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TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................I
UNIT-I............................................................................1
PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION...........................................1
1.1
WHAT
IS
PHILOSOPHY?.........................................................1
1.2
WHAT
IS
EDUCATION:...........................................................3
1.3
BRANCHES
OF
PHILOSOPHY:..................................................8
UNIT-II.........................................................................13
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY..........................................13
2.1
CUT LINE.........................................................................13
2.2
OUT LINE........................................................................14
2.3
ONTOLOGY / METAPHYSICS..................................................15
2.4
EPISTEMOLOGY.................................................................17
2.5
AXIOLOGY........................................................................23
UNIT-III........................................................................27
LOGIC..........................................................................27
3.1
CRITICAL THINKING............................................................27
3.2
3.3
INDUCTIVE LOGIC..............................................................29
3.4
PROPOSITION
OR
3.5
FUNCTION
3.6
ARGUMENT
3.7
SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION....................................................37
OF
FROM
ARGUMENT
IN
ESTABLISHING TRUTH
IN
LOGIC. 30
CLASSIFICATION........32
ANOLOGY................................................36
UNIT-IV........................................................................40
MAJOR PHILOSOPHIES..................................................40
4.1
IDEALISM.........................................................................40
4.2
MAJOR PHILOSOPHIES.........................................................42
4.3
MAJOR PHILOSOPHIES.........................................................44
4.4
NATURALISM.....................................................................46
4.5
EDUCATIONAL VIEWS
OF
EXISTENTIALISM...............................49
UNIT-V.........................................................................51
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY..........................................51
5.1
ETHICS............................................................................51
5.2
SCOPE
OF
ETHICS:............................................................52
5.3
BACKGROUND
STATE 56
OF MORAL LIFE..
5.4
THEORIES
5.5
RIGHTS, DUTIES
AND
5.6
DESCRIPTION
DUTIES:....................................................66
5.7
VIRTUES..........................................................................67
OF
PUNISHMENT..................................................62
OF
MORAL OBLIGATIONS............................64
UNIT-VI........................................................................72
MUSLIM PHILOSOPHY...................................................72
6.1
ISLAM
6.2
AIMS
AND
OF
EDUCATIONAL THEORY........................................72
EDUCATION
IN ISLAM..............................................77
6.3
FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOL AND SOCIETY IN ISLAMIC SYSTEM OF
EDUCATION................................................................................83
UNIT-I
PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
1.1
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
Plato
Aristotle.
Definitions:
Philosophy is a set of ideas ant beliefs about every aspect of life. It
is in search of truths and realities about Man God of universe.
1.
2.
3.
1.
Relation
Education
between
Philosophy
and
Introduction:
Philosophy
interdependent.
and
Education
Education
seeks
are
closed
corrected
and
from
philosophy
and
guidance
Metaphysics
(Reality)
ii).
Epistemology
(Knowledge)
iii).
Axiology
(Values)
iv).
Logic
(Reasoning)
v.
Ethics
(Morality)
i)
ii)
iii)
1.2
WHAT IS EDUCATION:
Education is a teaching and learning process which continues
throughout one life. During this process the individual learns various
skills, gains knowledge and builds character. He is also able to earn his
living by fair means. In other words, education aims at moral, social,
physical, intellectual, religious, cultural and authentic development of the
individual.
Education can be formal as well as informal. When education is
provided systematically in a particular instruction, according to a
prescribed curriculum, examination is conducted and certificates are
awarded, it is called formal education. When education is imported by
parents or friends, no proper classes are held and no certificates are
awarded, the individual learns skills and habits of his elders, it is called
Informal Education. Both type of education is important and it has its own
value.
Some Elements of Educations are the following.
i).
Teacher
ii).
Students
1.
They should be helpful in the family, they should be dedicated at the job
and they should be patriotic to the country.
Ethics is also a branch of philosophy which deals with the moral
conduct of man. It raises questions whether man is born innocent or he is
selfish by nature. Philosophy tells us that there is a strange blend of good
and evict in the nature of man. At times, man tarries out to be quite evil
and cruel, at times he is willing to sacrifice his life and property for the
sake of others.
2.
Intuitionism and
Skepticism.
Philosophy provides
3.
social life of man. All societies have their own values. There cannot be a
value free society. In Pakistan it is valuable to give regard to the elders, to
greet each other, to love the children, to say your prayers to God, to
welcome the guests etc. the chief Islamic Values are of freedom (to say and
do what is absolutely correct) Justice (to do justice irrespective of colour,
creed or sex). Equality (all men are equal, high or low, rich or poor).
Brotherhood (All Muslims are brothers, will join in grief and joy) without
regard to these values, there cannot be a good society.
