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eCFRdataiscurrentasofJuly23,2015
Title14ChapterISubchapterAPart11.2
Title14:AeronauticsandSpace
PART1DEFINITIONSANDABBREVIATIONS
1.2Abbreviationsandsymbols.
InSubchaptersAthroughKofthischapter:
AFMmeansairplaneflightmanual.
AGLmeansabovegroundlevel.
ALSmeansapproachlightsystem.
APUmeansauxiliarypowerunit.
ASRmeansairportsurveillanceradar.
ATCmeansairtrafficcontrol.
ATSmeansAirTrafficService.
CAMPmeanscontinuousairworthinessmaintenanceprogram.
CASmeanscalibratedairspeed.
CATIImeansCategoryII.
CHDOmeansanFAAFlightStandardscertificateholdingdistrictoffice.
CMPmeansconfiguration,maintenance,andprocedures.
CONSOLorCONSOLANmeansakindoflowormediumfrequencylongrangenavigationalaid.
DHmeansdecisionheight.
DMEmeansdistancemeasuringequipmentcompatiblewithTACAN.
EASmeansequivalentairspeed.
EFVSmeansenhancedflightvisionsystem.
EquiTimePointmeansapointontherouteofflightwheretheflighttime,consideringwind,toeachoftwoselectedairportsisequal.
ETOPSmeansextendedoperations.
EWIS,asdefinedby25.1701ofthischapter,meanselectricalwiringinterconnectionsystem.
FAAmeansFederalAviationAdministration.
FFSmeansfullflightsimulator.
FMmeansfanmarker.
FSTDmeansflightsimulationtrainingdevice.
FTDmeansflighttrainingdevice.
GSmeansglideslope.
HIRLmeanshighintensityrunwaylightsystem.
IASmeansindicatedairspeed.
ICAOmeansInternationalCivilAviationOrganization.
IFRmeansinstrumentflightrules.
IFSDmeansinflightshutdown.
ILSmeansinstrumentlandingsystem.
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IMmeansILSinnermarker.
INTmeansintersection.
LDAmeanslocalizertypedirectionalaid.
LFRmeanslowfrequencyradiorange.
LMMmeanscompasslocatoratmiddlemarker.
LOCmeansILSlocalizer.
LOMmeanscompasslocatoratoutermarker.
Mmeansmachnumber.
MAAmeansmaximumauthorizedIFRaltitude.
MALSmeansmediumintensityapproachlightsystem.
MALSRmeansmediumintensityapproachlightsystemwithrunwayalignmentindicatorlights.
MCAmeansminimumcrossingaltitude.
MDAmeansminimumdescentaltitude.
MEAmeansminimumenrouteIFRaltitude.
MELmeansminimumequipmentlist.
MMmeansILSmiddlemarker.
MOCAmeansminimumobstructionclearancealtitude.
MRAmeansminimumreceptionaltitude.
MSLmeansmeansealevel.
NDB(ADF)meansnondirectionalbeacon(automaticdirectionfinder).
NMmeansnauticalmile.
NOPACmeansNorthPacificareaofoperation.
NOPTmeansnoprocedureturnrequired.
OEImeansoneengineinoperative.
OMmeansILSoutermarker.
OPSPECSmeansoperationsspecifications.
PACOTSmeansPacificOrganizedTrackSystem.
PARmeansprecisionapproachradar.
PMAmeanspartsmanufacturerapproval.
PTRSmeansPerformanceTrackingandReportingSystem.
RAILmeansrunwayalignmentindicatorlightsystem.
RBNmeansradiobeacon.
RCLMmeansrunwaycenterlinemarking.
RCLSmeansrunwaycenterlinelightsystem.
REILmeansrunwayendidentificationlights.
RFFSmeansrescueandfirefightingservices.
RNAVmeansareanavigation.
RRmeanslowormediumfrequencyradiorangestation.
RVRmeansrunwayvisualrangeasmeasuredinthetouchdownzonearea.
SALSmeansshortapproachlightsystem.
SATCOMmeanssatellitecommunications.
SSALSmeanssimplifiedshortapproachlightsystem.
SSALSRmeanssimplifiedshortapproachlightsystemwithrunwayalignmentindicatorlights.
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TACANmeansultrahighfrequencytacticalairnavigationalaid.
TASmeanstrueairspeed.
TCASmeansatrafficalertandcollisionavoidancesystem.
TDZLmeanstouchdownzonelights.
TSOmeanstechnicalstandardorder.
TVORmeansveryhighfrequencyterminalomnirangestation.
VAmeansdesignmaneuveringspeed.
VBmeansdesignspeedformaximumgustintensity.
VCmeansdesigncruisingspeed.
VDmeansdesigndivingspeed.
VDF/MDFmeansdemonstratedflightdivingspeed.
VEFmeansthespeedatwhichthecriticalengineisassumedtofailduringtakeoff.
VFmeansdesignflapspeed.
VFC/MFCmeansmaximumspeedforstabilitycharacteristics.
VFEmeansmaximumflapextendedspeed.
VFTOmeansfinaltakeoffspeed.
VHmeansmaximumspeedinlevelflightwithmaximumcontinuouspower.
VLEmeansmaximumlandinggearextendedspeed.
VLOmeansmaximumlandinggearoperatingspeed.
VLOFmeansliftoffspeed.
VMCmeansminimumcontrolspeedwiththecriticalengineinoperative.
VMO/MMOmeansmaximumoperatinglimitspeed.
VMUmeansminimumunstickspeed.
VNEmeansneverexceedspeed.
VNOmeansmaximumstructuralcruisingspeed.
VRmeansrotationspeed.
VREFmeansreferencelandingspeed.
VSmeansthestallingspeedortheminimumsteadyflightspeedatwhichtheairplaneiscontrollable.
VS0meansthestallingspeedortheminimumsteadyflightspeedinthelandingconfiguration.
VS1meansthestallingspeedortheminimumsteadyflightspeedobtainedinaspecificconfiguration.
VSRmeansreferencestallspeed.
VSROmeansreferencestallspeedinthelandingconfiguration.
VSR1meansreferencestallspeedinaspecificconfiguration.
VSWmeansspeedatwhichonsetofnaturalorartificialstallwarningoccurs.
VTOSSmeanstakeoffsafetyspeedforCategoryArotorcraft.
VXmeansspeedforbestangleofclimb.
VYmeansspeedforbestrateofclimb.
V1meansthemaximumspeedinthetakeoffatwhichthepilotmusttakethefirstaction(e.g.,applybrakes,reducethrust,deployspeed
brakes)tostoptheairplanewithintheacceleratestopdistance.V1alsomeanstheminimumspeedinthetakeoff,followingafailureofthecritical
engineatVEF,atwhichthepilotcancontinuethetakeoffandachievetherequiredheightabovethetakeoffsurfacewithinthetakeoffdistance.

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V2meanstakeoffsafetyspeed.
V2minmeansminimumtakeoffsafetyspeed.
VFRmeansvisualflightrules.
VHFmeansveryhighfrequency.
VORmeansveryhighfrequencyomnirangestation.
VORTACmeanscollocatedVORandTACAN.
[Doc.No.1150,27FR4590,May15,1962]
EDITORIALNOTE:ForFEDERALREGISTERcitationsaffecting1.2,seetheListofCFRSectionsAffected,whichappearsintheFindingAidssectionoftheprinted
volumeandatwww.fdsys.gov.

Needassistance?

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ELECTRONICCODEOFFEDERALREGULATIONS
eCFRdataiscurrentasofJuly23,2015
Title14ChapterISubchapterAPart11.1
Title14:AeronauticsandSpace
PART1DEFINITIONSANDABBREVIATIONS
1.1Generaldefinitions.
AsusedinSubchaptersAthroughKofthischapter,unlessthecontextrequiresotherwise:
AdministratormeanstheFederalAviationAdministratororanypersontowhomhehasdelegatedhisauthorityinthematterconcerned.
Aerodynamiccoefficientsmeansnondimensionalcoefficientsforaerodynamicforcesandmoments.
