MATHEMATICS II

PAPER MATRICES

DISUSUN OLEH :
ARISA RISKI (D10011208)
PUGUH MERDHIYANTO (D100112014)
YUSRON ABDULLATIF RABBANI (D100110029)

CIVIL DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING FACULTY

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2012

MATRICES
THE ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The numbers may be real or complex. It
may be represented as

a11
a
21

a m1

a12

a 22

a1n
a 2 n

am2

a mn

A a ij m x n
or as
A matrix with m rows and n coloumns is called as m x n matrix and the size
(or dimension) of this matrix is said be m x n.
Two matrices are said to be equal provided they are of the same size and
corresponding elements are equal. For example
a
d

b
e

c
f

1
7

2
3

5
11

if and only if
a = -1,

b = 2,

c = 5,

d = 7,

e = 3 and f = 1.

Definitions A matrix A = (aij)m x n is said to be a

i

square matrix

if

m=n

ii

row matrix

if

m=1

iii

coloumn matrix

if

n=1

iv

null or zero matrix

if

aij = 0 i and j

diagonal matrix

if m = n and aij = 0 i j

vi

Scalar matrix

if m = n and aij = 0 i j and aij = i

vii

Unit or identity matrix

if m = n and aij = 0 i j and aij = 1 i

viii

Upper (Lower) triangular matrix if m = n and aij = 0 i > j

(aij = 0 i < j)
A matrix is said to be triangular if it is either lower or upper triangular matrix.

Addition of Matrix. Two matrices A and B can be added if and only they are of the
same size. For instance
a
d

c p

f s

b
e

a p

d s

q
t

bq
et

r
u

cr
f u

Addition is not defined for matrices of different sized.

The additive inverse of a matrix A, denoted by A, is the matrix whose
elements are the negatives of the corresponding elements of A. for example,

d c
e
f

a
c
e

b
d
f

If A and B are two matrices of the same size, then the differences between A
and B is defined by
A B = A + (-B)
Thus, the substraction is carried out term-by-term. For instance
a
d

b
e

c
p

f
s

q
t

r
a p

u
d s

bq
et

cr
f u

Properties of Addition If A, B and C are three matrices of the same size, then
A+B

=B+A

[Commutative law]

(A + B) + C

= A + (B + C)

[Associative law]

A+O

=O+A

[Additive property of zero]

A + (-A)

=O

Where O is the null or zero matrix of the same size as that of A.

Scalar Multiplication. If A is a matrix and is a scalar, then A is defined as the

matrix obtained by multyplying every element of A by . For example
2
8

1
3
7

5
3

21
1

6
24

15
3

Properties of Scalar Multiplication If A, B are two matrices of the same size, and ,
are two scalars, then
( + )A

= A + A

()A

= (A)

(A + B)

= A + B

Matrix Multiplication
Let A = (aij)m

x n

and B = (bij)

r x s

be two matrices. We stay that A and B are

comparable for the product AB if n = r, that is, if the number of coloumns of A is

equal to the number of rows of B.
Definition: Let A = (aij)

mxn

and B = (bij) m x n be two matrices. Their product AB is

the matrix C = (cij) m x n such that cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + ai3 b3j + ... + ain bnj for l i
m, 1 j p. note that cij, the element of AB, has been obtained by multiplying ith
row of A, namely (ai1 ai2 ai3 ... ain)
b1 j

b2 j
b
3j
.

.
.

bnj
With the jth column of B, namely

= ( b1, b2j ... bnj)

Where A denotes the transpose of matrix A.

Properties of Matrix Multiplication
If A = (aij) m x n, B = (bij) n x p and C = (cij) p x q then
1

(AB) C = A (BC) [Associative law]

AIn = ImA = A

AB may not be equal to BA

k(AB) = (kA)B = A (kB) where k is a scalar.

If A is a square matrix, then

Am An = Am+n m, n N
(Am)n = Amn m, n N.

If A is an invertible matrix then

(A-1 B A)m = A-1 Bm A.
and A-m = (A-1)m m N.
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

Definition: Let A = (aij)m x n be a matrix. The transpose of A, denoted by A or by A

is the matrix A = (bij)n x m where bij = aji i and j.
By

a ij
we mean a matrix B = (bij) m x n where bij =

a and by A* we mean.

where

denotes conjugate of

A* A ' A '

Properties of Transpose of Matrix

1

(A + B)

= A + B

(kA)

= kA where k is a scalar.

(AB)

= B A [Reversal law]

If A is an invertible matrix, then (A-1) = (A)-1

ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX

Let A = (aij)n x n be square matrix. The adjoint of A is defined to be the matrix adj. A
= (bij) n x n where
bij = Aji
where Aji is the cofactor of (j, i)th element of A.