Philosophy also gives great regard to values, it considers moral,
social, religious, intellectual and aesthetic values to be selected by the
people for good life. Philosophy also searches about supreme values,
namely Truth, Beauty, Goodness, Hope and faith.
4.
both discuss methods of teaching the well known methods used and
propagated by philosophers are called dialogue, discussion and
questioning. These methods of teaching were used by Greek philophers
(Socrates, plato, Avistotle) in the learning process. In this method, readymade knowledge will not be provided to the learners the teacher would ask
many questions from the students related to the problem or topic the
discussion will continue until the students reach to a correct conclusion.
5.
Religious aim
Social aim
Physical aim
Intellectual aim
Recreational aim
7
Citizenshop aim.
Aesthetic aim
1.3
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY:
1.
Metaphysics /Ontology
It is concerned with the reality or being of everything that exists,
the course, substance and purpose of everything.
2.
Epistemology
It deals with the possibilities and limits of human knowledge can
we get some true and complete knowledge of this world?
3.
Axiology
It means that there are values in human life in every society, these
are Intrinsic (valuable for itself) and universal and objective
values. As truth, beauty and goodness are
8
4.
Supreme
Aesthetics
values.
Sometime
Ethics
and
Definition of Philosophy:
Philosophy is a set of ideas and beliefs about the origin of this
universe, the purpose of mans life and about the existence and nature of
God.
Philosophers are greatly interested in understanding these
surprising world, the future of mans life and the future of this universe.
The shortest definition of philosophy is that it raises questions about every
aspect of mans life in order to understand it better. In answer to all their
questions they present theories Greek philosophy Socrates, Plato and
Aristotle became famous all over the world. French philosopher Descartes
and German philosopher Immanuel Kant became well known for their
modern approach on philosophy definition of P. Montague:
Philosophy is an attempt to give a reasoned conception of the whole
cosmos and mans place in it.
The scope of philosophy is very vast, it touches all the fields of mans life.
To improve human life, it performs various.
Functions viz:
It is in search of truths and realities
It explores the realm of knowledge.
It presents theorems about this world
It determines a standard of morality.
9
(c)
b).
c).
e).
e)
3).
a).
11
12
UNIT-II
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
2.1
CUT LINE
First Branch
Metaphysics or Ontology
(Deals with Reality)
1.
2.
3.
Reality of God:
i)
Cosmological
Argument
ii)
Teleological
Argument
iii)
Ontological
Argument
iv)
Ethical
Argument
i)
ii)
Reality of Man:
i).
a)
Determinism
b)
Indeterminism
c)
self-determination
d)
Fatalism
ii).
Soul of men
13
Plato +
iii).
Aristotle
4.
5.
Reality of Existence:
i).
ii).
Number of Realities:
i)
Theism
(ii).
(iii).
Pantheism
(v)
Deism (Indifferent)
iv)
Atheism
Poly-theism
2.2
OUT LINE
1.
i.
i).
Philosophical Qs.
Four theories
Empiricism
Rationalism
Intuitionism
Skepticism
ii).
iii).
2.
Nature of Knowledge:
Sources of Knowledge:
i)
Censure experience
ii)
Reserving
iii)
Authority
iv)
Intuition
v)
Revelation
4.
Validity of Knowledge
i)
ii)
iii)
2.3
ONTOLOGY / METAPHYSICS
Meaning:
It is the study of being or existence, that is to find out the truth or
reality beyond this apparent world. Since philosophers are interested in
searching for the exact relation of everything that exists, they wants to find
15
the truth about God, man, universe, existent and the number of realities
Aristotle called ontology, the first philosophy. These will be discussed one
by one.
1.
Reality of God.
Philosophers want to reach to some truth by discuss really exist or
ii).
Teleo-logical
Ontological
but these are accepted to exist, then the Idea. Of God can
also exist because we can explain this characteristics to be
kind, loving, forgiving, helping, knowing etc. It proves
that God exists.
iv).
2.
reality of mans nature, purpose and existence. First, they ask about the
power of mans mind, can man know and understand everything and can be
remain successful in his plans of life. In this connection they put forward
four theories called determinism etc.
2.4
EPISTEMOLOGY
Introduction:
The term epistemology is derived from Greek word. Epstein which
means knowledge. Philosophers raise many questions regarding the nature,
sources and correctness and knowledge, e.g
17
ii.
iii.
calls then 4 Idols of the Mind. These are idols of cave, tribe, theatre and
market. Idol of cave, refers towards taking ones own ideas to be cored.
18
Scope of Knowledge/Epistemology:
The scope of knowledge would include nature of knowledge,
sources of knowledge and validity of knowledge.
I.