Aircarriermeansapersonwhoundertakesdirectlybylease,orotherarrangement,toengageinairtransportation.
Aircommercemeansinterstate,overseas,orforeignaircommerceorthetransportationofmailbyaircraftoranyoperationornavigationof
aircraftwithinthelimitsofanyFederalairwayoranyoperationornavigationofaircraftwhichdirectlyaffects,orwhichmayendangersafetyin,
interstate,overseas,orforeignaircommerce.
Aircraftmeansadevicethatisusedorintendedtobeusedforflightintheair.
Aircraftenginemeansanenginethatisusedorintendedtobeusedforpropellingaircraft.Itincludesturbosuperchargers,appurtenances,and
accessoriesnecessaryforitsfunctioning,butdoesnotincludepropellers.
Airframemeansthefuselage,booms,nacelles,cowlings,fairings,airfoilsurfaces(includingrotorsbutexcludingpropellersandrotatingairfoils
ofengines),andlandinggearofanaircraftandtheiraccessoriesandcontrols.
Airplanemeansanenginedrivenfixedwingaircraftheavierthanair,thatissupportedinflightbythedynamicreactionoftheairagainstits
wings.
Airportmeansanareaoflandorwaterthatisusedorintendedtobeusedforthelandingandtakeoffofaircraft,andincludesitsbuildingsand
facilities,ifany.
Airshipmeansanenginedrivenlighterthanairaircraftthatcanbesteered.
Airtrafficmeansaircraftoperatingintheairoronanairportsurface,exclusiveofloadingrampsandparkingareas.
Airtrafficclearancemeansanauthorizationbyairtrafficcontrol,forthepurposeofpreventingcollisionbetweenknownaircraft,foranaircraftto
proceedunderspecifiedtrafficconditionswithincontrolledairspace.
Airtrafficcontrolmeansaserviceoperatedbyappropriateauthoritytopromotethesafe,orderly,andexpeditiousflowofairtraffic.
AirTrafficService(ATS)routeisaspecifiedroutedesignatedforchannelingtheflowoftrafficasnecessaryfortheprovisionofairtraffic
services.ThetermATSroutereferstoavarietyofairways,includingjetroutes,areanavigation(RNAV)routes,andarrivalanddepartureroutes.
AnATSrouteisdefinedbyroutespecifications,whichmayinclude:
(1)AnATSroutedesignator
(2)Thepathtoorfromsignificantpoints
(3)Distancebetweensignificantpoints
(4)Reportingrequirementsand
(5)Thelowestsafealtitudedeterminedbytheappropriateauthority.
Airtransportationmeansinterstate,overseas,orforeignairtransportationorthetransportationofmailbyaircraft.
AlertArea.Analertareaisestablishedtoinformpilotsofaspecificareawhereinahighvolumeofpilottrainingoranunusualtypeof
aeronauticalactivityisconducted.
Alternateairportmeansanairportatwhichanaircraftmaylandifalandingattheintendedairportbecomesinadvisable.
Altitudeenginemeansareciprocatingaircraftenginehavingaratedtakeoffpowerthatisproduciblefromsealeveltoanestablishedhigher
altitude.
Amateurrocketmeansanunmannedrocketthat:
(1)Ispropelledbyamotorormotorshavingacombinedtotalimpulseof889,600Newtonseconds(200,000poundseconds)orlessand
(2)Cannotreachanaltitudegreaterthan150kilometers(93.2statutemiles)abovetheearth'ssurface.
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Appliancemeansanyinstrument,mechanism,equipment,part,apparatus,appurtenance,oraccessory,includingcommunicationsequipment,
thatisusedorintendedtobeusedinoperatingorcontrollinganaircraftinflight,isinstalledinorattachedtotheaircraft,andisnotpartofan
airframe,engine,orpropeller.
Approved,unlessusedwithreferencetoanotherperson,meansapprovedbytheFAAoranypersontowhomtheFAAhasdelegatedits
authorityinthematterconcerned,orapprovedundertheprovisionsofabilateralagreementbetweentheUnitedStatesandaforeigncountryor
jurisdiction.
Areanavigation(RNAV)isamethodofnavigationthatpermitsaircraftoperationsonanydesiredflightpath.
Areanavigation(RNAV)routeisanATSroutebasedonRNAVthatcanbeusedbysuitablyequippedaircraft.
ArmedForcesmeanstheArmy,Navy,AirForce,MarineCorps,andCoastGuard,includingtheirregularandreservecomponentsand
membersservingwithoutcomponentstatus.
Autorotationmeansarotorcraftflightconditioninwhichtheliftingrotorisdrivenentirelybyactionoftheairwhentherotorcraftisinmotion.
Auxiliaryrotormeansarotorthatserveseithertocounteracttheeffectofthemainrotortorqueonarotorcraftortomaneuvertherotorcraft
aboutoneormoreofitsthreeprincipalaxes.
Balloonmeansalighterthanairaircraftthatisnotenginedriven,andthatsustainsflightthroughtheuseofeithergasbuoyancyoranairborne
heater.
Brakehorsepowermeansthepowerdeliveredatthepropellershaft(maindriveormainoutput)ofanaircraftengine.
Calibratedairspeedmeanstheindicatedairspeedofanaircraft,correctedforpositionandinstrumenterror.Calibratedairspeedisequaltotrue
airspeedinstandardatmosphereatsealevel.
Canardmeanstheforwardwingofacanardconfigurationandmaybeafixed,movable,orvariablegeometrysurface,withorwithoutcontrol
surfaces.
Canardconfigurationmeansaconfigurationinwhichthespanoftheforwardwingissubstantiallylessthanthatofthemainwing.
Category:
(1)Asusedwithrespecttothecertification,ratings,privileges,andlimitationsofairmen,meansabroadclassificationofaircraft.Examples
include:airplanerotorcraftgliderandlighterthanairand
(2)Asusedwithrespecttothecertificationofaircraft,meansagroupingofaircraftbaseduponintendeduseoroperatinglimitations.Examples
include:transport,normal,utility,acrobatic,limited,restricted,andprovisional.
CategoryA,withrespecttotransportcategoryrotorcraft,meansmultienginerotorcraftdesignedwithengineandsystemisolationfeatures
specifiedinPart29andutilizingscheduledtakeoffandlandingoperationsunderacriticalenginefailureconceptwhichassuresadequatedesignated
surfaceareaandadequateperformancecapabilityforcontinuedsafeflightintheeventofenginefailure.
CategoryB,withrespecttotransportcategoryrotorcraft,meanssingleengineormultienginerotorcraftwhichdonotfullymeetallCategoryA
standards.CategoryBrotorcrafthavenoguaranteedstayupabilityintheeventofenginefailureandunscheduledlandingisassumed.
CategoryIIoperations,withrespecttotheoperationofaircraft,meansastraightinILSapproachtotherunwayofanairportunderaCategory
IIILSinstrumentapproachprocedureissuedbytheAdministratororotherappropriateauthority.
CategoryIIIoperations,withrespecttotheoperationofaircraft,meansanILSapproachto,andlandingon,therunwayofanairportusinga
CategoryIIIILSinstrumentapproachprocedureissuedbytheAdministratororotherappropriateauthority.
Ceilingmeanstheheightabovetheearth'ssurfaceofthelowestlayerofcloudsorobscuringphenomenathatisreportedasbroken,
overcast,orobscuration,andnotclassifiedasthinorpartial.
Civilaircraftmeansaircraftotherthanpublicaircraft.
Class:
(1)Asusedwithrespecttothecertification,ratings,privileges,andlimitationsofairmen,meansaclassificationofaircraftwithinacategory
havingsimilaroperatingcharacteristics.Examplesinclude:singleenginemultienginelandwatergyroplanehelicopterairshipandfreeballoon
and
(2)Asusedwithrespecttothecertificationofaircraft,meansabroadgroupingofaircrafthavingsimilarcharacteristicsofpropulsion,flight,or
landing.Examplesinclude:airplanerotorcraftgliderballoonlandplaneandseaplane.