Properties of Adjoint

A In
1

A (adj A) = (adj A) A =

adj(kA)

= kn-1 (adj A)

adj(AB)

= (adj B) (ajd A)

A
Definiton: A square matrix A is said to be singular if

= 0 and non-singular if

A
0.
Definition: Inverse of a square matrix A = (aij)n x n is the matrix B = (bij)n x n such that
AB = BA = In.

A 1

1
(adj. A)
A

Infact
Properties of Inverse
1

inverse of a matrix if it exists is unique.

AA-1 = A-1 A = In

(A-1)-1 = A

(kA)-+ = k-1 A-1 if k 0.

(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1 [reversal law]

a
c

A
6

For a matrix
d
c

A
adj

A 1
and
7

1
ad bc

if ad - bc 0

If A is a triangular matrix, then A-1 if it exists is a triangular matrix of the same

kind.

 a11

Infact if A a 21
a
31

0
a 22

a 33

a32

a 22 a 33

a 21 a33
a11 a 22 a33
A13

and a11a22a33 0, then

0

a33 a11

a11 a 22

a32 a11

A13

a 21

a 22

a31

a32

Where A13 = cofactor of (1, 3)th element in i.e.

8

If A = diag (1, 2, ..., n) then A-1 exists if i 0 i and

A-1 = diag (1-1, 2-1, ..., n-1)
m

Also, A = diag
9

, m2 ... mn

if m N.

If a square matrix A satisfies the equation a0 + a1x + a2 x+2+ + ... ar xr = 0,

then

A is

A 1

1
a1 I a 2 A ... a r A r 1
a0

invertible

if

a0

and

its

inverse

is

given

by

SOME DEFINITIONS AND RESULT

A square matrix is said to be symmetric if A = A and skew symmetric if A = - A.
A square matrix A is Hermitian if A* = A and skew Hermitian if A* = -A.
Result
1

The main diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zeros, i.e.a:: = 0
i

Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero and determinant

of a skew-symmetric matrix of even order is a perfect square.

Every square matrix can be written uniquely as a sum of symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix, i.e. if A is a square matrix, then there exists a symmetric
matrix P and a skew symmetric matrix Q such that
Infact
P

1
1
A A ' and Q
A A'
2
2

For every square matrix A, matrices A + A, AA and AA are symmetric and

matrices A A and A A are skew symmetric.
A square matrix is said to be orthogona if AA = AA = I.
A is said to be unitary if A*+A = I.

A
Result

1. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then

A
0. Infact

= 1. And

, A,

A* are also orthogonal.

2. If A and B are two orthogonal matrices, then AB and BA are both
orthogonal matrices.
A square matrix A is said to be a nilpotent matrix if there exist a positive integer m
such that Am = O.
The least positive integer m satisfying the condition Am = O is called the index of
the nilpotent matrix.
A square matrix A is said to be idempotent matrix if A2 = A and is said to be
involutory if A2+ = I.
If A = (aij)

nxn

is a square matrix, the trace of A denoted by tr (A) is sum of all the

main diagonal elements, i.e.

tr (A) = a11 + a22 + ... ann
RANK OF A MATRIX

B
If A = (aij)

m x n

is a matrix, and B is its submatrix of order, r, then

, the

determinant is called as r-rowed minor of A.

Definiton Let A = (aij) m x n be a matrix. A positive integer r is said to be rank of A if

i A possesses at least one r-rowed minor which is different from zero; and
iiEvery (r + 1) rowed minor of A is zero.
From (ii), it automatically follows that all minors of higher order are zeros.
Result The rank of a matrix does not change when the following elementary row
operations are applied to the matrix.
a

Two rows are interchanger (Ri Rj)

A row is multiplied by a non-zero constant, (Ri kRi, with k 0)

a constant multiple of another row is added to a given row (Ri Ri + kRj)

where i j.

note: The arrow means replaced by.

Note that the application of these elementary row operations does not change a
singular matrix to a non-singular matrix or a non-singular matrix to a singular
matrix. Therefore, the order of the largest non-singular square submatrix is not
affected by application of any of the elementary row operations. Thus, the rank of a
matrix does not change by application of any the elementary row operations.
A matrix obtained from a given matrix by applying any of the elementary row
operations is said to be equivalent to it. If A and B are two equivalent matrices, we
write A ~ B.
Note that if A ~ B, then (A) = (B).
By using the elementary row operations, we shall try to transform the given matrix

0
0

in the following form

*
1

*
*

0
.

1
.

.
.
0

.
.
0

*
*

.
.
.

where * stands for zero or non-zero element. That is, we shall try to make aii as 1
and all the elements below aii as zero.
We illustrate the above procedure by the following illustration.
Illustration: Find the rank of the matrix

A 3
5

3
5
3

7
8

Solution
Step 1: As a first step we must get a 1 in the first column of A. For this we substract
Row 1 from the Row 2.
2

3
5

R2 R2 R1 1
5

Step 2: We must get a 1 in the upper left corner. For this we interchange Row 1 and
Row 2.