Nature of Knowledge:
What is knowledge? The word nature means the basic
Sources of Knowledge:
Sense Experience:
We get a lot of knowledge through our five senses of seeing (trees,
morentains), hearing (all sounds), tasting (sweet, sourer) smelling
(fragrance or foul) and touching (soft, hard).Those philosophers
who support this theory are called Empiricists, famous supporters
are Locke, Berkley and Hume. The difficulty with sense19
Reasoning:
All kinds of ideas are created by the mind of man to make life
comfortable and peaceful. It is the reasoning power of the mind to
differentiate between good and Evil, and to develop concepts of
truth, beauty, wisdom, patience, sympathy, cooperation, kindness,
friendship, freedom etc. These are superior kind of ideas, without
these life cannot exist. Moral, social and religious values are also a
result of thinking and reasoning. Concept of future life are given
by mind. Problem of life are also solved by reasoning branches of
philosophy (Epistemology). Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza are
the main supporters of this view and they are called Rationalists.
French philosopher Descartes words became famous when he said,
I think, therefore I am
3.
Authority:
A lot of knowledge is obtained from authentic books such as
Dictionary, Encyclopedia, books written by Plato and Aristotle etc.
Moreover, established Institutions, as colleges and universities
also provide relevant knowledge in a particular field. All writers,
institutions and great men providing a tested body of knowledge
are regarded as authority in their fields of study.
20
4.
Intuition:
Some knowledge comes to man intuitively, without reasoning. The
word Intuition mean the power of the mind to know something
without conscious reasoning or without effort. It is called sudden
awareness or immediate insight about the nature of things, it also
means obtaining some true knowledge suddenly Mystics claim to
have this true knowledge.
5.
Revelation:
The word reveal means to possess some hidden or secret
knowledge. The religious knowledge or the word of God is
revealed to prophets in a state of vision or dream. It only comes to
prophets and not to ordinary people. It is believed to be taught
directly by God. A lot of knowledge is obtained by revelation..
6.
Validity of knowledge:
The word valid means that which is correct. Philosophers are
interested in this world out of nothing. He is the creation and
controller of this universe. There will be a day of judgment and
human beings will be answerable to him for their actions. The
second view is a scientific one, that living beings originate in
favourable environment, they grow and live for a particular span
of life, they die and become a part of the earth again. The place of
time and space is also discussed by philosophers. They talk about
conceptual time, that it is an idea in the mind of man, for some
people time passes quickly, for others it passes very slowly. We
also have perceptual time. That we can know and measure it with
21
Reality of Existence:
Philosophers also ask and desire to know what is existence itself.
What are the conditions for existence? Is mind going to tell us
about conditions for existence? Can time and space be conditions
for existence? Will God tell us about the conditions of existence?
8.
22
Fatalism (the beginning and end of mains life is based on his fate, he is
helpless).
As to the question whether man possesses a soul, there are two
views from plato and Aristotle. According to Plato, a thing which
possesses a soul will always have it cannot come to an and. According to
Aristotle, soul and body are related, when body perishes, the soul will also
come to an end. As to the discussion of moral nature of man, philosophers
believe that there exists a strange blend of good and emit in the nature of
man. Sometimes man becomes extremely cruel to kill the other person
and sometimes he makes a sacrifice of his own life to save another human
being. Some still think that evil tendencies are stronger as compared to
good ones. Hobbes said that man is selfish, nasty and brutish by nature;
Rousseau said that man is born innocent by nature and he learns evils from
the society.
9.
Reality of Universe:
Philosophers want to know the truth behind this external material
world. Why is it created? How long it will remain like this? How it came
into being? What is time and space in this world? They discuss two views,
one is a religious one that God created.
2.5
AXIOLOGY
and appreciated in the social life of man. Values are those qualifies of
character which are considered desirable by a particular society, these may
change from society to society. A society cannot exist without regard to
some moral, social and religious values. We cannot think of a value free
society, in the absence of values, there will be choose and confusion in the
society, people will kill each other because there will be no social and
religious binding. Philosophers are greatly interested in determining values
for the creation of a peaceful society. In analyzing values, they want to
reach to some absolute, final and objective values, truth, Beauty and
Goodness are the three permanent and supreme values. Latr on, Hope and
Faith were also included among universal values.
Selection of Values:
According to philosophers, in the selection of values, preference
should be given to objective and permanent values, viz: moral, social,
religious, intellectual and aesthetic values as compared to subjective
values, viz: recreational, physical and political values. Some people give
importance to games, singing, music, body building, leadership, etc. But
preference should be given to moral values as compared to political values.