Clearwaymeans:
(1)ForturbineenginepoweredairplanescertificatedafterAugust29,1959,anareabeyondtherunway,notlessthan500feetwide,centrally
locatedabouttheextendedcenterlineoftherunway,andunderthecontroloftheairportauthorities.Theclearwayisexpressedintermsofa
clearwayplane,extendingfromtheendoftherunwaywithanupwardslopenotexceeding1.25percent,abovewhichnoobjectnoranyterrain
protrudes.However,thresholdlightsmayprotrudeabovetheplaneiftheirheightabovetheendoftherunwayis26inchesorlessandiftheyare
locatedtoeachsideoftherunway.
(2)ForturbineenginepoweredairplanescertificatedafterSeptember30,1958,butbeforeAugust30,1959,anareabeyondthetakeoff
runwayextendingnolessthan300feetoneithersideoftheextendedcenterlineoftherunway,atanelevationnohigherthantheelevationofthe
endoftherunway,clearofallfixedobstacles,andunderthecontroloftheairportauthorities.
Climboutspeed,withrespecttorotorcraft,meansareferencedairspeedwhichresultsinaflightpathclearoftheheightvelocityenvelope
duringinitialclimbout.
Commercialoperatormeansapersonwho,forcompensationorhire,engagesinthecarriagebyaircraftinaircommerceofpersonsor
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property,otherthanasanaircarrierorforeignaircarrierorundertheauthorityofPart375ofthistitle.Whereitisdoubtfulthatanoperationisfor
compensationorhire,thetestappliediswhetherthecarriagebyairismerelyincidentaltotheperson'sotherbusinessoris,initself,amajor
enterpriseforprofit.
Configuration,Maintenance,andProcedures(CMP)documentmeansadocumentapprovedbytheFAAthatcontainsminimumconfiguration,
operating,andmaintenancerequirements,hardwarelifelimits,andMasterMinimumEquipmentList(MMEL)constraintsnecessaryforanairplane
enginecombinationtomeetETOPStypedesignapprovalrequirements.
Consensusstandardmeans,forthepurposeofcertificatinglightsportaircraft,anindustrydevelopedconsensusstandardthatappliesto
aircraftdesign,production,andairworthiness.Itincludes,butisnotlimitedto,standardsforaircraftdesignandperformance,requiredequipment,
manufacturerqualityassurancesystems,productionacceptancetestprocedures,operatinginstructions,maintenanceandinspectionprocedures,
identificationandrecordingofmajorrepairsandmajoralterations,andcontinuedairworthiness.
ControlledairspacemeansanairspaceofdefineddimensionswithinwhichairtrafficcontrolserviceisprovidedtoIFRflightsandtoVFRflights
inaccordancewiththeairspaceclassification.
NOTE:ControlledairspaceisagenerictermthatcoversClassA,ClassB,ClassC,ClassD,andClassEairspace.

ControlledFiringArea.Acontrolledfiringareaisestablishedtocontainactivities,whichifnotconductedinacontrolledenvironment,wouldbe
hazardoustononparticipatingaircraft.
Crewmembermeansapersonassignedtoperformdutyinanaircraftduringflighttime.
Criticalaltitudemeansthemaximumaltitudeatwhich,instandardatmosphere,itispossibletomaintain,ataspecifiedrotationalspeed,a
specifiedpoweroraspecifiedmanifoldpressure.Unlessotherwisestated,thecriticalaltitudeisthemaximumaltitudeatwhichitispossibleto
maintain,atthemaximumcontinuousrotationalspeed,oneofthefollowing:
(1)Themaximumcontinuouspower,inthecaseofenginesforwhichthispowerratingisthesameatsealevelandattheratedaltitude.
(2)Themaximumcontinuousratedmanifoldpressure,inthecaseofengines,themaximumcontinuouspowerofwhichisgovernedbya
constantmanifoldpressure.
Criticalenginemeanstheenginewhosefailurewouldmostadverselyaffecttheperformanceorhandlingqualitiesofanaircraft.
Decisionaltitude(DA)isaspecifiedaltitudeinaninstrumentapproachprocedureatwhichthepilotmustdecidewhethertoinitiatean
immediatemissedapproachifthepilotdoesnotseetherequiredvisualreference,ortocontinuetheapproach.Decisionaltitudeisexpressedinfeet
abovemeansealevel.
Decisionheight(DH)isaspecifiedheightabovethegroundinaninstrumentapproachprocedureatwhichthepilotmustdecidewhetherto
initiateanimmediatemissedapproachifthepilotdoesnotseetherequiredvisualreference,ortocontinuetheapproach.Decisionheightis
expressedinfeetabovegroundlevel.
EarlyETOPSmeansETOPStypedesignapprovalobtainedwithoutgainingnonETOPSserviceexperienceonthecandidateairplaneengine
combinationcertifiedforETOPS.
Enhancedflightvisibility(EFV)meanstheaverageforwardhorizontaldistance,fromthecockpitofanaircraftinflight,atwhichprominent
topographicalobjectsmaybeclearlydistinguishedandidentifiedbydayornightbyapilotusinganenhancedflightvisionsystem.
Enhancedflightvisionsystem(EFVS)meansanelectronicmeanstoprovideadisplayoftheforwardexternalscenetopography(thenaturalor
manmadefeaturesofaplaceorregionespeciallyinawaytoshowtheirrelativepositionsandelevation)throughtheuseofimagingsensors,such
asaforwardlookinginfrared,millimeterwaveradiometry,millimeterwaveradar,lowlightlevelimageintensifying.
Equivalentairspeedmeansthecalibratedairspeedofanaircraftcorrectedforadiabaticcompressibleflowfortheparticularaltitude.Equivalent
airspeedisequaltocalibratedairspeedinstandardatmosphereatsealevel.
ETOPSSignificantSystemmeansanairplanesystem,includingthepropulsionsystem,thefailureormalfunctioningofwhichcouldadversely
affectthesafetyofanETOPSflight,orthecontinuedsafeflightandlandingofanairplaneduringanETOPSdiversion.EachETOPSsignificant
systemiseitheranETOPSgroup1significantsystemoranETOPSgroup2significantsystem.
(1)AnETOPSgroup1SignificantSystem
(i)Hasfailsafecharacteristicsdirectlylinkedtothedegreeofredundancyprovidedbythenumberofenginesontheairplane.
(ii)Isasystem,thefailureormalfunctionofwhichcouldresultinanIFSD,lossofthrustcontrol,orotherpowerloss.
(iii)ContributessignificantlytothesafetyofanETOPSdiversionbyprovidingadditionalredundancyforanysystempowersourcelostasa
resultofaninoperativeengine.
(iv)Isessentialforprolongedoperationofanairplaneatengineinoperativealtitudes.
(2)AnETOPSgroup2significantsystemisanETOPSsignificantsystemthatisnotanETOPSgroup1significantsystem.
ExtendedOperations(ETOPS)meansanairplaneflightoperation,otherthananallcargooperationinanairplanewithmorethantwoengines,
duringwhichaportionoftheflightisconductedbeyondatimethresholdidentifiedinpart121orpart135ofthischapterthatisdeterminedusingan
approvedoneengineinoperativecruisespeedunderstandardatmosphericconditionsinstillair.
Extendedoverwateroperationmeans
(1)Withrespecttoaircraftotherthanhelicopters,anoperationoverwateratahorizontaldistanceofmorethan50nauticalmilesfromthe
nearestshorelineand
(2)Withrespecttohelicopters,anoperationoverwateratahorizontaldistanceofmorethan50nauticalmilesfromthenearestshorelineand
morethan50nauticalmilesfromanoffshoreheliportstructure.
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Externalloadmeansaloadthatiscarried,orextends,outsideoftheaircraftfuselage.
Externalloadattachingmeansmeansthestructuralcomponentsusedtoattachanexternalloadtoanaircraft,includingexternalload
containers,thebackupstructureattheattachmentpoints,andanyquickreleasedeviceusedtojettisontheexternalload.
