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What is CDMA?
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access which uses digital format. In CDMA systems several
transmissions via the radio interface take place simultaneously on the same frequency bandwidth. User data is
combined at the transmitters side with a code, then transmitted. On air, all transmission get mixed. At the
receiver's side the same code is used as in the transmitters side. The code helps the receiver to filter the user
information of the transmitter from incoming mixture of all transmissions on the same frequency band and same
time.
Explain Bluetooth.
Bluetooth is designed to be a personal area network, where participating entities are mobile and require sporadic
communication with others. It is omni directional i.e. it does not have line of sight limitation like infra red does.
Ericsson started the work on Bluetooth and named it after the Danish king Harold Biuetooth. Bluetooth operates
in the 2.4 GHz area of spectrum and provides a range of 10 metres. It offers transfer speeds of around 720 Kbps.
15. What are the various types of numbers for network identity?
Various types of number for network identity are as follows :
1. MSISDN ( Mobile station ISDN) Number : It is international mobile subscriber number which is normally called
mobile number. It is unique worldwide.
2. MSRN ( Mobile Subscriber Routing Number) : MSRN is used during mobile terminate trunk call to provide
location of mobile subscriber.
3. HON ( Hand Over Number ) : HON is used for providing information required to transfer call from one B?SC to
another BSC or to another MSC.
4. ISMI ( International Mobile Subscriber Identity Number) : Purpose of ISMI is for location update and
authentication.
5. TMSI ( Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity ) : TMSI is used instead of IMSI to improve security efficiency of
network.
6. IMEI : International Mobile Equipment Identity.
7. What is single input output interface? How it is different from single ended interface?
8. How does data transfer takes place between memory and input output ports?
9. What is parallel data transfer process?
10. Differentiate between PPI and input output devices.
11. What is parallel to serial conversion?
12. Explain the working of stepping motors.
13. What are the data pins of microprocessors? What is their use?
14. What is working principle of Profibus and how it transfer data?
15. Explain zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown?
16. What is the need of filtering ideal response of filters and actual response of filters? What is sampling
theorem? What is impulse response?
17. What are advantages of dc supply over ac supply?
18. What is the voltage level of noise signal?
19. What happens when a magnetic material is heated strongly?
20. What is the effect of polarization of dielectric under heat?
21. Which number system is used in analysing and programming of microprocessors?
22. What happens when an inverter is placed between both inputs of S-K flip flop?
23. What is the chief characterstic of master-slave flip flop?
24. What logic function is obtained by adding an inverter to the output of an AND gate?
25. Which register which contains the instruction that is to be executed?
26. Which is used as storage location in the ALU and the control section of a computer?
27. What is simulator programme?
28. In C programming language, how many parameters can be passed to a function ?
29. Which filter has the highest Q factor?
30. What is multiplexing? Explain its primary advantage.
31. What is SSB modulation?
32. How can we remove unwanted sideband from SSB modulation?
33. How many channels are there in 2MB pulse code modulation?
34. What is cut off frequency?
35. Differentiate between pass band and stop band.
36. Explain Shanon-hartley law.
37. Why interlacing is used in television?
38. Which type of modulation is used in TV transmission?
39. What is attenuation?
40. Differentiate between transducer and transponder.
41. What is op-amp?
42. Differentiate between conductor and inductor.
43. What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?
44. Which semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why?
45. What are monitoring methods for Electronics activities?
46. What is an interrupt?
micro.
Q. how do microwave oven works??
A. Heart of microwave oven is magnatron which generates frequency of appox.
2.4 GHz.explain working of magnatron.
Q.What is CMRR? Explain briefly.
A. CMRR stands for common mode rejection ratio. It is a measure of the ability
of a test instrument to reject
interference that is common to both of its measurement input terminals. It is
expressed in decibels and it is the ratio of the actual or common signal level
appearing on the
two input terminals together to the measured level.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.
What is meant by D-FF? D Flip Flop (or did you mean to ask its working?)
2.
What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops? (Latches do not store
information, here, a bit)
3.
What is a multiplexer?
4.
How can you convert an SR Flip-flop to a JK Flip-flop?
5.
How can you convert an JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
6.
What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?
7.
Which semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why? (zener diode in reverse
bias, why because it allows for a large variation in current for a negligible variation in voltage)
8.