1
5

6 R1 R2 2
5
8

8
3

3
3

1
8

Step 3: We must get zeros at the two remaining two places in the first column. For
this we multiply R1 by 2 and add it to R2 and multiply R1 by 5 and add it to R3.
1

2
5

0
0

1 R2 R2 2 R1 . R3 R3 5 R1
8

8
19
37

11
22

8
3

Step 4: We must have 1 in the second column. This 1 should not be in the first
column. Also, you should not be tempted to use R1 to obtain this 1. For if we try to
use R1. Then two zeroes obtained in the first column will be destroyed. We multiply
R2 by 2 and add it to R3.
0
1

0
0

38
8
19
37

22

- R2

6
1

11 R3 R3 2 R1 0
0
22

8
19
1

11
0

Step 5: We now obtain a 1 at the (2, 2)th place. For this we interchange R2 and R3.

0
0

8
19
1

6
1

11 R2 R3 0
0
0

8
1
19

0
11

Step 6: We must get a zero at (3, 2)th place. For this we multiply R2 by 19 and add
it to R3.

0
0

6
1

0 R3 R3 19 R2 0
0
11

8
1
19

0
11

8
1
0

This matrix is in the desired triangular form. Recall if A ~ B then (A) = (B).
Thus, rank of the given matrix A is equal to the rank of the matrix.

B 0
0

8
1
0

6
0

1
Since B 0
11
0

8
1

6
0

11

11 0, ( B ) 3

Hance, (A) = 3.
Remark
After obtaining 1 at (1, 1)th place and zeros at the remaining places in the first
column, forget the first row. Do not use the first row. Do not use the first row to
manipulate elements in the second or any other column. If you try to do so the
zeros in the first column will be destroyed.
After obtaining 1 at (2, 2)th place and zeros at the remaining places in the
second column, forget the second row. Do not use it for manipulating elements
in the remaining columns. The same remark applies to the remaining columns.
If A is a non-regular matrix of order n x n, then e (A) = n.
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
Let us consider the following m linear equations in n unknowns:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ... + a2n xn = b2
.
.
.
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + ... + amn xn = bm

where b1, b2, ... bm are not all zero.

The m x n matrix

a11

a 21

a12

a 22

.
.

am2

a
m1

a1n

a2n

.
.

a mn

is called the coefficient matrix

of the system of linear equations. Using it, we can now write these equations as
follows:
a11

a 21

a12

a 22

.
a
m1

.
.
am 2

a1n

a2n
.

.

.
a mn

x1
.

b1

b2
.

.
x n

.
b
m

x2

We can abbreviate the above matrix equation to AX = B, where

a11

a 21

.
A
.

.
a
m1

a12

a 22

a1n

a2n

.
.

.
a mn

.
.
.
am 2
x1

x2

and

b1

b2

.
.

X
and B
.
.

.
.
x
b
m
m
By a solution of (1) we mean a set of values x1, x2, ..., xn such that (1) reduces to an
identity.

The augmented matrix for system of equations.

AX = B
is the matrix (A/B). This matrix is obtained by adding (n + 1)th column to A. the
elements of column are the constants b1, ..., bm.
Result The system of equations
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a2n xn = b2

(1)

am1 x1 + am2 x2 + amn xn = bn

is consistent (that is, possesses a solution) if and only if the coefficient matrix.

a11

a 21

a12

a 22

a
m1

a m1

a mn

a11

a12

a1n

b1

a 21

a 22

a2n

b2

a m1

am2

a mn

a1n

a2n

and the augmented matrix

(A B) =

bn

have the same rank.

We split the remaining result in two cases.
Case 1. If the system of equations in (1) is consistent and m n, then
i
ii

if (A) = (A B) = n, then the system of equations has a unique solution,

if (A) = (A B) = r < n, then the (n r) unknowns are assigned arbitrary values

and the remaining r unknowns can be found in terms of those (n r) unknowns
which have already been assigned values.
Case 2. If the system of equations in (1) is consistent and m < n, then

if (A) = (A B) = m, then (n m) unknowns can be assigned arbitrary values

and the values of the remaining m unknowns can be found in terms of those (n m)
unknowns which have already been assigned values.

ii

if (A) = (A B) = r < m then (n r) unknowns can be assigned arbitrary values

and the values of the remaining r unknowns can be found in terms of those (n r)
unknowns which have already been assigned values.
Finding Inverse by Elementary Row Operations
To find inverse of a square matrix A we begin with be augmented matrix [A In]. If
a sequence of elementary row operations transforms this matrix to [In B], then B is
A-1. However, if at any step we obtain all zeros in a row on the left of the vertical
line, the matrix A is not invertible.
SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF EQUATION AX = B
Unique Solution
The system of equation
AX = B

A 0
and it is given by X = A-1 B

has a unique solution if

Infinite Number of Solution

A 0
If

, and (Adj A)B = 0, the system has infinite number of solutions.