Finalapproachfix(FAF)definesthebeginningofthefinalapproachsegmentandthepointwherefinalsegmentdescentmaybegin.
Finaltakeoffspeedmeansthespeedoftheairplanethatexistsattheendofthetakeoffpathintheenrouteconfigurationwithoneengine
inoperative.
Fireproof
(1)Withrespecttomaterialsandpartsusedtoconfinefireinadesignatedfirezone,meansthecapacitytowithstandatleastaswellassteelin
dimensionsappropriateforthepurposeforwhichtheyareused,theheatproducedwhenthereisaseverefireofextendeddurationinthatzone
and
(2)Withrespecttoothermaterialsandparts,meansthecapacitytowithstandtheheatassociatedwithfireatleastaswellassteelin
dimensionsappropriateforthepurposeforwhichtheyareused.
Fireresistant
(1)Withrespecttosheetorstructuralmembersmeansthecapacitytowithstandtheheatassociatedwithfireatleastaswellasaluminumalloy
indimensionsappropriateforthepurposeforwhichtheyareusedand
(2)Withrespecttofluidcarryinglines,fluidsystemparts,wiring,airducts,fittings,andpowerplantcontrols,meansthecapacitytoperformthe
intendedfunctionsundertheheatandotherconditionslikelytooccurwhenthereisafireattheplaceconcerned.
Flameresistantmeansnotsusceptibletocombustiontothepointofpropagatingaflame,beyondsafelimits,aftertheignitionsourceis
removed.
Flammable,withrespecttoafluidorgas,meanssusceptibletoignitingreadilyortoexploding.
Flapextendedspeedmeansthehighestspeedpermissiblewithwingflapsinaprescribedextendedposition.
Flashresistantmeansnotsusceptibletoburningviolentlywhenignited.
Flightcrewmembermeansapilot,flightengineer,orflightnavigatorassignedtodutyinanaircraftduringflighttime.
Flightlevelmeansalevelofconstantatmosphericpressurerelatedtoareferencedatumof29.92inchesofmercury.Eachisstatedinthree
digitsthatrepresenthundredsoffeet.Forexample,flightlevel250representsabarometricaltimeterindicationof25,000feetflightlevel255,an
indicationof25,500feet.
Flightplanmeansspecifiedinformation,relatingtotheintendedflightofanaircraft,thatisfiledorallyorinwritingwithairtrafficcontrol.
Flightsimulationtrainingdevice(FSTD)meansaflightsimulatororaflighttrainingdevice.
Flighttimemeans:
(1)Pilottimethatcommenceswhenanaircraftmovesunderitsownpowerforthepurposeofflightandendswhentheaircraftcomestorest
afterlandingor
(2)Foragliderwithoutselflaunchcapability,pilottimethatcommenceswhentheglideristowedforthepurposeofflightandendswhenthe
glidercomestorestafterlanding.
Flighttrainingdevice(FTD)meansareplicaofaircraftinstruments,equipment,panels,andcontrolsinanopenflightdeckareaoranenclosed
aircraftcockpitreplica.Itincludestheequipmentandcomputerprogramsnecessarytorepresentaircraft(orsetofaircraft)operationsingroundand
flightconditionshavingthefullrangeofcapabilitiesofthesystemsinstalledinthedeviceasdescribedinpart60ofthischapterandthequalification
performancestandard(QPS)foraspecificFTDqualificationlevel.
Flightvisibilitymeanstheaverageforwardhorizontaldistance,fromthecockpitofanaircraftinflight,atwhichprominentunlightedobjectsmay
beseenandidentifiedbydayandprominentlightedobjectsmaybeseenandidentifiedbynight.
ForeignaircarriermeansanypersonotherthanacitizenoftheUnitedStates,whoundertakesdirectly,byleaseorotherarrangement,to
engageinairtransportation.
Foreignaircommercemeansthecarriagebyaircraftofpersonsorpropertyforcompensationorhire,orthecarriageofmailbyaircraft,orthe
operationornavigationofaircraftintheconductorfurtheranceofabusinessorvocation,incommercebetweenaplaceintheUnitedStatesand
anyplaceoutsidethereofwhethersuchcommercemoveswhollybyaircraftorpartlybyaircraftandpartlybyotherformsoftransportation.
Foreignairtransportationmeansthecarriagebyaircraftofpersonsorpropertyasacommoncarrierforcompensationorhire,orthecarriage
ofmailbyaircraft,incommercebetweenaplaceintheUnitedStatesandanyplaceoutsideoftheUnitedStates,whetherthatcommercemoves
whollybyaircraftorpartlybyaircraftandpartlybyotherformsoftransportation.
Forwardwingmeansaforwardliftingsurfaceofacanardconfigurationortandemwingconfigurationairplane.Thesurfacemaybeafixed,
movable,orvariablegeometrysurface,withorwithoutcontrolsurfaces.
Fullflightsimulator(FFS)meansareplicaofaspecifictypeormake,model,andseriesaircraftcockpit.Itincludestheassemblageof
equipmentandcomputerprogramsnecessarytorepresentaircraftoperationsingroundandflightconditions,avisualsystemprovidinganoutof
thecockpitview,asystemthatprovidescuesatleastequivalenttothoseofathreedegreeoffreedommotionsystem,andhasthefullrangeof
capabilitiesofthesystemsinstalledinthedeviceasdescribedinpart60ofthischapterandthequalificationperformancestandards(QPS)fora
specificFFSqualificationlevel.
Glidermeansaheavierthanairaircraft,thatissupportedinflightbythedynamicreactionoftheairagainstitsliftingsurfacesandwhosefree
flightdoesnotdependprincipallyonanengine.
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Groundvisibilitymeansprevailinghorizontalvisibilityneartheearth'ssurfaceasreportedbytheUnitedStatesNationalWeatherServiceoran
accreditedobserver.
Goaroundpowerorthrustsettingmeansthemaximumallowableinflightpowerorthrustsettingidentifiedintheperformancedata.
Gyrodynemeansarotorcraftwhoserotorsarenormallyenginedrivenfortakeoff,hovering,andlanding,andforforwardflightthroughpartof
itsspeedrange,andwhosemeansofpropulsion,consistingusuallyofconventionalpropellers,isindependentoftherotorsystem.
Gyroplanemeansarotorcraftwhoserotorsarenotenginedriven,exceptforinitialstarting,butaremadetorotatebyactionoftheairwhenthe
rotorcraftismovingandwhosemeansofpropulsion,consistingusuallyofconventionalpropellers,isindependentoftherotorsystem.
Helicoptermeansarotorcraftthat,foritshorizontalmotion,dependsprincipallyonitsenginedrivenrotors.
Heliportmeansanareaofland,water,orstructureusedorintendedtobeusedforthelandingandtakeoffofhelicopters.
Idlethrustmeansthejetthrustobtainedwiththeenginepowercontrollevelsetatthestopfortheleastthrustpositionatwhichitcanbeplaced.
IFRconditionsmeansweatherconditionsbelowtheminimumforflightundervisualflightrules.
IFRoverthetop,withrespecttotheoperationofaircraft,meanstheoperationofanaircraftoverthetoponanIFRflightplanwhenclearedby
airtrafficcontroltomaintainVFRconditionsorVFRconditionsontop.
Indicatedairspeedmeansthespeedofanaircraftasshownonitspitotstaticairspeedindicatorcalibratedtoreflectstandardatmosphere
adiabaticcompressibleflowatsealeveluncorrectedforairspeedsystemerrors.
Inflightshutdown(IFSD)means,forETOPSonly,whenanengineceasestofunction(whentheairplaneisairborne)andisshutdown,
whetherselfinduced,flightcrewinitiatedorcausedbyanexternalinfluence.TheFAAconsidersIFSDforallcauses:forexample,flameout,internal
failure,flightcrewinitiatedshutdown,foreignobjectingestion,icing,inabilitytoobtainorcontroldesiredthrustorpower,andcyclingofthestart
control,howeverbriefly,eveniftheengineoperatesnormallyfortheremainderoftheflight.Thisdefinitionexcludestheairbornecessationofthe
functioningofanenginewhenimmediatelyfollowedbyanautomaticenginerelightandwhenanenginedoesnotachievedesiredthrustorpower
butisnotshutdown.