What do you mean by an ideal voltage source? (Sources infinite current to any load without
any change in o/p voltage)
9.
What do you mean by zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown?
10.
What are the different types of filters? (low pass, high pass, band pass, band stop, resonant)
11.
What is the need of filtering ideal response of filters and actual response of filters?
12.
What is sampling theorem? (minium 2 samples per time period? not too sure of this)
13.
What is impulse response?
14.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of FIR filters compared to IIR counterparts.
15.
What is CMRR? Explain briefly. (explained by someone a few posts above)
16.
What do you mean by half-duplex and full-duplex communication? Explain briefly. (half duplex
- both sender & receiver can communicate with each other, but not simultaneously...full duplex - same
but simultaneous communication possible)
17.
Which range of signals are used for terrestrial transmission?
18.
What is the need for modulation? (transmitting over a distance, encryption?)
19.
Which type of modulation is used in TV transmission?
20.
Why we use vestigial side band (VSB-C3F) transmission for picture?
21.
When transmitting digital signals is it necessary to transmit some harmonics in addition to
fundamental frequency?
22.
For asynchronous transmission, is it necessary to supply some synchronizing pulses
additionally or to supply or to supply start and stop bit?
23.
BPFSK is more efficient than BFSK in presence of noise. Why?
24.
What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?
25.
What do you mean by 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB? (3dB is the half power
value)
26.
What do you mean by ASCII, EBCDIC?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.
What is meant by D-FF?(D-flip flop stands for Delay flip-flop, it delays input by one clock
pulse)
2.
What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops?(Latches are monostable and
flip-flops are bistable)
3.
What is a multiplexer?(It is used to multiplex data from different sources normally used in
TDM)
4.
How can you convert an SR Flip-flop to a JK Flip-flop?
5.
How can you convert an JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?( Connect J to D and K to not(D))
6.
What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?( Race around condition occurs in a JK
flip-flop when both the inputs are set to '1', it can be rectified using edge-triggered flip-flop or using
master-slave flip-flops)
7.
Which semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why?
8.
What do you mean by an ideal voltage source?
9.
What do you mean by zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown?( zener breakdown takes
place when very high voltage is applied to the diode this results in very high reverse current, as
voltage is further increased minority carriers gain further momentum and strike atoms releases more
carriers, which results in further increase in temp. It becomes vicious cycle and leads to avalanche
breakdown or on other words "thermal runaway".
10.
What are the different types of filters?( analog filters n digital filters not sure wht u meant)
11.
What is the need of filtering ideal response of filters and actual response of filters?
12.
What is sampling theorem?( sampling frequency should be atleast twice the maximum freq
present in the signal)
13.
What is impulse response?( response given by a digital system when impulse signal is
applied to it. Used to find out stability of system)
14.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of FIR filters compared to IIR counterparts.
15.
What is CMRR? Explain briefly.( Common mode rejection ratio)
16.
What do you mean by half-duplex and full-duplex communication? Explain briefly.( halfduplex: either sender or receiver can use the channel at one time eg walky-talky and full-duplex:
sender or receiver or both can use the channel at one time eg telephone)
17.
Which range of signals are used for terrestrial transmission?
18.
What is the need for modulation?
19.
Which type of modulation is used in TV transmission?( video signal: vestigial side band
modulation and audio signal: FM)
20.
Why we use vestigial side band (VSB-C3F) transmission for picture?( why not DSBSC: large
bandwidth req.why not SSBSC: To over come distortion by filters used at receivers thus demodulation
becomes complex hence costly)
21.
When transmitting digital signals is it necessary to transmit some harmonics in addition to
fundamental frequency?( yup but not sure why)
22.
For asynchronous transmission, is it necessary to supply some synchronizing pulses
additionally or to supply or to supply start and stop bit?( for asyn tx it is necessary to use start and
stop bits as no common clock is there)
23.
BPFSK is more efficient than BFSK in presence of noise. Why?
24.
What is meant by pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?( used in TV Tx for voice signal not sure
why)
25.
What do you mean by 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB?
26.