No Solution

A 0
If

and (Adj A)B 0, the system of equations has no solution.

SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

AX = 0
The system
AX = 0

A 0
has a unique solution if

and it is the trivial solution viz.

x1 = x2 = = xn = 0

A 0
If

, the system has infinite number of solutions.

A 0
Also if AX = 0 has at least one non-zero solutions, then

The following Tree diagram is helpful.

AX = B

B0

B=0

(A) = (A B)

(A) = (A B)

Trival solution
Infinite number of System
solutions
of equationsSystem
is consistent
of equations is consistent

Solved Examples
Example 1

If

1
2

(a) 5

4
x

0
z

y2

(b) 2

(c) 1

, y < 0 then x y + z is equal to

(d) -3

Ans (a)
Solution

By the equality of two matrices, x = 1, y2 = 4, z = 2

x = 1, y = -2, z = 2 as y < 0.
xy+z=1+2+2=5
Example 2

A 1

2
3, B 3
1

If

(a)
(c)

2
3

(b)

, then AB is equal to a

2
6

(d) none of these

Ans (d)
A 1

2
3, B 3 2 6 3 5
1

Solution
Example 3

If

i
A
0

(a) I

0
i

, then A A is equal to

(b) iA

(c) I

(d) iA

Ans (c)
Solution

We have
i
A' A
0

0 i
i 0

0
1

i
0

0
I
1

Example 4

If

cos
A
sin

sin
cos

, then

A A

(a)

A A

(b)

is equal to

A A

(c)

(d) none of these

Solution

We have
cos
A A
sin

sin cos
cos sin

cos cos sin sin

sin cos cos sin

cos

sin

sin
cos

cos sin sin cos

sin sin cos cos

sin
A
cos

Example 5
Let A and B be two 2 x 2 matrices. Consider the statements.
i AB = O A = O or B = O
ii AB = I2 A = B-1
iii (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2
Then
a

(i) is false, (ii) and (iii) are true

(i) and (iii) are false, (ii) is true

(i) and (ii) are false, (iii) is true

(ii) and (iii) are false, (i) is true

Ans (b)
Solution

(i) is false.
0
0

A
If

0
0

AB

1
1
and B

1
0

1
0

then

0
O
0

Thus, AB = 0 A = O or B = O
(iii) is false since matrix multiplication is not communicative.
(ii) is true as product AB is an identity matrix, if B is inverse of the matrix A.

Example 6

If

(a)

1
A 2B
3
4
6

Solution

5
7

5
7

and

(b)

2
2 A 3B
0

0
3

6
7

(c)

5
7

, then matrix B is equal to

2
3

1
2

(d)

We have
4
B 2 A 3B 2 A 2 B 2
6

5
7

6
0

1
1

Example 7
If A and B two are 3 x 3 matrices, then which one of the following is not true:
(a) (A + B) = A + B

(b) (AB) = A B

A I3
(c) det (AB) = det (A) det (B)

(d) A (adj A) =

Ans (b)
Solution

If A and B are two 3 x 3 matrices, then

(AB) = BA [Reversal Law]

and not

(AB) = AB.

Example 8

If

cos
A
sin

sin
cos

, then

(a) A is an orthogonal matrix

(b) A is a symmetric matrix

(c) A is a skew symmetric matrix

(d) none of these

Ans (a)
Solution

We have
cos

sin

sin cos sin

cos sin cos

cos 2 sin 2

cos sin sin cos

cos sin sin cos

sin 2 cos 2

0
I2
1

Similarly, A A = I2
Thus, A is an orthogonal matrix.
Example 9

 2
2
3

1
Matrix
(a)
(c)

5 1
2 2

is equal to

(b)

(d) none of these

Ans (c)
Solution

We have

1
1

2
2
3

5 1
2 2

2 10
2
1
3 4

8 14 2

8
2
7

Example 10

If

(a)

(c)

1
1

5
A
0
7
7

8
0

7
18

8
7

3
0
,B

2
1

(b)