Classification by Averett:
A well known philosopher Averett, classifies values into 8 areas:
1. Heath
2. Economic
3. Moral
4. Social
5. Intellectual
Knowledge, education
6. Religious
7. Aesthetic
8. Recreational
Basic Values:
1.
it is valuable to give
26
UNIT-III
LOGIC
3.1
CRITICAL THINKING
Introduction:
Logic is derived from Greek work logos oyos which means
thought or words. A thought is expressed in language. Philosophers are
interested in the study of logic so that ideas are conveyed in clear
language. They emphasize on correct thinking and rational attitude of
human beings. So that people are thoughtful in their everyday talk and
avoid confusion and mis-understanding. Logic is usually defined as the
science of the lows of valid thought. It is exact and systematic like science,
it has its own lows of thinking, it puts emphasis on correct thinking taught
is the result of accurate thinking. Logic is also said to be a science of
reasoned discourse 9conversation). In all intelligible discourse whether
spoken or written there is a continuity of thought. In all our human
activities thinking is involved, it may be good or bad, clear, confused,
comprehensive etc. , but we can do nothing without thinking of some sort.
All science is an expression of thinking and it is the thinking of the highest
type.
Logic is useful in solving life problems, some solution is reached
after deep thinking. Logic is also useful in law courts in order to defend
a case. It is useful for leaders and politicians to make effective speeches. It
is useful for teachers to teach in a systematic manner. It is useful for
students to learn properly and write clearly in the examination papers.
27
i)
Ideas or reasons
ii)
iii)
Consequent or conclusion.
3.2
inductive
Deductive Logic:
A deductive reasoning is one in which we reason from a general
principle or law to an individual class or cases. It has three statements. The
statements contain three terms, e.g : (for example)
All men are fallible,
All kings are men,
All king are fallible
The three terms are men, fallible and kings. Deductive logic deals
with the setting of the statements to follow each other systematically, so
that we can reach to a correct conclusion. Take another example from
Aristotle:
Man is mortal
28
Socrates is a man
Socrates is mortal
Here, man is mortal, is a universal truth, second statement is a
supporting one, and the third statement is the conclusion. Deductive logic
deals with the formal validity or correctness.
3.3
INDUCTIVE LOGIC
In inductive reasoning we proceed from particular statements to
3.4
PROPOSITION
OR
ARGUMENT
ESTABLISHING TRUTH IN LOGIC
IN
universal Affirmative
(All S is P)
e.
universal negative
(No S is P)
i.
Particular Affirmative
(Some S is P)
o.
Particular Negative
(Some S is not P)
1)
a-Universal Affirmative:
When a proposition is stated about a whole class of people, things
2)
e-Universal Negative:
When a proposition is stated negatively about a whole class of
3)
i-Particular Affirmative:
When a proposition is stated about a particular idea, person or
4)
o-Particular Negative:
When a proposition is stated negatively about a particular, idea,
31
3.5
2.
Provides information:
5.
33
B)
a.
Language Fallacies
1.
Fallacy of Amphiboly:
It is an ambiguity due to the structure of the sentence. I will war
Fallacy of Division:
It is making no destination between and individual and the whole
Fallacy of Accent:
By putting emphasis ona certain word, the meaning of the
sentence changes.
34
6.
Fallacy of Thought
1.
Fallacy of Accident:
Something can be good accidently but it is not always so wine is
35
6.
Fallacy of consequent:
It is taking a false idea, e.g. when it is cloudy, the train is always
late.
7.
3.6
Introduction (Meaning)
Argument from Anology is a past of imperfect induction. Anology
originally meant the sameness of relation between two things. It is an
argument from some degree of resemblance to a further resemblance.
According to Mill, we should see the extent of resemblance, if the extent
of resemblance is great, all characteristics are the same, except one, there
is a probability of correctness. Let us take an example of resemblance
between earth and moon. There may be many similar points but if it differs
in one point, i.e. animal and vegetable life cannot exist on moon, due to
lack of moisture. This analogy would be misleading.
36
Example of Anology
Probably you believe in the existence of minds other than your
own. Is this belief stationed? You cannot doubt the existence of your own
mind. If you doubted it, the doubt itself would be a proof that your mind
exists. Doubt itself is a state of consciousness whatever else you may
doubt, you cannot doubt that you consciousness exists. But the same thing
cannot be said with reference to other minds. You cannot know minds of
other people, as exactly as you know your mind. To conclude analogy will
not be exact as science but it can be a beginning of scientific inquiry.
3.7
SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION
37
Formulation of Hypothesis:
Scientific inquiry would discover the laws of the phenomena, if
the laws are not known, it would start, with supposition or hypothesis,
which is a rough or tentative answer of the problem. On the basis of it,
further enquiries are made Infect; the purpose of hypothesis is to explain
the phenomena.
2.
Assimilation:
It means to find points of similarity with other things or with other
laws. The process of analysis (breaking into parts) and synthesis begins
(making a whole out of parts). For example the law of gravitation was
developed by observing all other objects which fall towards the ground. As
the scientist Newton first saw an apple falling towards the ground.