Instrumentmeansadeviceusinganinternalmechanismtoshowvisuallyoraurallytheattitude,altitude,oroperationofanaircraftoraircraft
part.Itincludeselectronicdevicesforautomaticallycontrollinganaircraftinflight.
Instrumentapproachprocedure(IAP)isaseriesofpredeterminedmaneuversbyreferencetoflightinstrumentswithspecifiedprotectionfrom
obstaclesandassuranceofnavigationsignalreceptioncapability.Itbeginsfromtheinitialapproachfix,orwhereapplicable,fromthebeginningofa
definedarrivalroutetoapoint:
(1)Fromwhichalandingcanbecompletedor
(2)Ifalandingisnotcompleted,toapositionatwhichholdingorenrouteobstacleclearancecriteriaapply.
Interstateaircommercemeansthecarriagebyaircraftofpersonsorpropertyforcompensationorhire,orthecarriageofmailbyaircraft,orthe
operationornavigationofaircraftintheconductorfurtheranceofabusinessorvocation,incommercebetweenaplaceinanyStateoftheUnited
States,ortheDistrictofColumbia,andaplaceinanyotherStateoftheUnitedStates,ortheDistrictofColumbiaorbetweenplacesinthesame
StateoftheUnitedStatesthroughtheairspaceoveranyplaceoutsidethereoforbetweenplacesinthesameterritoryorpossessionoftheUnited
States,ortheDistrictofColumbia.
Interstateairtransportationmeansthecarriagebyaircraftofpersonsorpropertyasacommoncarrierforcompensationorhire,orthecarriage
ofmailbyaircraftincommerce:
(1)BetweenaplaceinaStateortheDistrictofColumbiaandanotherplaceinanotherStateortheDistrictofColumbia
(2)BetweenplacesinthesameStatethroughtheairspaceoveranyplaceoutsidethatStateor
(3)BetweenplacesinthesamepossessionoftheUnitedStates
Whetherthatcommercemoveswhollybyaircraftofpartlybyaircraftandpartlybyotherformsoftransportation.
Intrastateairtransportationmeansthecarriageofpersonsorpropertyasacommoncarrierforcompensationorhire,byturbojetpowered
aircraftcapableofcarryingthirtyormorepersons,whollywithinthesameStateoftheUnitedStates.
Kitemeansaframework,coveredwithpaper,cloth,metal,orothermaterial,intendedtobeflownattheendofaropeorcable,andhavingas
itsonlysupporttheforceofthewindmovingpastitssurfaces.
Landinggearextendedspeedmeansthemaximumspeedatwhichanaircraftcanbesafelyflownwiththelandinggearextended.
Landinggearoperatingspeedmeansthemaximumspeedatwhichthelandinggearcanbesafelyextendedorretracted.
Largeaircraftmeansaircraftofmorethan12,500pounds,maximumcertificatedtakeoffweight.
Lightsportaircraftmeansanaircraft,otherthanahelicopterorpoweredliftthat,sinceitsoriginalcertification,hascontinuedtomeetthe
following:
(1)Amaximumtakeoffweightofnotmorethan
(i)1,320pounds(600kilograms)foraircraftnotintendedforoperationonwateror
(ii)1,430pounds(650kilograms)foranaircraftintendedforoperationonwater.
(2)Amaximumairspeedinlevelflightwithmaximumcontinuouspower(VH)ofnotmorethan120knotsCASunderstandardatmospheric
conditionsatsealevel.
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(3)Amaximumneverexceedspeed(VNE)ofnotmorethan120knotsCASforaglider.
(4)Amaximumstallingspeedorminimumsteadyflightspeedwithouttheuseofliftenhancingdevices(VS1)ofnotmorethan45knotsCASat
theaircraft'smaximumcertificatedtakeoffweightandmostcriticalcenterofgravity.
(5)Amaximumseatingcapacityofnomorethantwopersons,includingthepilot.
(6)Asingle,reciprocatingengine,ifpowered.
(7)Afixedorgroundadjustablepropellerifapoweredaircraftotherthanapoweredglider.
(8)Afixedorfeatheringpropellersystemifapoweredglider.
(9)Afixedpitch,semirigid,teetering,twobladerotorsystem,ifagyroplane.
(10)Anonpressurizedcabin,ifequippedwithacabin.
(11)Fixedlandinggear,exceptforanaircraftintendedforoperationonwateroraglider.
(12)Fixedorretractablelandinggear,orahull,foranaircraftintendedforoperationonwater.
(13)Fixedorretractablelandinggearforaglider.
Lighterthanairaircraftmeansaircraftthatcanriseandremainsuspendedbyusingcontainedgasweighinglessthantheairthatisdisplaced
bythegas.
Loadfactormeanstheratioofaspecifiedloadtothetotalweightoftheaircraft.Thespecifiedloadisexpressedintermsofanyofthefollowing:
aerodynamicforces,inertiaforces,orgroundorwaterreactions.
Longrangecommunicationsystem(LRCS).Asystemthatusessatelliterelay,datalink,highfrequency,oranotherapprovedcommunication
systemwhichextendsbeyondlineofsight.
Longrangenavigationsystem(LRNS).Anelectronicnavigationunitthatisapprovedforuseunderinstrumentflightrulesasaprimarymeans
ofnavigation,andhasatleastonesourceofnavigationalinput,suchasinertialnavigationsystem,globalpositioningsystem,Omega/verylow
frequency,orLoranC.
Machnumbermeanstheratiooftrueairspeedtothespeedofsound.
Mainrotormeanstherotorthatsuppliestheprincipallifttoarotorcraft.
Maintenancemeansinspection,overhaul,repair,preservation,andthereplacementofparts,butexcludespreventivemaintenance.
Majoralterationmeansanalterationnotlistedintheaircraft,aircraftengine,orpropellerspecifications
(1)Thatmightappreciablyaffectweight,balance,structuralstrength,performance,powerplantoperation,flightcharacteristics,orother
qualitiesaffectingairworthinessor
(2)Thatisnotdoneaccordingtoacceptedpracticesorcannotbedonebyelementaryoperations.
Majorrepairmeansarepair:
(1)That,ifimproperlydone,mightappreciablyaffectweight,balance,structuralstrength,performance,powerplantoperation,flight
characteristics,orotherqualitiesaffectingairworthinessor
(2)Thatisnotdoneaccordingtoacceptedpracticesorcannotbedonebyelementaryoperations.
Manifoldpressuremeansabsolutepressureasmeasuredattheappropriatepointintheinductionsystemandusuallyexpressedininchesof
mercury.
Maximumengineovertorque,asitappliestoturbopropellerandturboshaftenginesincorporatingfreepowerturbinesforallratingsexceptone
engineinoperative(OEI)ratingsoftwominutesorless,meansthemaximumtorqueofthefreepowerturbinerotorassembly,theinadvertent
occurrenceofwhich,forperiodsofupto20seconds,willnotrequirerejectionoftheenginefromservice,oranymaintenanceactionotherthanto
correctthecause.Maximumspeedforstabilitycharacteristics,VFC/MFCmeansaspeedthatmaynotbelessthanaspeedmidwaybetween
maximumoperatinglimitspeed(VMO/MMO)anddemonstratedflightdivingspeed(VDF/MDF),exceptthat,foraltitudeswheretheMachnumberisthe
limitingfactor,MFCneednotexceedtheMachnumberatwhicheffectivespeedwarningoccurs.
MedicalcertificatemeansacceptableevidenceofphysicalfitnessonaformprescribedbytheAdministrator.
Militaryoperationsarea.Amilitaryoperationsarea(MOA)isairspaceestablishedoutsideClassAairspacetoseparateorsegregatecertain
nonhazardousmilitaryactivitiesfromIFRTrafficandtoidentifyforVFRtrafficwherethesesactivitiesareconducted.