A = - A

A is a skew symmetric matrix

diagonal elements are zeros
x = 0, y = 0

3
4
7
0

, then (AB) is equal to

8
7

(d) none of these

Ans (c)
Solution

2
1

x+y=0
Example 12
a2

ab

A ab
ac

If

bc

ac

0
bc and B c
b
c 2

equal to
(a) O

(b) A

(c) B

(d) I

c
0
a

b
a

0
then the product AB is

Solution

We have

0 abc abc

a 2 c 0 a 2 c a 2 b a 2 b 0

AB 0 b 2 c b 2 c abc 0 abc ab 2 ab 2 0 O
0 bc 2 bc 2 ac 2 0 ac 2 abc abc 0

Example 13
If A is an orthogonal matrix, then A-1 equals
(a) A

(b) A

(c) AA

(d) none of these

Ans (b)
Solution

By definition, A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if

AA = AA = I

A-1 = A

Example 14
If A is an invertible matrix and B is an orthogonal matrix, of the order same as that
of A, then C = A-1 BA is
(a) an orthogonal matrix

(b) symmetric matrix

(c) skew symmetric matrix

(d) none of these

Ans (d)
Solution

Let

and

cos / 2
B
sin / 2
1
A
0

sin / 2
0

cos / 2
1

3
1

1
A 1
0

1
0

3
1

Note that B is an orthogonal matrix.

1
C A 1 BA
0

3 0
1 1

1 1
0 0

3
1

10
3

Note that C is neither symmetric, nor skew symmetric and nor orthogonal.
Example 15
cos 2

cos sin

cos sin

sin 2

Let

if and differs by an odd multiply of

/2, then E () E () is a
(a) null matrix

(b) unit matrix

(c) diagonal matrix

(d) orthogonal matrix

Ans (a)
Solution

We have
cos 2

cos sin

cos sin cos 2

sin 2
cos sin

cos cos cos

sin cos cos

cos sin
sin

cos sin cos

sin sin cos

As and differ by an odd multiple of /2, - = (2n +1) /2 for some integer n.

Thus,

cos 2n 1 / 2 0

E () E () = O
Example 16

If

2
7

(a)

7
11

1
3
A

4
5
5
8

2
1

3
0

(b)

2
5

0
1
1
3

then matrix A equals

(c)

7
34

1
5

(d)

5
13

3
8

Ans (a)
Solution
If XAY = I, then A = X-1 Y-1 = (YX)-1

In this case

3
YX
5

2 2
3 7

8
A
11

5
7

7
11

1
8

11
4

5
7

5
8

Example 17
The matrix A satisfying
1
0

(a)

1
0

5
3

1
6

3
6

2
3

(b)

is
16
30

3
6

(c)

16
30

3
6

(d)

3
6

Ans (b)
Solution

We know that if AC = B, then A = BC-1

3
A
6

1 1
0 0

5
1

1 1
0 0

5
3

1
6

16
30

Example 18

If product of matrix A with

(a)

0
2

1
4

1
2

1
0

is

(b)

3
1

0
2

2
1

, then A-1 is given by

1
4

3
2

(c)

0
2

1
4

(d) none of these

Ans (c)
Solution

If AB = C, then B-1 A-1 = C-1

A-1

Here

1
A
2

1
0

= BC-1

2
1

1 3
0 1

2
1

1
2

1 1
0 1

2
0

3
2

1
4

Example 19
If A and B are two skew symmetric matrices of order n, then
a

AB is a skew symmetric matrix

AB is a symmetric matrix

AB is a symmetric matrix if A and B commute

none of these

Ans (c)
Solution

We are given
A

Now,

= -A and B = - B

(AB) = B A = (-B) (-A) = BA

= AB if A and B commute

Example 20
Which of the following statements is false:

A 0

adj A 0

If

, then

Adjoint of a diagonal matrix of order 3 x 3 is a diagonal matrix

Product of two upper triangular matrices is a upper triangular matrix

adj (AB) = adj (A) adj (B)

Ans (d)
Solution

We have
adj (AB) = adj (B) adj (A)

and not

adj (AB) = adj (A) adj (B)

Example 21
If A and B are symmetric matrices, then AB BA is a
(a) symmetric matrix

(b) skew symmetric matrix

(c) diagonal matrix

(d) null matrix

Ans (b)
Solution

We are given A = A, B = B

Now

(AB BA)

= (AB) (BA)

= B A A B
= BA - AB
= - (AB BA)
i.e.

(AB BA)

= - (AB BA)

Hence AB BA is a skew symmetric matrix.

Example 22
If D = diag (d1, d2, , dn) where d1 0, for I = 1, 2, , n, then D-1 is equal to
(a) D
(c) diag

(b) 2D

1
1

, d 21 , ..., d n1

(d) Adj D

Ans (c)
Solution

See Theory

Example 23
The inverse of a symmetric matrix (if it exists) is
(a) a symmetric matrix

(b) a skew symmetric matrix

(c) a diagonal matrix

(d) none of these

Ans (a)
Solution

Let A be an invertible a symmetric matrix.