3.
Classification:
It is the method of arranging objects to the most important and
Generalization:
After an examination of particular cases, science arrives at a
38
5.
Deduction / Confirmation:
After testing, rules are deduced, the hypothesis is confirmed, and a
conclusion is drawn.
Logic believes in scientific enquiry and philosophers use scientific
method for arriving at a conclusion.
39
UNIT-IV
MAJOR PHILOSOPHIES
4.1
IDEALISM
1.
Basic Philosophy:
According to Idealism, reality consists of mind, ideas, thoughts or
selves. It states that Mind is prior to Matter object of the physical world
exist by virtue of mind. Objects of the physical world course sensations
and mind gives meaning to them, supporters one Plato, Descartes Spinoza
and Legal
2.
Objectives of Education.
I dentists advocate Intellectual development as an ultimate aim of
3.
40
4.
The Curriculum:
According to Idealists the curriculum should provide on
ii.
iii.
iv.
5.
Methods of Teaching:
Teaching methods must develop the thinking power of the students
41
Lecture Method:
It is useful for providing objective knowledge.
iii.
4.2
MAJOR PHILOSOPHIES
Realism
1.
Basic Philosophy:
According to Realists objects of our senses are real in their own
right. Matter is prior to mind. Mater existed long before the mind become
aware of if, and it will continue to exist even when the mind ceases to exist
supporters of realism are Aristotle, Broody, Herbart and Locke.
2.
Objectives of Education:
According to Realists, character Building and good life will be the
42
3.
show regard to moral, social and religious values. The students will be
helped in leading a balanced life.
The pupils personality will be formed by three principles:
a.
Self-determination:
c.
Self-integration means to devote ones self for the well being of others in
the society some integrate themselves through religion and others through
social work.
4.
The Curriculum:
The curriculum will include the following:
i.
ii.
iii.
5.
Methods of Teaching:
The following methods are emphasized by the Realists:
43
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Problem solving means that the students must think over and find the
answers of the question themselves. They should also perform
experiments.
v.
vi.
Hoe of visual ails motivate the students and make the lesson interesting.
4.3
MAJOR PHILOSOPHIES
Pragmatism / Experimtizim / Instrumentizm
1.
Basic Philosophy:
According to pragmatism, human life and human experiences are
2.
Objectives of Education:
According to pragmatists the following aims are emphasized.
44
3.
4.
The Curriculum:
All subjects of study will be activity based. Language is learnt by
45
i.
5.
Methods of Teaching:
i.
ii.
ii.
All the students will be actively involved in practical work as it is the best
method of learning by doing.
4.4
NATURALISM
Basic Philosophy:
Naturalism considers Nature as the ultimate reality. It is of the
view that the universe operates according to its own laws and principles
vide independent of divine forces. It relates to Nature as opened to
worldliness. It does not believe in a supernatural power. Moreover, it
regards universe as self existing and not created. There is a system
according to which living beings originate, develop and die, the earth
revolves and seasons change, all this happen due to a natural order. It holds
that the scientific explanation of the world is the only satisfactory
interpretation. Man has got a central place in the world of nature. When
man comes in interaction with nature, he explores it and explains it as he
experiences it. The supporters of the carry of naturalism are Bzen,
Comenius, Herbert Spencer and Rousseau.
46
Educational Views:
Aims and objectives of Education:
Man is born with certain natural tendencies, his potentialities
should be developed through a system of education. He will discover the
secrets of nature and will gain vast knowledge Nature will prepare him for
life. His power of observation and thinking abilities will be developed
through education.
Coagulum:
Subjects of study emphasized by naturalists are biology,
psychology, medicine and social sciences. It will provide knowledge of
nature and man.
Teaching Methods:
Students will learn everything by scientific methods of
observation and experimentation.
47
Discipline:
Naturalists stand for human freedom, students will have freedom
in learning. They will make visits and ask questions of man. Moreover,
there exists a university as man, if he wants freedom, it will depend on the
freedom of others.
Fight: Man is always in the making, he is not an end in himself. Man
cannot achieve perfection.
There are two views of existentialism, one is theistic and the other
is atheistic. The first view is that human beings have a desire for an
ultimate being a God, although it will not prove the existence of God.
People would freely choose to live their lives by a faith in God. The
atheistic school of thought believed that man should not live in world of
imagination for the performance of their moral duties. The universe is
indifferent to the plans and wishes of human beings. Man will give
meaning to life according to this individual thinking.
Existentialists focus attention on the concept of future life that the
presence of man in this world is purely temporary. Being aware of the
concept of death, the individual will make his choices regarding freedom
and slavery, love and hate, peace and war.
4.5
Aims of Education:
The following aims will be achieved will be responsible for the
education of the public.