VAmeansdesignmaneuveringspeed.
VBmeansdesignspeedformaximumgustintensity.
VCmeansdesigncruisingspeed.
VDmeansdesigndivingspeed.
VDF/MDFmeansdemonstratedflightdivingspeed.
VEFmeansthespeedatwhichthecriticalengineisassumedtofailduringtakeoff.
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VFmeansdesignflapspeed.
VFC/MFCmeansmaximumspeedforstabilitycharacteristics.
VFEmeansmaximumflapextendedspeed.
VHmeansmaximumspeedinlevelflightwithmaximumcontinuouspower.
VLEmeansmaximumlandinggearextendedspeed.
VLOmeansmaximumlandinggearoperatingspeed.
VLOFmeansliftoffspeed.
VMCmeansminimumcontrolspeedwiththecriticalengineinoperative.
VMO/MMOmeansmaximumoperatinglimitspeed.
VMUmeansminimumunstickspeed.
VNEmeansneverexceedspeed.
VNOmeansmaximumstructuralcruisingspeed.
VRmeansrotationspeed.
VSmeansthestallingspeedortheminimumsteadyflightspeedatwhichtheairplaneiscontrollable.
Minimumdescentaltitude(MDA)isthelowestaltitudespecifiedinaninstrumentapproachprocedure,expressedinfeetabovemeansealevel,
towhichdescentisauthorizedonfinalapproachorduringcircletolandmaneuveringuntilthepilotseestherequiredvisualreferencesforthe
heliportorrunwayofintendedlanding.
Minoralterationmeansanalterationotherthanamajoralteration.
Minorrepairmeansarepairotherthanamajorrepair.
Nationaldefenseairspacemeansairspaceestablishedbyaregulationprescribed,oranorderissuedunder,49U.S.C.40103(b)(3).
Navigableairspacemeansairspaceatandabovetheminimumflightaltitudesprescribedbyorunderthischapter,includingairspaceneeded
forsafetakeoffandlanding.
Nightmeansthetimebetweentheendofeveningciviltwilightandthebeginningofmorningciviltwilight,aspublishedintheAirAlmanac,
convertedtolocaltime.
Nonprecisionapproachproceduremeansastandardinstrumentapproachprocedureinwhichnoelectronicglideslopeisprovided.
Operate,withrespecttoaircraft,meansuse,causetouseorauthorizetouseaircraft,forthepurpose(exceptasprovidedin91.13ofthis
chapter)ofairnavigationincludingthepilotingofaircraft,withorwithouttherightoflegalcontrol(asowner,lessee,orotherwise).
Operationalcontrol,withrespecttoaflight,meanstheexerciseofauthorityoverinitiating,conductingorterminatingaflight.
Overseasaircommercemeansthecarriagebyaircraftofpersonsorpropertyforcompensationorhire,orthecarriageofmailbyaircraft,orthe
operationornavigationofaircraftintheconductorfurtheranceofabusinessorvocation,incommercebetweenaplaceinanyStateoftheUnited
States,ortheDistrictofColumbia,andanyplaceinaterritoryorpossessionoftheUnitedStatesorbetweenaplaceinaterritoryorpossessionof
theUnitedStates,andaplaceinanyotherterritoryorpossessionoftheUnitedStates.
Overseasairtransportationmeansthecarriagebyaircraftofpersonsorpropertyasacommoncarrierforcompensationorhire,orthecarriage
ofmailbyaircraft,incommerce:
(1)BetweenaplaceinaStateortheDistrictofColumbiaandaplaceinapossessionoftheUnitedStatesor
(2)BetweenaplaceinapossessionoftheUnitedStatesandaplaceinanotherpossessionoftheUnitedStateswhetherthatcommerce
moveswhollybyaircraftorpartlybyaircraftandpartlybyotherformsoftransportation.
Overthetopmeansabovethelayerofcloudsorotherobscuringphenomenaformingtheceiling.
Parachutemeansadeviceusedorintendedtobeusedtoretardthefallofabodyorobjectthroughtheair.
Personmeansanindividual,firm,partnership,corporation,company,association,jointstockassociation,orgovernmentalentity.Itincludesa
trustee,receiver,assignee,orsimilarrepresentativeofanyofthem.
Pilotagemeansnavigationbyvisualreferencetolandmarks.
Pilotincommandmeansthepersonwho:
(1)Hasfinalauthorityandresponsibilityfortheoperationandsafetyoftheflight
(2)Hasbeendesignatedaspilotincommandbeforeorduringtheflightand
(3)Holdstheappropriatecategory,class,andtyperating,ifappropriate,fortheconductoftheflight.
Pitchsettingmeansthepropellerbladesettingasdeterminedbythebladeanglemeasuredinamanner,andataradius,specifiedbythe
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instructionmanualforthepropeller.
Positivecontrolmeanscontrolofallairtraffic,withindesignatedairspace,byairtrafficcontrol.
Poweredparachutemeansapoweredaircraftcomprisedofaflexibleorsemirigidwingconnectedtoafuselagesothatthewingisnotin
positionforflightuntiltheaircraftisinmotion.Thefuselageofapoweredparachutecontainstheaircraftengine,aseatforeachoccupantandis
attachedtotheaircraft'slandinggear.
Poweredliftmeansaheavierthanairaircraftcapableofverticaltakeoff,verticallanding,andlowspeedflightthatdependsprincipallyon
enginedrivenliftdevicesorenginethrustforliftduringtheseflightregimesandonnonrotatingairfoil(s)forliftduringhorizontalflight.
Precisionapproachproceduremeansastandardinstrumentapproachprocedureinwhichanelectronicglideslopeisprovided,suchasILS
andPAR.
Preventivemaintenancemeanssimpleorminorpreservationoperationsandthereplacementofsmallstandardpartsnotinvolvingcomplex
assemblyoperations.
Prohibitedarea.Aprohibitedareaisairspacedesignatedunderpart73withinwhichnopersonmayoperateanaircraftwithoutthepermission
oftheusingagency.
Propellermeansadeviceforpropellinganaircraftthathasbladesonanenginedrivenshaftandthat,whenrotated,producesbyitsactionon
theair,athrustapproximatelyperpendiculartoitsplaneofrotation.Itincludescontrolcomponentsnormallysuppliedbyitsmanufacturer,butdoes
notincludemainandauxiliaryrotorsorrotatingairfoilsofengines.
Publicaircraftmeansanyofthefollowingaircraftwhennotbeingusedforacommercialpurposeortocarryanindividualotherthana
crewmemberorqualifiednoncrewmenber:
(1)AnaircraftusedonlyfortheUnitedStatesGovernmentanaircraftownedbytheGovernmentandoperatedbyanypersonforpurposes
relatedtocrewtraining,equipmentdevelopment,ordemonstrationanaircraftownedandoperatedbythegovernmentofaState,theDistrictof
Columbia,oraterritoryorpossessionoftheUnitedStatesorapoliticalsubdivisionofoneofthesegovernmentsoranaircraftexclusivelyleasedfor
atleast90continuousdaysbythegovernmentofaState,theDistrictofColumbia,oraterritoryorpossessionoftheUnitedStatesorapolitical
subdivisionofoneofthesegovernments.
(i)Forthesolepurposeofdeterminingpublicaircraftstatus,commercialpurposesmeansthetransportationofpersonsorpropertyfor
compensationorhire,butdoesnotincludetheoperationofanaircraftbythearmedforcesforreimbursementwhenthatreimbursementisrequired
byanyFederalstatute,regulation,ordirective,ineffectonNovember1,1999,orbyonegovernmentonbehalfofanothergovernmentunderacost
reimbursementagreementifthegovernmentonwhosebehalftheoperationisconductedcertifiestotheAdministratoroftheFederalAviation
Administrationthattheoperationisnecessarytorespondtoasignificantandimminentthreattolifeorproperty(includingnaturalresources)and
thatnoservicebyaprivateoperatorisreasonablyavailabletomeetthethreat.