We have

AA-1

= A-1 A = In

(AA-1)

= (A-1 A) = (In)

(A-1) A

= A (A-1) = In

(A-1) A = A (A-1) = In
(A-1)

= A-1 [inverse of a matrix is unique]

Example 24
The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix (if it exists) is
(a) a symmetric matrix

(b) a skew symmetric matrix

(c) a diagonal matrix

(d) none of these

Ans (b)

Solution

We have A = - A

Now

AA-1

= A-1 A = In

(AA-1)

= (A-1 A) = (In)

(A-1) A

= A (A-1) = In

(A-1) (-A)

= (-A) (A-1) = In

Thus,

(A-1)

= - (A-1) [inverse of a matrix is unique]

Example 25
The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order is
(a) a symmetric matrix

(b) a skew symmetric matrix

(c) diagonal matrix

(d) does not exist

Ans (d)
Solution

Let A be a skew symmetric, matrix of order n. By definition

A

= -A

A'

= (- 1)

=-

A n is odd

=0

=0

A-1 does not exist.

Example 26

A
If A is an orthogonal matrix, then
(a) 1

(b) -1

is
(c) 1

(d) 0

Ans (c)
Solution

As A is an orthogonal matrix,

A A

= AA = In

A' A

A A'
=

In
=

A' A

=1

A A

=1
A

=1

=1

Example 27

If

1
A 5
1

0
1
1

(a) 3

2
x

is a singular matrix, then x is equal to

(b) 5

(c) 9

(d) 11

Ans (c)
Solution

As A is a singular matrix

1
5
1

A
=0

0
1
1

0
x 10 0
1

[using C3 C3 2 C1]

1
1

x 10
1

Example 28

=0
x

= 9.

-1 x + 10 = 0

The value of x for which the matrix

2/ x

A1
1

2x 2

1/ x

is singular is

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) none of these

Ans (a)

Solution

We have

2x 2

2 x

x 1/ x

2x 2

1
1

x
1/ x

2
0 2 2 x 2 2 1 x
x
x

2x 1 x 2 2 1 x 2
2 x 1 1 x

x
x
2

A
=0x=1

Now,
Example 29

If square matrix A is such that 3A2 + 2A2 + 5A + I = O, then A-1 is equal to

(a) 3A2 + 2A + 5I

(b) (3A2 + 2A + 5I)

(c) 3A2 2A 5I

(d) none of these

Solution

We have

A (3A2 + 2A + 5I)

=-I

= - (3A2 + 2A + 5I)

A-1

[ Inverse of a matrix is unique]

Example 30
If A is a square matrix such that A2 + I = 0, then A equals

(a)

1
0

0
1

(b)

i
0

0
i

(c)

Ans (b)
Solution
i
0

We have
0
i

Example 31

i
0

0
i

1
0

0
1

1
1

2
1

(d)

1
0

0
i

Let A, B, C be three square matrices of the same order, such that whenever AB =
AC then B = C, if A is

(a) singular

(b) non-singular

(c) symmetric

(d) skew-symmetric

Ans (b)
Solution

If A is non-singular, A-1 exists.

Thus,

AB

(A-1 A) B

= AC

A-1 (AB) = A-1 (AC)

= (A-1 A) C

IC

=C

Example 32

If the product of the matrix

1
C 1
2
3
0

(a)

(c)

0
1
0
5
9

3
0

5
0
14

2
B 1
1

6
0

4
1

with a matrix A has inverse

1
3
2

, then A-1 equals

3
0

5
14
6

5
2
6

(b)

(d)

5
0

14

16

3
0

3
9
14

5
2
6

Ans (c)
Solution

5
9

We have (BA)-1 C A-1 B-1 = C A-1 = CB

1
1
2

0
1
0

1 2
3 1
2 1

6
0
1

4
3

1 0
2
1

5
9
14

5
2
6

Example 33

If w is a complex cube root of unity, then the matrix

A w
w

(a) singular matrix

(b) non-singular matrix

(c) skew symmetric matrix

(d) none of these

w2

1
w 2

Ans (a)
Solution

We have
1

w
w

w2

1 w w 1
w 2
w 1 w2

1 w2 w

w2

w2

[using C1 C1 + C2 + C3]
0
0
0

w2

A is a singular matrix.
Example 34

If

0
A 1
3

and

1/ 2
4
5 / 2

1 / 2 1 / 2
y
3 / 2 1 / 2

(a) x = 1, y = -1

(b) x = -1, y = 1

(c) x = 2, y = -

(d) x = , y =

Ans (a)
Solution

We have

, then

is a

1
0

1
0 AA 1
3
1

0
1
0

1
0
4 (1 x)

2 1 / 2
3 4
1 5 / 2

1
2
x

1 / 2 1 / 2

3
y
3 / 2 1 / 2

y 1
2 ( y 1)

0
1

2 xy

3 ( x 1)

1 x = 0, x 1 = 0, y + 1 = 0, y + 1 = 0, 2 + xy = 1

x = 1, y = -1

Example 35

If

(a)