48
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Curriculum:
Existentialists judge whether or not it contributes and satisfies an
individuals quest for understanding the meaning of life.
A large variety of subjects will be introduced in order to meet
individual needs desires. In addition to other subjects of study importance
will be given to literature and biography as individuals sense of value will
be expressed through these subjects.
49
Methods of Teaching:
Methods of instruction will be based on self learning the
individual approach towards learning will be respected. Students will be
allowed to talk and discuss the subject matter freely.
(b)
Dialogue
c. Pair work
(d)
Group discussion
e. Drama
(f)
Films
50
UNIT-V
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
5.1
ETHICS
Meaning of Ethics:
Ethics is also called moral philosophy as it is concerned with the
moral conduct of man. It tries to differentiate between right and wrong,
good and evil Philosopher are greatly interested in determining a standard
of morality, what is the ideal at which man should aim in his life. Ethics
deals with the ultimate or supreme end to which our whole lives are
directed. Knowledge, love, goodness are considered as ultimate ends.
Ethics provides some general principles according to which man should
head his life. It is a systematic study of what man ought to do? That a
moral standard has to be maintained n all institutions of man:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
51
ii.
iii.
5.2
SCOPE OF ETHICS:
It will include three areas of ethics and some ethical issues. The
52
1.
Description of Virtues:
Virtues refer towards goodness of character behavior i.e. to be
Importance of Ethics:
Ethics is based on a moral code a good actions of an individual, to
be kind, polite, truthful, honest, sincere and responsible in family, school
and society. We live in a social environment where we have to observe
certain moral standards. We have to show respect to the other persons
ideas, feelings and possessions, in this manner we can slive in harmony
with others.
53
Description of Virtues:
Virtues refer towards, goodness of character or behavior of an
ii.
iii.
iv.
exists a moral law is the mind of man. Man can differentiate between good
and evil actions. Instead of quarrelling and beating, it is better to have a
discussion on dialogue to settle down an important matter. Customary
morality is based on customs and traditions of different societies. Once in
Hinduism it was considered valuable for a woman to be burnt alive at her
husbands death. It was due to the customs of that time.
5.
among them three are well known. These are the following:
1.
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emphasis has been put on the achievement of material gains. Bentham and
Mill were great supporters of this theory.
2.
Self-realization:
This theory refers towards perfection of the self, it is a realization
of ones strengths and weaknesses. The role and function everyone has to
perform in this society for the improvements of human life. It is based on
self improvements to be cooperative, kind, helpful and just in relations
with others. It is said that there can be no self realization, without selfsacrifice supporters are Plato, Aristotle and Green. When every individual
examines himself life the result will be good life.
3.
Intuitionism:
This theory states that the human mind intuitively knows what is
right and what is wrong. The moral law is within us, our conscience leads
us to the right path. German Philosopher Immanuel Kant is the greatest
supporter of this theory. He said a good will or a good motive is valuable.
When every individual listens to the voice of his conscience, the result will
be good life.
5.3
Street heightening
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II.
III.
I.
Greek Ethics:
Greek Ethics started some 500 B.C., there were small states in
Greece. At that time the protection of the state was a great problem,
producing good citizens call things good merely because they suit
ourselves or the majority of markind. Sourates, the founder of western
philosophy regarded knowledge as virture that without knowledge we
cannot differentiate between good and evil. Moreover, virtue is also related
to human nature, it is the exercise and control over human deserves.
Socrates further elaborated it by saying know they self, it means that we
must think over what is right and what is wrong, we must analyses
ourselves, not to be involved in harmful activities. For Plato, the most
fundamental of the realities is the idea of the good, the four coordinal
virtues wisdom courage self control and justice. He described these
in his famous book the Republic. Aristotle too, fully realized the
importance of ethical knowledge and made an analysis of Intellectual and
Moral values in his book Ethics. Aristotle defined virtue as
moderation as the golden principle of life. The intellect or prudence
would determine the right action to be performed. It in the use of reason as
well as the control of desires.
II.
Medieval Ethics:
This period is known for the spread and influence of religion in
determining the moral life of the individuals. The standard of right and
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III.
Some thinkers maintained that the difference between right and wrong was
merely subjective. It could be proved on the basis of reasoning.
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b)
In the 18th century some philosophers regarded the concept of right and
wrong on the basis of Intuition, that we can know it by direct insight.
c)
Some thinkers presented the view that moral law existed in the nature of
man, and he has an ability to differentiate between good and evil. Another
group of philosophers emphasized that the moral law is based on
reasoning, and it is called a law of reason. German philosopher Kant gives
three principles of ethical standards:
i.
goodness for other people in the society. That one should consider
it his duty to contribute in life by helping others. This concept is
based on social service of other human beings in the world. It
means that one should be willing to make all sacrifices for the
people without any fear. As many doctors die while curing a
patient with in infections disease.