What do you mean by ASCII, EBCDIC?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hello puys,
MPMC:
MP are memoryless.General purpose processors
MC have inbuilt memory and IO ports
to interface MP with ports 825 is used
MP types: 8085 (8-data, 16 address);8086(16data,16 address); 80186(16 data, 20 adddress);
80286(16 data, 24 address);80386(16 data, 32 address);80486 (32 data, 32 address); pentium (64
data, 32 address,Pipelining,More segmentations&memory banks);Pentium Pro(64 data,36 address)
MC: 4K rom, 128 bytes ram,2 timers,4 io ports,1 serial port, 8 bit cpu, 16 address lines, 40 pins
Control systems:
Definitions:
System:A no of elements are connected in a sequence to perform a specific function is called a
system.
Control system: system in which o/p is controlled by i/p.
Open loop system(o/p does not change automatically)& closed loop system (output changes
automatically)
Stability:BIBO condition :i/p=0 then o/p tends to 0.
Limtedly stable,absolutely stable and conditionally stable:
Three ways to check stability: Routh-herwitz criteria, nyquist criteria, root locus method
sampling frequency then we can generate the original signal if the condition does not satisfy
we get the signal in the distorted mannerit is given as ( fs >/ 2 fs)
9.What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?
ans: A condition in logic network in which the difference in propagation times through two or
more signal paths in the network can produce an erroneous output.in jk flip flop race around
problem will occur when both the inputs are high. it can be prevented by using master slave jk
flip flop
10.What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops?
ans:latch works without clock signal,but works with a control signal and it is level triggered
device.whereas flip flop is a 1 bit storage element and works with a clock signal.its a edge
triggered device. normally latches are avoided and flip flops are preferred.
11. what is Barkhausen Criterion?
ans:
1./AB/=1,i.e. the magnitude of loop gain must be unity
2.the total prase shift around the closed loop is zero or 360 degrees.
12.what are active and Passive Components?
ans:ACTIVE COMPONENTS The components which produce the energy in the form of current
or voltage are called as active components.Example:transistors etc,.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
The components which stores the energy in the form of current or voltage are called as
passive components.example:inductors,resistors,capacitors etc
amplifier voltage
feedback is employed.
3. why the bjt is known as current controlled device and fet is known as
voltage controlled
device ?
Ans- 1. In BJT because of the current the output will vary.
2. Where as in FET by means of Voltage the output is varied.
4. What is the difference between DCS & PLC & SCADA ?
Ans-PLC stands for Programmable Logic ControllerDCS for Data control
SystemSCADA for
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition SCADA involves supervision by a user
in most cases
the plant controller.Whereas PLC is the means by which he performs the function
of
SCADA.DCS on the other hand stand only to control the system and not to log
any datain the
process of controlling.DCS controllers are faster than PLCs In DCS controller we
can adjust the
scan time DCS are costly more inputs and outputs are there for DCS and SCADA
does not
have a dedicated controller. In a DCS system there is SCADA ystem already in it
but for PLC
sydtem addition all SCADA software must be provided.
5. What is the difference between Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS) and
Gate Turn-off Switch
(GTO)?
Ans-scs is nothing but it is the silicon controlled switch as an SCR but gate turn
off is that in
which one of the turnoff method of SCR
6. What is the difference between emulator and simulator?
Ans-Simulator: A software program impersonating a Hardware. Thus
SIMULATING the
scenarios faced in the original hardware.
Emulator: A Hardware (with or without software) impersonating another
Hardware. Thus
ELIMINATING the need for the original.
7. What is the difference between Circuit Switching and Packet
Switching?
Ans-Circuit
switching is the transmission technology that has been used since the first
communication
networks in the nineteenth century. In circuit switching, a caller must first
establish a
circuit.
Self biased circuits get their bias voltages from the circuit itself often in the form
of a negative
feedback. This is very useful when a circuit is extremely sensitive to bias points
and it becomes
impractical to provide external biases that are correct to very high accuracies.
This can happen
in high gain amplifiers with very high impedance output nodes such as a
common source
amplifier with an active load. The operation of the circuit dependson the bias of
the active
load. It would therefore be desirable to sacrifice some of this gain by providing a
negative
feedback from the output to the gate of the active load. This way you wont have
to bias the
circuit yourself but will lose some of the gain of the circuit as a price.