(c)

0
A
1

1
0

1
0

0
1

0
1

0
1

then A4 is

(b)

(d)

1
0

1
0

0
1

1
0

Ans (a)
Solution

Example 36

We have
A2

1 0
0 1

A4

A 2 A 2 II I

1
1

0
0

0
I
1

If

3
A
1
3n
n

4n
n

3n

4 n

1 n

(a)

(c)

4
1

, then An (where n N) is

(b)

n 2 5 n
n
n

(d) none of these

Ans (d)
Solution

We have
3
A2
1

4 3
1 1

4
5

1
2

8
3

For n = 2, none of (a), (b), (c) match with the actual answer.
Thus, answer is (d).
Example 37
If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A, then A2 + B2 is equal to
(a) 2AB

(b) 2BA

(c) A + B

(d) AB

Solution

We have
A2 + B2= (BA)2 + (AB)2
= (BA) (BA) + (AB) (AB)
= (B (AB) A + A (BA) B
= B (BA) + A (AB)
= BA + AB = A + B

Example 38

If

2
A 2
1
1
1

(a)

1
3
0

0
1
1
1
1

, then A2 5A + 6I is equal to

3
10

1
1

(b)

(c) 0

5
4

1
1

10

(d) I

Ans (a)

Solution

2
A 2 2
1

1
3
0

0
1
1

2
2

0
1
1

1
5

3 9
0
0

1
2
1

2
5
2

Now, A2 5A + 6I
5
9
0

1
2
1

5 10 6
9 10 0
0 5 0
1
1
5

1
1
4

2
2
5 5 2
1
2

1
1

1 0
2 5 6
1 5 0

Example 39

The inverse of the matrix

1
A a
b

0
1
c

25 0
5 15 0
2 0

3
10
4

0
0

is

1
6 0
0

1
0

(a)

(c)

0
1
a
1

ac b c

0
0
1

1
a

0
0

ac

0
0

(b)

1
a

0
0
1

0
0
c

(d) none of these

Ans (a)
Solution

Using the formula for inverse of a 3 x 3 triangular matrix given in

theory, A-1 is the matrix given in (a).

Example 40

If

3
A 2
0

3
3
1

4
4
1

then A-1 is

(b) A2

(a) A

(c) A3

(d) A4

Ans (c)
Solution

To show that A-1 = B AB = I. We have

3
A 2
0
2

3
A A 2
0

1
8
*

4 3
4 2
1 0

3
1
3
1

4 3
4 0
1 2

*
*
*

*
*
*

4 0
1 2

3
1
4
1
2

4
1
2

4
0
3

4
0

[need not evaluated the remaining terms as A3 I3]

Next

A A
4

1
0
0

A
2

0
1
0

3
0
2

4
1
2

4
1

4 3
0 0
3 2

4
0
3

0 I 3
1

A-1 = A3

Thus,
EXERCISES
1
0

I
1

If

0
0
,J

1
1

1
cos sin
, and B

0
sin cos

, then B equals

(cos ) I + (sin ) J

(cos ) I (sin ) J

(sin ) I + (cos ) J

(cos ) I + (sin ) J

If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew-symmetric, then

a

A is a diagonal matrix

A is a null matrix

A is a unit matrix

A is a triangular matrix

A
3

If A is a skew symmetric of odd order, then

equals

-1

none of these

A is symmetric

If
a

5
A 0
0

0
7
0

1
0
8

A is a diagonal matrix

then

A is skew symmetric

A is an upper triangular

matrix

If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that A2 = 2A, then

A
a

A
b
6

is equal to

A
c

16

If A is a square matrix then which one of the following is not a symmetric

matrix

A+A

A A

AA

A A

If A = (aij)3 x 3 where aij = i + j, then

a

A is symmetric

A is a triangular matrix

A is skew symmetric

A is a singular matrix

If A = (aij)3 x 3 is a matrix satisfying the equation x3 3x + 1 = 0, then

a

A is a unit matix

A is non-singular matrix

A is singular matrix

none of these

If A and B are two square matrices of the same size, then (A + B) 2 = A2 + 2AB +
B2 can hold if and only if
a