Altruism states that there is something intrinsically good in self sacrifice.
5.4
THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT
While dealing with the ethical behavior of the individual, the
1.
has done some wrong is to deter (stop) others from doing the same wrong.
Its common example is the cutting one hand of a person who is proved to
be stealing in Saudi Arabia. Ethics would ask whether it is justified to cut
the hard of a human being, when it is a body organ, for the reason that
others would learn a lesson from his punishment sometimes a child is
beaten harshly in schools in order to stop other students from misbehavior
in the class. This punishment may be more severe than the child actually
deserves. It is clearly a moral issue to inflict on an offender greater
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suffering than that he deserves and no argument can justify this being
done. There is no doubt that most people punished by the law feel that
punishment beyond a certain limit a particular crime is unjust. This theory
may be accepted in case of a serious crime for capital punishment..
2.
character of the offender himself. This view is popular, but it is also misunder stood. It is based on the concept that the offender needs some
education and counseling, not to be involved in evil actions and live a
better life in future. The individual has to undergo some kind of pain by
solitary confinement or social dis-approval. The reformative value of such
suffering lies in its capacity for making the offender see the evil of his
wrong doing this theory may not be suitable for all kind of offences, it is
difficult to decide whether the offender is going to benefit from this kind
of education.
3.
punished after a thorough trial in the court, judgment about the nature of
punishment is given according to the law.
5.5
d. Right to education
e. Right to contract
These rights are justified on the grounds that by enjoying these
rights, the individual has on opportunity to attain perfection by realizing
his abilities when we talk about universal good, then the right to education
leads to general good, as it will give mental maturity to the public to have
regard for each other. Close contact of rights and duties.
All our rights have a close relationship with our duties because the
right of one person is the duty of the other person. It is correctly said that
a right implies a duty, it is quite true with reference to society. If we
want to enjoy a right we should be willing to perform our duties. We often
think about our rights but we ignore many of our duties we think it our
right to have facilities of health education and transport, but we hesitate to
pay our taxes to the state. The relationship between rights and duties is a
contract by which the individuals agree to perform certain duties because
by doing so they acquire certain rights. The child has a right to education,
so it is the duty of the parents or the state to provide him with education
observance of rights and duties is essential because it leads to common
good and peace of the society.
5.6
DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES:
Since the beginning of the society; the moralists make statements
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5.7
VIRTUES
1.
2.
Courage: Wisdom has the first place in directing the man, courage
has the second place to assist the wisdom. Courage is to accept
pain and misery for a right course. Example is of Socrates, who
drank poison for supporting truth, and died to establish truth, he
said, what if I die, the truth will remain the truth.
Courage is of two types, active courage passive courage. Active
courage is to experience pain in following the right path. Passive
courage is to bear un-avoidable ________ without complain.
3.
4.
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Fourth is the final cause, it is the purpose for which the object is made.
Aristotle called virtue the final cause, which is there in the reality of the
external world. When he said that virtue is a state of the will and not of
reasons he is pointing at the golden mean that is Moderation in all
walks of life is to be adopted. Do not go to an extreme, always follow the
middle way between emotions and reasons. Keep a balance in the
performance of your actions. For example the virtue of courage is
between cowardice and foolishness. According to Aristotle, a good man
will be noble, just honest and considerate.
Man will do these things because he desires to do them from the depth of
his own being. He is not forced to act in this way by some authority
outside him. In the words of Aristotle, virtue is a habit, involving
deliberate purpose, consisting in a mean that is relative to ourselves, the
mean-being determined by reason a as a president (wise) man would
determine it to conclude good life is rational and consistent.
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UNIT-VI
MUSLIM PHILOSOPHY
6.1
Introduction:
Islam is an Arabic word which means surrender or submission to
God. It is derived from the word Islam, which means peace or union with
God. Islam is a faith in one, true and the only God. It is a belief in the Holy
Quran, the Holy Prophets, Angels, Holy Books, future life and the Day of
Judgment. Five Pillars of Islam are Faith, Prayer, Fasting, Pilgrimage and
Alms giving.
