WORK INSTRUCTION FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION
Anand Teknow Aids Engineering India Ltd
(Ball Valve Division)

WI/QA/RT

Rev: 01
Date:14.05.2014
Page - 1 - of 11

Revision Record Sheet

01

14.05.2014

0
REV NO

01.09.2013
DATE

Comments
incorporated
New Release
Revision Details

T.ANBERSAN

JITENDRA. JAISWAL

B.K.PANGARE

T.ANBERSAN
Prepared By

JITENDRA. JAISWAL
Checked By

B.K.PANGARE
Approved By

WORK INSTRUCTION FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION
Anand Teknow Aids Engineering India Ltd
(Ball Valve Division)

WI/QA/RT

Rev: 01
Date:14.05.2014
Page - 2 - of 11

1. Scope:
1.1 This work instructions covers Radiographic Examination method using Ir-192, Gammaray source and shall be employed whenever this work instruction is specified in quality
plan and material like Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, Stainless Steel, Duplex Stainless Steel,
etc thickness up to 70mm.

2. Referenced Document:
2.1 ASME Section V, Article 2 - 2004: Radiography Examination. Edition 2013
2.2 ASME Sec. V, Article 22 (E94) - 2004 Standard Guide for Radiography
2.3 Examination, Edition 2013.
2.4 ASME B16.34 App. 1-2004, - Radiography Procedure & Acceptance.
2.5 MES 77/302, 2012, CL.7.2.1 Valves General Requirement.

3. Requirements For Qualification Of Ndt Personnel

3.1 All personnel performing radiographic examination as well as interpretation and
evaluation of radiographic examination results shall be qualified to NDT Level II
(Radiography Testing) as per Anand Teknows Written Practice established as per
ASNT Recommended Written Practice SNT-TC-1A.
4. Stage & Extent Of Testing
4.1 Unless specified otherwise, radiography shall be carried out after completion of heat
treatment.
4.2 The percentage of RT per inspection Category and thus per sub-lot shall be in accordance with
Table 2 of decision tree of Figure 2 of MESC SPE 77/302, ASME B 16.34 and applicable
ITP.

5. Surface Preparation:
5.1 If required, the surface preparation shall be carried out to such a degree that the images of
surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity on the
resulting radiograph.

6. System Of Identification
6.1 Radiographs shall be identified by permanent marking which shall not obscure the area of
interest shall comply with I.1.4 of ASME B16.34 Mandatory Appendix I with following
information::
6.2 Manufacturers name or symbol.

WORK INSTRUCTION FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION
Anand Teknow Aids Engineering India Ltd
(Ball Valve Division)

WI/QA/RT

Rev: 01
Date:14.05.2014
Page - 3 - of 11

6.3 Casting heat number / identification number and RT number to be visible on films.
6.3.1 Date
6.3.2 RT no.
6.3.3 Spot no.
6.4 Repair designation whenever applicable. After every repairs the radiographs shall bear a
letter R along with identification number and for repair R1 and second repairR2 and so
on.

7. Location Markers:
7.1 Location markers shall be placed on source side of the object being radiographed except
when source is on concave side of the object and source to object distance is more than radius
of the curvature of the job (Reference: Figure T-275 of ASME Section V, Article 2).
7.2 Lead location markers shall be placed on the part being examined for correlation between the
part radiographed and the film. Their exact locations shall also be permanently marked on the
part being radiographed, in accordance with the customers requirements.

8. Film Brand and Designations

8.1 ASTM class II shall be ultrafine or fine grain high content. Radiographs shall made
by using:
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.5

INDUX-R5/R7 (FOMA)
AGFA D2 to D7 designation film
INDU IRF 100/150
Kodak AA400 & MX200,MX 125
Or any equivalent film as per ASTM CLASS II which will give required sensitivity.

9. Lead Screens
9.1 Lead intensifying screens with minimum 0.1-mm (0.05) thickness for front &
will be used.

back

10. Geometrical Unsharpness

Source to film distance and maximum source size
Ug = F T / D
Where,
Ug = geometric unsharpness value.
F = source size in mm. source size: the maximum projected dimension of the radiating
source (or effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the object
being radiographed

WORK INSTRUCTION FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION
Anand Teknow Aids Engineering India Ltd
(Ball Valve Division)

WI/QA/RT

Rev: 01
Date:14.05.2014
Page - 4 - of 11

D = distance from source of radiation to object being radio graphed in mm

T = Distance from source side of object being radio graphed to the film in mm.
D and T shall be determined at the approximate center of the area of interest.
Recommended maximum value of Ug are as below
Material thickness (mm)
Below 50
50-75
75-100
Above 100

Ug Max. ( mm)
0.51
076
1.02
1.78

11. Direction Of Radiation

11.1

The direction of radiation shall be governed by the geometry of the casting and the
radiographic coverage and quality requirements stipulated by the applicable job
order or contract. As practicable, the central beam of radiation shall be placed
perpendicular to the surface of the film.