(ii)Forthesolepurposeofdeterminingpublicaircraftstatus,governmentalfunctionmeansanactivityundertakenbyagovernment,suchas
nationaldefense,intelligencemissions,firefighting,searchandrescue,lawenforcement(includingtransportofprisoners,detainees,andillegal
aliens),aeronauticalresearch,orbiologicalorgeologicalresourcemanagement.
(iii)Forthesolepurposeofdeterminingpublicaircraftstatus,qualifiednoncrewmembermeansanindividual,otherthanamemberofthecrew,
aboardanaircraftoperatedbythearmedforcesoranintelligenceagencyoftheUnitedStatesGovernment,orwhosepresenceisrequiredto
perform,orisassociatedwiththeperformanceof,agovernmentalfunction.
(2)Anaircraftownedoroperatedbythearmedforcesorcharteredtoprovidetransportationtothearmedforcesif
(i)Theaircraftisoperatedinaccordancewithtitle10oftheUnitedStatesCode
(ii)Theaircraftisoperatedintheperformanceofagovernmentalfunctionundertitle14,31,32,or50oftheUnitedStatesCodeandthe
aircraftisnotusedforcommercialpurposesor
(iii)TheaircraftischarteredtoprovidetransportationtothearmedforcesandtheSecretaryofDefense(ortheSecretaryofthedepartmentin
whichtheCoastGuardisoperating)designatestheoperationoftheaircraftasbeingrequiredinthenationalinterest.
(3)AnaircraftownedoroperatedbytheNationalGuardofaState,theDistrictofColumbia,oranyterritoryorpossessionoftheUnitedStates,
andthatmeetsthecriteriaofparagraph(2)ofthisdefinition,qualifiesasapublicaircraftonlytotheextentthatitisoperatedunderthedirectcontrol
oftheDepartmentofDefense.
Rated30secondOEIPower,withrespecttorotorcraftturbineengines,meanstheapprovedbrakehorsepowerdevelopedunderstatic
conditionsatspecifiedaltitudesandtemperatureswithintheoperatinglimitationsestablishedfortheengineunderpart33ofthischapter,for
continuationofoneflightoperationafterthefailureorshutdownofoneengineinmultienginerotorcraft,foruptothreeperiodsofusenolongerthan
30secondseachinanyoneflight,andfollowedbymandatoryinspectionandprescribedmaintenanceaction.
Rated2minuteOEIPower,withrespecttorotorcraftturbineengines,meanstheapprovedbrakehorsepowerdevelopedunderstatic
conditionsatspecifiedaltitudesandtemperatureswithintheoperatinglimitationsestablishedfortheengineunderpart33ofthischapter,for
continuationofoneflightoperationafterthefailureorshutdownofoneengineinmultienginerotorcraft,foruptothreeperiodsofusenolongerthan
2minuteseachinanyoneflight,andfollowedbymandatoryinspectionandprescribedmaintenanceaction.
RatedcontinuousOEIpower,withrespecttorotorcraftturbineengines,meanstheapprovedbrakehorsepowerdevelopedunderstatic
conditionsatspecifiedaltitudesandtemperatureswithintheoperatinglimitationsestablishedfortheengineunderpart33ofthischapter,andlimited
inusetothetimerequiredtocompletetheflightafterthefailureorshutdownofoneengineofamultienginerotorcraft.
Ratedmaximumcontinuousaugmentedthrust,withrespecttoturbojetenginetypecertification,meanstheapprovedjetthrustthatis
developedstaticallyorinflight,instandardatmosphereataspecifiedaltitude,withfluidinjectionorwiththeburningoffuelinaseparatecombustion
chamber,withintheengineoperatinglimitationsestablishedunderPart33ofthischapter,andapprovedforunrestrictedperiodsofuse.
Ratedmaximumcontinuouspower,withrespecttoreciprocating,turbopropeller,andturboshaftengines,meanstheapprovedbrake
horsepowerthatisdevelopedstaticallyorinflight,instandardatmosphereataspecifiedaltitude,withintheengineoperatinglimitationsestablished
underpart33,andapprovedforunrestrictedperiodsofuse.
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Ratedmaximumcontinuousthrust,withrespecttoturbojetenginetypecertification,meanstheapprovedjetthrustthatisdevelopedstaticallyor
inflight,instandardatmosphereataspecifiedaltitude,withoutfluidinjectionandwithouttheburningoffuelinaseparatecombustionchamber,
withintheengineoperatinglimitationsestablishedunderpart33ofthischapter,andapprovedforunrestrictedperiodsofuse.
Ratedtakeoffaugmentedthrust,withrespecttoturbojetenginetypecertification,meanstheapprovedjetthrustthatisdevelopedstatically
understandardsealevelconditions,withfluidinjectionorwiththeburningoffuelinaseparatecombustionchamber,withintheengineoperating
limitationsestablishedunderpart33ofthischapter,andlimitedinusetoperiodsofnotover5minutesfortakeoffoperation.
Ratedtakeoffpower,withrespecttoreciprocating,turbopropeller,andturboshaftenginetypecertification,meanstheapprovedbrake
horsepowerthatisdevelopedstaticallyunderstandardsealevelconditions,withintheengineoperatinglimitationsestablishedunderpart33,and
limitedinusetoperiodsofnotover5minutesfortakeoffoperation.
Ratedtakeoffthrust,withrespecttoturbojetenginetypecertification,meanstheapprovedjetthrustthatisdevelopedstaticallyunderstandard
sealevelconditions,withoutfluidinjectionandwithouttheburningoffuelinaseparatecombustionchamber,withintheengineoperatinglimitations
establishedunderpart33ofthischapter,andlimitedinusetoperiodsofnotover5minutesfortakeoffoperation.
Rated30minuteOEIpower,withrespecttorotorcraftturbineengines,meanstheapprovedbrakehorsepowerdevelopedunderstatic
conditionsatspecifiedaltitudesandtemperatureswithintheoperatinglimitationsestablishedfortheengineunderpart33ofthischapter,andlimited
inusetooneperiodofusenolongerthan30minutesafterthefailureorshutdownofoneengineofamultienginerotorcraft.
Rated212minuteOEIpower,withrespecttorotorcraftturbineengines,meanstheapprovedbrakehorsepowerdevelopedunderstatic
conditionsatspecifiedaltitudesandtemperatureswithintheoperatinglimitationsestablishedfortheengineunderpart33ofthischapterforperiods
ofusenolongerthan212minuteseachafterthefailureorshutdownofoneengineofamultienginerotorcraft.
Ratingmeansastatementthat,asapartofacertificate,setsforthspecialconditions,privileges,orlimitations.
Referencelandingspeedmeansthespeedoftheairplane,inaspecifiedlandingconfiguration,atthepointwhereitdescendsthroughthe50
footheightinthedeterminationofthelandingdistance.
Reportingpointmeansageographicallocationinrelationtowhichthepositionofanaircraftisreported.
Restrictedarea.ArestrictedareaisairspacedesignatedunderPart73withinwhichtheflightofaircraft,whilenotwhollyprohibited,issubject
torestriction.
Rocketmeansanaircraftpropelledbyejectedexpandinggasesgeneratedintheenginefromselfcontainedpropellantsandnotdependenton
theintakeofoutsidesubstances.Itincludesanypartwhichbecomesseparatedduringtheoperation.
Rotorcraftmeansaheavierthanairaircraftthatdependsprincipallyforitssupportinflightontheliftgeneratedbyoneormorerotors.
Rotorcraftloadcombinationmeansthecombinationofarotorcraftandanexternalload,includingtheexternalloadattachingmeans.
RotorcraftloadcombinationsaredesignatedasClassA,ClassB,ClassC,andClassD,asfollows:
(1)ClassArotorcraftloadcombinationmeansoneinwhichtheexternalloadcannotmovefreely,cannotbejettisoned,anddoesnotextend
belowthelandinggear.
(2)ClassBrotorcraftloadcombinationmeansoneinwhichtheexternalloadisjettisonableandisliftedfreeoflandorwaterduringthe
rotorcraftoperation.