Muslim philosophy is called Sufism or Mysticism, Sufis or
Mysteries are those who disclose the mysteries / secrets of heaven and
earth and do deep thinking. Some of the famous Muslim philosophers are
Alkindi, Al-Forabi, sina, Ghazali and Rushd. According to Muslim
philosophy, this word is a preparation for the future eternal world. Life is a
journey in quest of truth Human beings will be judged and rewarded as per
their actions by God after death. This life is journey towards eternal world,
for successful future, man has to undergo three stages light knowledge
love light refers towards close contract with God, His light will enter a
pure heart, when it is purged out of all evils knowledge refers towards
understanding God when man passes through ten states, viz: 1 Nearness
-2- Intimacy -3- Meditation -4- contemplation -5- longing -6- certainty, -7Tranquility -8- love -9- fear -10- hope
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Concept of Reality:
All philosophers are in search of truth and reality. They want to
reach to one absolute reality. According to Muslim philosophy, God is the
final, ultimate and absolute reality. He is the creator and contrdler of the
universe, he is all powerful and self-existing being. God has many
attributes:
1. He is no parents and no family.
2. He is compete and perfect and will never perish
3. He has created all living and non-living things
4. He is infinite (un-limited) and in-divisible
5. He is permanent and will never change
6. It is by his orders that the whole system move.
7. He is Omniscient, He knows everything and all knowledge comes
from Him.
8. He is Omnipotent, He has all powers to do anything
9. He is Omnipresent, He lives and works everywhere
10. He is Just-kind-Loving-Forgiving and Merciful
11. He is Sovereign and Master of the Day of judgment
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Concept of Knowledge:
How do we know? What do we know? Can man have all
knowledge? These are Epistemological questions. According to Muslim
philosophy, God is the source of knowledge, He has given reasoning
power to man to speech for knowledge but man cannot achieve perfection
the Holy Prophet said, the first thing God created was knowledge. Iqra is
the first world received by the Holy Prophet through the Angel, i.e. to
read, or acquire knowledge.
Attainment of knowledge has always been emphasized by the
Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). In his words, Acquire knowledge
because, he who acquires knowledge in the way of the lord, performs and
act of piety.
In the Holy Quran, man has been asked to acquire knowledge from
cradle to grave. To
1. Observe the phenomena of Nature.
2. Study the alterations of Day and Night
3. Study the properties of Earth, Air, Fire and water
4. Disclose the mysteries of birth, death, growth and decay
5. Distinguish between right and wrong, good and evil
6. Realize an order and system in the whole creation great
importance has been attached to the seeking of knowledge by the
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Holy Prophet. He said, the best amongst you is one who seeks
knowledge and imparts it is to others. He also said, seeking of
knowledge is the duty of every Muslim man and woman. At
another place He said, can those who know and those who do
not know be equal? At another place He said, He who leaves his
home in search of knowledge, walks on the path of the God.
In Islam Revelation is the best
Source of knowledge, it comes from the Holy Book and the Holy
Prophet, it is true and complete knowledge Reasoning and sense
observation are next in importance.
Concept of Value
Islam present a complete code of life, the highest value emphasized is
that of Piety and Fear of God. The tem used for value in Islam is called
Qadar. Every man will be judged by his conduct at the Day of judgment.
The people asked the Holy Prophet about the good man. He said, A good
man is one who gives away his wealth to the kinsmen to orphan the
needy and keep up prayer. It emphasizes the two-fold duties of man,
towards God and towards Human beings Ethical code of Muslim
Philosophy is summarized in the 4th Surah of the Holy Quran as given:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Be patient in difficulties.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
6.2
1.
Balanced Personality:
2.
Character Building:
According to Islam, the teacher should be a model of high moral
character, he should observe and talk about faith, prayer, fasting, Haj and
Zakat. Inform students that stealing, gambling, drinking, bribery, cruelty
are Sims in Islam. Qualities of character are prayer, polite speech, honesty,
truthfulness, kindness, patience, respect etc.
3.
Islamic culture, that one should do good and keep up prayer and thank God
for all His blessings. Islamic habits of eating, drinking and greeting. That
all Muslims are brother there is no difference between rich and poor, high
and low. That all Muslims are brother these is no difference between rich
and poor, high and low.
4.
Dont be angry with parents, be kind to them in old age Respect and obey
the teachers, they are spistual parents. Do not harm the neighbor, help
Ehen and give them gifts.
5.
keeping a fast, they from emotional control over hunger, thirst and anger
and prevented from evils.
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Primary Education:
1. Cultiration of Islamic values and love and God.
2. Familiarity with basic concepts Islamic way of living
3. Basic subjects are of language, Islamyat, Hygiene, Maths, Reading
and written.
Higher Education:
It will have two areas General and Specific Education.
A.
B.
Keep a serious attitude in the class and avoid irrelevant talk. Use gestures
within limits.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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9.
10.
11.
12.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Reading and Recitation was another method for the study of the verses of
the Holy Quran.
6.
Curiosity and creativity was encouraged by the teaches, until the students
were satisfied.
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6.3
Introduction:
In Islamic system of education, the school and society have the
most important function to make people familiar with the true spirit of
Islamic Ideology. The children get training in Islamic way of life in the
school and later they become members of the society. There is a close
relationship between school and society in propagating the teachings and
basic principles of Islam of in creating an Islamic environment.
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