12. Radiographic Technique

12.1
Single Wall Technique
12.1.1 Except as provided in 12.2 below, radiography shall be performed using a technique in
which the radiation passes through only one wall. Radiography shall be performed with
minimum 25 mm overlap.
12.2
Double Wall Technique
12.2.1 For castings with an outside diameter of 3-1/2" (90 mm) or less, a technique may be used
in which the radiation passes through both walls and both walls are viewed for acceptance
on the same film. An adequate number of exposures shall be taken with sufficient overlap
(minimum 25 mm) to ensure that required coverage has been obtained (minimum three
exposures at 120 degree are required with minimum 25 mm overlap on each side).
12.2.2 For castings with an outside diameter greater than 3-1/2 (90 mm), double wall exposure
single wall image technique shall be used when single wall exposure, single wall viewing
technique is not practical. Minimum 3 exposures shall be taken at 120 degree with
minimum 25 mm overlap of films.

13. Exposure Time Calculation

The exposure time calculation shall be calculated using formula:
FF x 2n x (SFD)2 x 60
ET
= -----------------------------RHM x SS x (100)2

WORK INSTRUCTION FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION
Anand Teknow Aids Engineering India Ltd
(Ball Valve Division)

WI/QA/RT

Rev: 01
Date:14.05.2014
Page - 5 - of 11

Where,
ET - Exposure time in minutes.
FF - Film factor in Roentgens as per manufactures date
n
- Number of half value layers ( HVL) in the job thickness being radiographer for the
particular source ( HVL for Ir 192 and steel as material is 12.5 mm)
SS - Source strength in curie
SFD - Source to film distance in centimeters.
RHM - The radiation output from the source in Roentgen meter
Distance from 1 curie source ( Ir - 192)
* Object to film distance shall be kept minimum.

14. Back Scatter Radiation

14.1

14.2

14.3

Back scattered radiation falling on film shall be avoided. To determine the presence
of back Scatter radiation a letter B of minimum 13 mm in height and 1.5 mm in
thickness shall be attached to the back of each film holder shall be maintained
throughout the exposure.
If light image of letter B appears on the darker back ground of the radiograph it
means that the protection from back scatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be
considered unacceptable.
A dark image of letter Bon the lighter background of radiograph is not a cause of
rejection. Such image shall not fall on image of area of interest inculding IQI image.

15. Image Quality Indicator ( IQI)

15.1

15.2
15.3
15.4

Either Hole type IQI or wire type IQI used. The design, inspection and calibration of
IQI shall be as per SE 747 & SE 1025 for wire type IQI & Hole type IQI respectively.
IQI for radiography shall be from same alloy material group or grade as defined in
SE747 & SE 1025 or from any alloy material group or grade with less absorption than
the material being radio graphed.
The selection of IQI shall be such that the radiographic sensitivity level 2-4T shall be
achieved for thickness up to and including 19 mm and radiographic sensitivity level 2-2T
shall be achieved for thickness greater than 19 mm.
Wherever possible, the IQI shall be placed on the source side of the section being
examined.
In case where placement of the IQI on the source side is impracticable then IQI shall be
placed on the film side, with a lead letter `F at least as high as the IQI identification
number shall be placed adjacent to the IQI to indicate the IQI is placed on film side.

WORK INSTRUCTION FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION
Anand Teknow Aids Engineering India Ltd
(Ball Valve Division)

15.5

15.6

WI/QA/RT

Rev: 01
Date:14.05.2014
Page - 6 - of 11

Minimum one IQI shall be used for each exposure on each film holder (except for
penoramic type exposure) & shall be placed so that the Plane of the IQI is normal to
the radiation beam. Each IQI shall represent an area of essentially uniform
radiographic density (density do not vary more than +30% to 15% from density
measured through IQI adjacent to required hole or on required wire). When film
density varies more than this limit, two IQI shall be used as follows; one IQI shows
acceptable sensitivity representing the most dense portion of exposure & the second
IQI show acceptable sensitivity representing the least dense portion of the radiograph.
For cylinder shape with panoramic type radiography, at least three IQI at 120 apart
shall be used.

16. Processing of Films as per SE-999 & SE-94

16.1
16.2
16.3

All exposed films shall be processed with safe light illumination.

Processing tanks and hangers shall be free of corrosion and chemical deposits and
cleaned and dried before use.
Temperature of the chemical after stirring by the thermometer of developer, fixer,
stop bath, water shall be maintained between 18C to 22 C.