(3)ClassCrotorcraftloadcombinationmeansoneinwhichtheexternalloadisjettisonableandremainsincontactwithlandorwaterduring
therotorcraftoperation.
(4)ClassDrotorcraftloadcombinationmeansoneinwhichtheexternalloadisotherthanaClassA,B,orCandhasbeenspecifically
approvedbytheAdministratorforthatoperation.
Routesegmentisaportionofarouteboundedoneachendbyafixornavigationaid(NAVAID).
Sealevelenginemeansareciprocatingaircraftenginehavingaratedtakeoffpowerthatisproducibleonlyatsealevel.
Secondincommandmeansapilotwhoisdesignatedtobesecondincommandofanaircraftduringflighttime.
Show,unlessthecontextotherwiserequires,meanstoshowtothesatisfactionoftheAdministrator.
Smallaircraftmeansaircraftof12,500poundsorless,maximumcertificatedtakeoffweight.
SpecialVFRconditionsmeanmeteorologicalconditionsthatarelessthanthoserequiredforbasicVFRflightincontrolledairspaceandin
whichsomeaircraftarepermittedflightundervisualflightrules.
SpecialVFRoperationsmeansaircraftoperatinginaccordancewithclearanceswithincontrolledairspaceinmeteorologicalconditionsless
thanthebasicVFRweatherminima.SuchoperationsmustberequestedbythepilotandapprovedbyATC.
StandardatmospheremeanstheatmospheredefinedinU.S.StandardAtmosphere,1962(Geopotentialaltitudetables).
Stopwaymeansanareabeyondthetakeoffrunway,nolesswidethantherunwayandcenteredupontheextendedcenterlineoftherunway,
abletosupporttheairplaneduringanabortedtakeoff,withoutcausingstructuraldamagetotheairplane,anddesignatedbytheairportauthorities
foruseindeceleratingtheairplaneduringanabortedtakeoff.
SuitableRNAVsystemisanRNAVsystemthatmeetstherequiredperformanceestablishedforatypeofoperation,e.g.IFRandissuitable
foroperationovertheroutetobeflownintermsofanyperformancecriteria(includingaccuracy)establishedbytheairnavigationserviceprovider
forcertainroutes(e.g.oceanic,ATSroutes,andIAPs).AnRNAVsystem'ssuitabilityisdependentupontheavailabilityofgroundand/orsatellite
navigationaidsthatareneededtomeetanyrouteperformancecriteriathatmaybeprescribedinroutespecificationstonavigatetheaircraftalong
theroutetobeflown.InformationonsuitableRNAVsystemsispublishedinFAAguidancematerial.
Syntheticvisionmeansacomputergeneratedimageoftheexternalscenetopographyfromtheperspectiveoftheflightdeckthatisderived
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fromaircraftattitude,highprecisionnavigationsolution,anddatabaseofterrain,obstaclesandrelevantculturalfeatures.
Syntheticvisionsystemmeansanelectronicmeanstodisplayasyntheticvisionimageoftheexternalscenetopographytotheflightcrew.
Takeoffpower:
(1)Withrespecttoreciprocatingengines,meansthebrakehorsepowerthatisdevelopedunderstandardsealevelconditions,andunderthe
maximumconditionsofcrankshaftrotationalspeedandenginemanifoldpressureapprovedforthenormaltakeoff,andlimitedincontinuoususeto
theperiodoftimeshownintheapprovedenginespecificationand
(2)Withrespecttoturbineengines,meansthebrakehorsepowerthatisdevelopedunderstaticconditionsataspecifiedaltitudeand
atmospherictemperature,andunderthemaximumconditionsofrotorshaftrotationalspeedandgastemperatureapprovedforthenormaltakeoff,
andlimitedincontinuoususetotheperiodoftimeshownintheapprovedenginespecification.
Takeoffsafetyspeedmeansareferencedairspeedobtainedafterliftoffatwhichtherequiredoneengineinoperativeclimbperformancecan
beachieved.
Takeoffthrust,withrespecttoturbineengines,meansthejetthrustthatisdevelopedunderstaticconditionsataspecificaltitudeand
atmospherictemperatureunderthemaximumconditionsofrotorshaftrotationalspeedandgastemperatureapprovedforthenormaltakeoff,and
limitedincontinuoususetotheperiodoftimeshownintheapprovedenginespecification.
Tandemwingconfigurationmeansaconfigurationhavingtwowingsofsimilarspan,mountedintandem.
TCASImeansaTCASthatutilizesinterrogationsof,andrepliesfrom,airborneradarbeacontranspondersandprovidestrafficadvisoriesto
thepilot.
TCASIImeansaTCASthatutilizesinterrogationsof,andrepliesfromairborneradarbeacontranspondersandprovidestrafficadvisoriesand
resolutionadvisoriesintheverticalplane.
TCASIIImeansaTCASthatutilizesinterrogationof,andrepliesfrom,airborneradarbeacontranspondersandprovidestrafficadvisoriesand
resolutionadvisoriesintheverticalandhorizontalplanestothepilot.
Timeinservice,withrespecttomaintenancetimerecords,meansthetimefromthemomentanaircraftleavesthesurfaceoftheearthuntilit
touchesitatthenextpointoflanding.
Trafficpatternmeansthetrafficflowthatisprescribedforaircraftlandingat,taxiingon,ortakingofffrom,anairport.
.

Trueairspeedmeanstheairspeedofanaircraftrelativetoundisturbedair.Trueairspeedisequaltoequivalentairspeedmultipliedby(0/)12
Type:

(1)Asusedwithrespecttothecertification,ratings,privileges,andlimitationsofairmen,meansaspecificmakeandbasicmodelofaircraft,
includingmodificationstheretothatdonotchangeitshandlingorflightcharacteristics.Examplesinclude:DC7,1049,andF27and
(2)Asusedwithrespecttothecertificationofaircraft,meansthoseaircraftwhicharesimilarindesign.Examplesinclude:DC7andDC7C
1049Gand1049HandF27andF27F.
(3)Asusedwithrespecttothecertificationofaircraftenginesmeansthoseengineswhicharesimilarindesign.Forexample,JT8DandJT8D
7areenginesofthesametype,andJT9D3AandJT9D7areenginesofthesametype.
UnitedStates,inageographicalsense,means(1)theStates,theDistrictofColumbia,PuertoRico,andthepossessions,includingthe
territorialwaters,and(2)theairspaceofthoseareas.
UnitedStatesaircarriermeansacitizenoftheUnitedStateswhoundertakesdirectlybylease,orotherarrangement,toengageinair
transportation.
VFRoverthetop,withrespecttotheoperationofaircraft,meanstheoperationofanaircraftoverthetopunderVFRwhenitisnotbeing
operatedonanIFRflightplan.
Warningarea.Awarningareaisairspaceofdefineddimensions,extendingfrom3nauticalmilesoutwardfromthecoastoftheUnitedStates,
thatcontainsactivitythatmaybehazardoustononparticipatingaircraft.Thepurposeofsuchwarningareasistowarnnonparticipatingpilotsofthe
potentialdanger.Awarningareamaybelocatedoverdomesticorinternationalwatersorboth.
Weightshiftcontrolaircraftmeansapoweredaircraftwithaframedpivotingwingandafuselagecontrollableonlyinpitchandrollbythepilot's
abilitytochangetheaircraft'scenterofgravitywithrespecttothewing.Flightcontroloftheaircraftdependsonthewing'sabilitytoflexiblydeform
ratherthantheuseofcontrolsurfaces.
Wingletortipfinmeansanoutofplanesurfaceextendingfromaliftingsurface.Thesurfacemayormaynothavecontrolsurfaces.
[Doc.No.1150,27FR4588,May15,1962]
EDITORIALNOTE:ForFEDERALREGISTERcitationsaffecting1.1,seetheListofCFRSectionsAffected,whichappearsintheFindingAidssectionoftheprinted
volumeandatwww.fdsys.gov.

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