16. What is meant by filter? What are the different types of filters?
Ans-Filters are the components of a circuit which remove distortion or
ripples.Types of filters :
1. High pass filters
2. Low pass filters
3. Band pass filters
17. what is meant by virtual ground in the op amp ?
Ans-Ideally the output of op-amp should be zero. So for this to happen the 2
inputs must be
same. Hence one of the input is considered to be low or at ground potential. But
this input is
not actually ground hence it is called as virtual ground.
18. What is meant by saying at what current is transistor biased?
Ans-Bias current of a transistor is the preset DC current when no input voltage
signal is applied
to it.
19. What is Race Around Condition in a JK FlipFlop?
Ans-IN J-K FF , The clock time is higher than the output toggling time then for
J=1 & K=1 , the
output will be changed irrelavent of our input. This condition is known as "RACE
AROUND
CONDITION"..
20. How to Convert Binary to Excess 3 Code and vice versa?
Ans-A number i binary can be converted to excess-3 just by adding the binary
equivalent of 3
to the binary number.similarly a number in excess-3 can be converted to binary
just by
29. Why do we use two ground pins in the pin diagram of 8086?
Ans-There are basically two reasons for doing so one is to remove GROUND
BOUNCE one
more reason is circuit complexity demands a large amount of current flowing
through the
circuits and multiple grounds help in dissipating the accumulated heat so that
device will be
safe.
30. What is the difference between Power Amplifier and Voltage
Amplifier?
Ans-Power amplifiers basically amplify both current and voltage (p=v*i).
Voltage amplifiers only amplify the voltage.
31. How to manufacture the CMOS inverter?
Ans-It can be made by using pmos and cmos in series. Both gate are connected
together and
act as input. Source of pmos is connected to supply. drain of pmos is connected
to drain of
nmosand it serves as output. source of nmos is grounded.
32. What are the advantages of using C band for satellite
communication?
Ans-Its frequency ranges from 12 to 18MHz
33. What is a BCD? What are its advantages and disadvantages? Why is
an excess-3 code is
called an unweighted code?
Ans-BCD means Binary coded decimal its advantage is it can represent decimal
numbers in
the form of binary value says (0000-0 to 1001-9).
Binary codes are divided into weighted binary code and non weighted binary
code Excess 3
code is an example of non weighted codes since the position of each bits in
excess 3 code does
not have weights says like ones tens hundred in decimal and 2^0 2^1 2^2 in
binary.
34. What is power electronics?
Ans- Power electronics is the technology associated with high power which is
more than 430v 3
phase supply.Generally it is consider in industries for the efficient conversion
control and
conditioning of electric power by static means from its available input form into
the desired
electrical output form.
static power
supply drain. Significant power is only drawn when its transistors are switching
between on and
off states; consequently CMOS devices do not produce as much heat as other
forms of logic
such as TTL (transistor-transistor logic). CMOS also allows a high density of logic
functions on a
chip.
The triple compound "metaloxidesemiconductor" is a reference to the nature
of the physical
structure of early (and interestingly now the very latest) field-effect transistors
having a metal
gate electrode placed on top of an oxide insulator which in turn is on top of a
semiconductor
material. Instead of metal current gate electrodes (including those up to the 65
nanometer
technology node) are almost always made from a different material polysilicon
but the terms
MOS and CMOS nevertheless continue to be used for the modern descendants of
the original
process. (See also MOSFET.) Metal gates have made a comeback with the advent
of high-k
dielectric materials in the CMOS transistor as announced by IBM and Intel for the
45
nanometer node and beyond
51 . What is Virtual Grounding?
Ans-Virtual grounding is the shorting of the inverting and the non-inverting
terminals of the
op-amp.
The i/p resistance of opamp is v high. thus the base currents are v less approx
0. thus no
current flows thru i/p resistance. thus we can say that both the NI and INV
terminals of opamp
are virtually shorted. i.e the voltage across both terminals is same. thus if NOW
one terminal is
grounded due to virtual short other terminal also will be grounded.
52. Why the input impedance of OP-Amp is so high?
Ans-In OPAMP we have 4 stages 1st stage i.e the input stage is a dual i/p
balanced o/p opamp
whose i/p resistance is v high. and if we use FET in case of BJT for 1st stage
diffamp then i/p
resistance will be v high in M ohms.
53. what is meant by virtual ground in the op amp ?
