IIJl. 111I.Cllepllcaa, 3

En'lllll " ll11

IIOUp-

,.

- I 'I

llll n,lll

() I

11:1.-

I I illl(lllll,

II llll

eecrop

11

Ilar10l13,
laMa

II. : ,

11

II3 () I' il

Il rnl l:I IIl"ll 'I,

HIICfPYMCIIT

"'1

I I 'l "!lll II ll lI '

l1 e.1t,Kpolla,

IlpolI('pa~ lI

EnlI l('/('U" lI('ra - lI"'3t -

111" uj lIII.

) l1

cllcpfllja jt-

LllI

ILllj~ .1I 'ICCIIIl.\la.

lI () S ; II

lll

IIIIII 1l00Il8110 lIaellCII:P llCaa eJlII

- 11, ll
orllCAilllO
KOHKaBIIO ( ()l'!Iall - 8, }1>Il "
OrlleAaJIO

rllO 91(0"

!" .1

l1l."lI lL, .

III13 'lII rpll

!IOApYI'a pallH3.
0"11111 110 Kpea lhC - \. Jl l'
" " 3 Il11 "1'03 Il
I.IlI

Jl lll

"'I

" I1JII I 06/1 l1

'l " l " .

l."ra 'I!! l' III1 II llO

6l1 3 1100'O.'te 11

uellalt.e, I 3 OBIIX
cyct./t'Ie, II ll
II

Il 3ll llllnl "II!>!.

n ll

or II IlOlI

lln1\, 113' lI ll I/l .110

", ",1 Jt

Jlllrlll taJ"I ll

ll "O~ l

lI

11

OfI RIIOf.'II

'1111111 lll1u .

OClIJl yjy l ll n.

neJI 3

" rp

)'l II

n nII '3t' ,!lte l

ll tt, ll ,
tt

JIell);1."

n 113 l}e

I ;l1'

, 3 ,"U1) 1';l II ll.

MarlleTlII1 II - ,' !! (
,m i'll ) ron !, eKellt"pIlMe
II 110Ka:lyjy ll - cCBeplII1 (N) 11
-

l t'

'I ,1 ,l "",;

.11I 06 :;

eJI": nOOlmlllO

11

lIl , II itl

CI.IIIX!>!

'l1Ih 11ll 0611.

IIll1l3111;11 ll1l' II II Ill

II )'3D III. )'

,"," II3.

'

IIpyl1' II

I I .

1III

l1 - tl1a 11 lln I'JI IIKIIM ~1

CIIo6oAlII'X llll 3llt:rpI,
ro

!103IIII ll ,

., ",:!.

1840

.l ,

- peaKUllja ll 33 01>l
ocn06al}:llt.e llt,
" - ll ll 11 1100'
!>! TeM!ltpaTypaM3 oc~06a.e rn.
n Clllle - llll ~ IIY1(,1eOIl3

110 lIl, lllI

CnOllTallO

orn IIIIII .

(Illl) "

1l3

lI,1 ll "! lll llII II

().

II

ll'

OC/l0601\1I 11 " 'lU lll llt l'

IIpeTllapa II' .
lll1 - IIII'!II 11 33 11 33
,' : I' ll 11 IleYTpolle.
- 11. I'

(") lI elleMeHant l1
IIII

ellCMCHTa -

311

ClleTIIOCll11

Bpaha ll 1l003 II .
- 1IC3Y ll , 11
II 1(Ony,
- rpa lta ll ll nPOCltpale
11

I1I1rI

II II.

- KOII II'I-

IlIlK6l II )' I1113",.

- Il3
1( l\llII 11 or"eAalla.

(I( )

- l1113
lIatl II /l 1' (II).
- 11 " I1 .l w
lI .

Ilt OIIOP"OC "

nopllO(T

Il lllr

l1

ll

I /.
(peanall)

- "lI 01] m 11 l

lI

IleII .

QlI

" I l'

ll 1 IC ' .

n !lOIllI il (1'IeT!lOCT.

6 n

- 1'aKlla

ll l\ II 3 .

- 110jall:l 11 II II

I' " I l pen

ll t " ll;

f/l

11

....:l1 .

npoo,1te llIl .

II

- I,ll1IlIl ~ II
'111;'\ lIt'O 'llll J"JlIIO.
fIII - Maepllja llll KOjllX cnolha

lI l' I tr: .

Alle

II " 113!III ,

D ( l1l1 ll) I1 ( IlII)

l' IoIr

lt.t

113

IIII I fn

lllllh C8CTIIOCII

lI'I (S)
ll "ll.>

- " 063811 ll
OCI11matlll;a. : .
'I I( - KpeTalbl" ~oje IIll
I ;Il3 Ilt3l1

, II ll
'! II0

lI II

D ll

'.
'

" ; llll IIII II1I 113Il .

( IllIII)

" .

124

II II " Il

..

n/,' H3MC~Y Il6l1l1

II peJt II
I1. 0311IKI ; ~.

XOMorellO 1 -

, - ' I l .,lt

011 II 'ICCTIIC CpeIIH ~ ,

- 111 .
n - IlO ,1 lIll
l

IIII l'", u

"' 8 .IO t

1I0llC llll

1I0llII llCjl.3

llII I(

ll IIOpa/lllO Jl;1l1 !ll .

- 801\011111(

11 .

h ltll .
ll n

IlOM

06II , ," II "

r/l

Ill

Ull3ttja

ytllI. : 1'.

IlpoTOII

II8 33 "

'.'l'.

- TnpA1l ,1111l1l3 IIII OCllo6ot)eH3

Ilp060JIHI'''y ll "II (,' /l"ll

' t' , ,

l." ., I'

Yech ae an - II U - ,1I1 IJ.tI1'Llt 1II1 I 1I

11

"

"

lI" .

ll. .

I"l1t;A

- 8.

ll I

orne-

1.

. :. . ',: I 8 I(Q,

u ", ,

2.

uI. .

3.

2008

. m. . : I ,

2009

. , . , . n : l l
uII ( /,,., ,

4.

5.

l)aCnOnOB'ln

. :
flX--,

6.

: , . ,

II l , ,

yu6eltllKe

YIII

YIII

ILl , ()

1970
YIII

811 l .

1996
l, Il ,

1999

. Zalanca. . Pai s, . .
(l0).

Rodriguez: FISICA 1-3,

- Educar, Bogota

1985

7.

. m. . .

8.

R. Resllick, . Holliday,
(U.S.A), 1992

9.

. . . Mllpj a l-tl1 . . : .

C leve land: PHYS ICS, FoundatiOlI and Frontiers, Prcnticc New Jersy (U.S.A.), 1969

, .

10.

PH YSICS 1 & 11 , . Wi ley & Sons, Ncw York

1993

'1

(,.', rp,

1996

. III"': . u I tI
1. Oll',

] 2.

S.

. ll: .8I ,
u lll'

11 .

ll ,

1996

. ro: , , ,

125

1950

 ,
,
, , . ,
. ,
.

:
IU. .
.
.
!
U

. . .

2010.

g
.

www.zavod.co.rs
Ullll gllUU

u'lU ypegHtlK

u

w
w
Uflu u

ll

KopeiUop

16

m7i:

20,5
.

26,5

)' 11'

2010. .
2010. I' .

...

. I
" ".
IIll , II , I)' Il
u . ll , , ll
ll - .

., Ta~IIJO l1,

h llll .

...

- , ll , l"
.

3 1l, ,
: l'.
3cra

Apyro

ll bpeMeJ-I

yr

II.. \ ..\