AB = BA

AB + BA = O

AB 0
c

AB 0
d

10 If

i
3

0
i
X

i
3

0
3

1
i

0
0

1
2 i

12

, then X is equal to
1
0

c
d

0
i

1
,B

0
0

A
11 If

2
X
4 i

0
1

0
2 i

none of these

, then AB + BA is

null matrix

invertible matrix

unit matrix

none of these

1
A 1
1

2
2
2

3
3
3

, then A is a nilpotent matrix of index

A
13 If A is an unitary matrix, then

is equal to

-1

none of these

14 If

1 1
A
2 3

3
1

, then A-1 A2 is equal to a

null matrix

unit matrix

invertible matrix

none of these

15 If C is a 3 x 3 matrix satisfying the relation C2 + C = I, then C-2 is given by

a

2C

3C

none of these

16 If A, B and C are three square matrices of the same size such that B = CA C -1,
then CA3 C-1 is equal to
a

B3

B2

B9

X' X 0
17 If X is a 2 x 3 matrix such that

, and A = I2 X (X X)-1 X then A2 is

equal to
a

A-1+

none of these

p
q

A
18 The matrix

is orthogonal if and only if

p2 + q2 = 1

p2 = q2 + 1

p2 = q2

none of these

19 The values of for which the matrix

a
b

A
0

0
0
1

1 / 3

none of these

is orthogonal is

20 The values of a for which the matrix

a 2 1 3

A a 1

2
4a

a 2 4

is symmetric

are
a

-1

-2

none of these

21 Let

Ai 2
4

3
5

7t

, then the value(s) of t for which inverse of At does

not exist.
a

-2, 1

2, -3

3, 2

3, -1

a ib c id

a ib
c id

A
22 If

23 If

a ib
c id

c id
a ib

a ib
c id

c id
a ib

1 ix ix
e e
A 2
1 e ix e ix
2

, where a2 + b2 + c2 +d2 = 1, then A-1 is equal to

c
d

1 ix ix
e e
2
1 ix ix
e e
2

a ib
c id

c id
a ib

none of these

then A-1 exist

for all real x

for negative real x only

for positive real x only

none of these

 ab

b2

2
a

ab

24 If

, then A2 is equal

none of these

25 If A is 2 x 2 matrix such that A2 = O, then tr (A) is

a

-1

none of these

a
c

A
26 If

b
d

such that A satisfies the relation A2 (a + d) A = O, then

inverse of A is
a

(a + d) A

none of these

3
0

A
27 If

2
1

, then A-1 is

1 1
27 0

26
27

1 1
27 0

26
27

1 1
27 0

26
27

1 1
27 0

26
27

28 If A is a skew Hermitian matrix, then the main diagonal elements of A are all
a

real

negative

positive

none of these

29 If

1
A 0
3

2
1
1

1
1
1

, then A3 3A2 A 9I is equal to

A2

30 If

1
3 A 2
x

2
1
2

2
2
y

and AA = I, then x + y is equal to

-3

-1

-2

31 If the system of equations ax + y = 3, x + 2y = 3, 3x + 4y = 7 is consistent, then

value of a is given by
a

-1

32 If the system of equations x + 2y 3z = 1, (p + 2) z = 3, (2p + 1) y + z = 2 is

inconsistent, then the value of p is
a

-2

33 The system of linear equations x + y + z = 2, 2x + y z = 3, 3x + 2y + kz = 4

has a unique solution if
a

k0

-2 < k < 2

-1 < k < 1

k=0

x 2
4

2x 3 x 1

A
34 If

is an invertible matrix, then x cannot take value

-1

none of these

35 If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then which of the
following is true
a

(AB) = A B

(AB) = B A

AB 0 A 0 and B 0
c
d

none of these

36 The values of for which the system of equations x + y + z = 1, ix + 2y + 4z =

, x + 4y + 10z = 2 is consistent, are given by
a

1, -2

1, 2

-1, 2

none of these

37 If x, y, z are in A.P with common difference d and the rank of the matrix

4
5

5
6
k

x
y
z

is 2, then value of d and k are

x, 5

arbitrary number, 7

x/2, 6

x/4, arbitrary number, 7

A 0
38 If A and B are two 3 x 3 matrices and

, then which of the following are

not true?

A B 0 B 0

A 1 A

A B 0 B 0

A A 2 A

d
i
i

A
39 If

i
1
and B

i
1

1
1

, then A8 equals

64 B

16 B

32 B

8B

40 If

A 3 i
i

3i

7i

7i
e

, then A is

symmetric

skew Hermitian

Hermitian

none of these

ANSWERS
1

(a)

11 (a)

21 (c)

31 (a)

(b)

12 (a)

22 (c)

32 (a)

(a)

13 (d)

23 (a)

33 (a)

(d)

14 (a)

24 (a)

34 (d)

(b)

15 (b)

25 (c)

35 (b)

(d)

16 (c)

26 (d)

36 (c)

(d)

17 (a)

27 (c)

37 (c)

(c)

18 (a)

28 (d)

38 (d)

(a)

19 (d)

29 (a)

39 (a)

10 (b)

20 (d)

30 (a)

40 (b)

Source :
TATA McGRAW-HILL`S COMPANIES,2005-2006,Complite Mathematics For AIEEE (ALL
INDIAN ENGINEERING ENTRANCE EXAMINATION).