Ans-The op amp connected in a negative feedback configuration that is the o/p
connected to
the inverting terminal tried to produce the same voltage at the inverting node as
we applied
to the non-inverting terminal no matter whatever be the o/p. This happens
because the
opamp has a very high differential gain. so only way to not to clip or saturate the
o/p in either
positive or negative side is to make their both i/ps at the same potential. so
when you apply
the i/p to the inverting terminal and you connect the feedback to the inverting
node and your
non-inverting terminal is grounded then op amp tries to force the inverting node
at the
ground potential and whatever the difference between these two nodes are
amplified.
54. Which one is faster between NAND-SR FF and NOR-SR FF?
Ans-well both deals with same principle.but i think NAND-SR FF is faster than
NOR-SR FF
55. Cost of storing a bit is minimum in
1. Cache 2. Register
3. RAM 4. Magnetic tape
Ans-Magnetic Tape
56. How many characters per sec (7 bits + 1 parity ) can be transmitted
over a 2400 bps line
if the transfer is synchronous (1 start and 1 stop bit)?
1. 300 2. 240
3. 250 4. 275
Ans- 2400/(7+1+2) 240
57. What does CE mean..U will see it on almost every chip(IC)..
Ans-The CE mark is a mandatory European marking for certain product groups to
indicate
conformity with the essential health and safety requirements set out in European
Directives.
The letters 'CE' are an abbreviation of Conformit Europenne,
French for European conformity. The CE mark must be affixed to a product if it
falls under the
scope of the approx. 20 so called 'New Approach' Directives. Without the CE
marking, and
thus without complying with the provisions of the Directives, the product may
not be placed in
the market or put into service in the fifteen member states of the European
Union and
Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. However, if the product meets the provisions
of the
applicable European Directives, and the CE mark is affixed to a product, these
countries may
not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing in the market or putting into service
of the product.
Thus, CE marking can be regarded as the products trade passport for Europe.
The CE mark is
not a quality-mark. First, it refers to the safety rather than to the quality of a
product. Second,
most quality markings are voluntary opposite to the CE marking, which is
mandatory for the
products it applies to. CE indicates conformity with mandatory European safety
requirements.
European conformity is certified by following clear and understandable
procedures, the socalled
conformity assessment procedures
58. What is the difference between PLC and DCS?
Ans-PLC means Programmable Logic Controller, which can be used to control one
particluar
control system such as a boiler or a injection system.
but DCS is Distributed control syetem, which is used to monitor and control the
total process
plant. in DCS we have no of controllers connected to a single monitoring system.
59. why the feeding frequency to a microprocessor s twice the operating
frequency.
Ans-since 8085 microprocessor operating frequency 5 mega hz but operating
frequency is 10
mega hz because crystal effect in processor
60. Do we have any negative frequency?
Ans-no it can't be negative because freguency is simply the reciprocal of time
and time can't
be negative.
We use negative frequencies in our calculations just for easieness but remember
at last we
neglect it also
61. what is angle and amplitude modulation? what is noise in
modulation?
Ans- modulation means change. to send a message of low frequency to a far
distance we use
a carrier of high frequency to carry the message. while transfering we change
some
parameters of carriers for faithful tranformation of message signal. if the
amplitude of the
carrier is varied in accordance with frequency of message signal then it is called
amplitude
modulation. if either phase or frequency is changed in accordance with the
frequency of
message signal then it is called angle modulation.
noise is an unwanted signal which enter in signal while transfering a signal and
makes the
signal distorted.
62. what is selective flooding?
Ans- Selective Flooding is a method to compute the Qos of the system
63. what is fixed bias with and without decoupling capacitor
Ans- with ta decoupling capacitor u cannt get o/p bcz it blocks the DC and allows
only AC
ok.... is u dont us it it give the o/p but it's DC only so no use to hav a DC voltage
in O/P
64. what is the main application of scr in electronic field as well as in
software field?
Ans- SCR is a rectifier we use this in power handling applications .
By varying on time and off time of the scr i.e by giving the pulse to its gate we
can vary the
average output power from the main power supply to the required device .
software part
we can use micro controller and write a programme so that to generate required
pulses to
control the SCR.
65. What is Biasing?
Ans- Biasing is process of applying potential across any electronic equipment in
order to make
it operate as we require.