17. Film Viewing Facility

17.1

17.2

Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will
not cause reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph that interfere with the
interpretation process. Equipment used to view radiographs for interpretation shall
provide a variable light source sufficient
For the essential IQI hole or designated wire to be visible for the specified density
range. The viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of
the radiograph or coming through low-density portions of the radiograph does not
interfere with interpretation.

18. Quality of Radiographs:

18.1 All radiographs shall be free from Fogging, Blemishes, Scratches, Finger marks
Crimps, Static marks, Streaks & Chemical stains which Masks or confused with
image of any discontinuity in area of interest of the object being radiographer.
19. Radiographic Sensitivity:
19.1 The radiographic sensitivity level 2-4T shall be achieved for thickness up to and
including 19 mm and radiographic sensitivity level 2-2T shall be achieved for thickness
greater than 19 mm.

WORK INSTRUCTION FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION
Anand Teknow Aids Engineering India Ltd
(Ball Valve Division)

WI/QA/RT

Rev: 01
Date:14.05.2014
Page - 7 - of 11

20. Densitometer Calibraiton:

20.1 Black & White Transmission Densitometer used for measuring density of the film
shall be calibrated and documented at least every 90 days during the use with a
National Standard Step Tablet having validity of one year from the date of opening.
Densitometer shall also be calibrated at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hours of
continuous use, or after change of apertures, whichever comes first.
21. Density Variation:
21.1 The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of the
appropriate hole type penetrameters or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI
and the area of interest shall be 2.0 min. and 4.0 max. for single film viewing.
21.2

21.3

For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set
shall have a minimum density of 1.3 through the radiographic image of the body of
the appropriate hole type penetrameter or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire
IQI and the area of interest. The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or
composite viewing.
If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by more
than minus 15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of the hole IQI or
adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI, within the minimum/maximum
allowable density ranges specified above, then an additional IQI shall be used for
each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph shall be retake.

22. Acceptance Standard:

22.1
22.2

Acceptance of radiographs shall be in accordance with ASME B 16.34 Appendix-I for

castings.
For wall thickness t 50mm (t 2 in.) the comparative plates of ASTM E 446 define
acceptable indications as per following Table.
Discontinuity Type

Category

Gas
Sand
Shrink, Type 1
Shrink, Type 2
Shrink, Type 3
Shrink, Type 4
Hot Tears and Cracks
Inserts (chills and chaplets)

A
B
C
C
C
C
D&E
F

Acceptable comperative plate

of ASTM E 446
A2
B3
CA2
CB3
CC3
CD3
None
None

WORK INSTRUCTION FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION
Anand Teknow Aids Engineering India Ltd
(Ball Valve Division)

22.3

WI/QA/RT

Rev: 01
Date:14.05.2014
Page - 8 - of 11

For wall thickness 50 mm t < 115 mm (2 in. t< 4.5 in.) the comparative plates of
ASTM E 186 define acceptable indications as per following Table.

Discontinuity Type

Category

Gas Porosity
Sand and slag inclusion
Shrink, Type 1
Shrink, Type 2
Shrink, Type 3
Crack
Hot Tears
Inserts

A
B
C
C
C
D
E
F

Acceptable comperative plate of

ASTM E 186
A3
B3
CA2
CB3
CC3
None
None
None

23. Reporting:

A report shall contain following details minimum in the formatted report.

1. Code/specs.
2. Job No
3. Job material
4. Date
5. Radiation source
6. Exposure sketch (shooting sketch).
7. Source / focal spot size
8. Source strength
9. Technique used (SWSI /DWSI /DWDI)
10. Film used
11. Number of film in each film holder.
12. Film density
13. Object thickness

WORK INSTRUCTION FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION
Anand Teknow Aids Engineering India Ltd
(Ball Valve Division)

WI/QA/RT

Rev: 01
Date:14.05.2014
Page - 9 - of 11

14. IQI used

15. Source to film distance.
16. Source side of the film distance.
17. Sensitivity achieved.
18. Position number.
19. Observation, interpretation and evaluation for acceptance.
20. Date of review.
21. Signature of the person who performed film review, interpretation and evaluation
of radiograph for acceptance.
24. Retention of Radiographs
24.1
24.2

Unless otherwise specified, the retention period for radiographs shall be at least 12
months.
NDE reports, including sketches, if necessary, showing the locations of examination,
traceable by heat or serial number shall retain for at least 10 years.

01

14.05.2014

0
REV NO

01.09.2013
DATE

Comments
incorporated
New Release
Revision Details

T.ANBERSAN

JITENDRA. JAISWAL

B.K.PANGARE

T.ANBERSAN
Prepared By

JITENDRA. JAISWAL
Checked By

B.K.PANGARE
Approved By