Threaded Fasteners CH 10

Threaded Fasteners and
Power Screws
Fundamentals of Machine Component Design, 4/E by Robert C. Juvinall and Kurt M. Marshek
Copyright 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Lead L = pitch p for single thread
Some worm and power screws

have multiple threads
Figure 10.1 (p. 386)

Helical threads of pitch p, lead L and lead angle .
Figure 10.2 (p. 386)

Unified and ISO thread geometry. The basic profile of the external thread is
shown.
Table 10.1b (cont.)

Table 10.2 (p. 388)

Basic Dimensions of ISO Metric Screw Threads
3 Classes of Fit for Screw Threads

Class 1
Loosest fit and largest tolerances
Class 3
Tightest fit and smallest tolerances
Difficult to
manufacture
High axial load

carrying capacity
Figure 10.4 (p. 389)

Power screw thread forms. [Note: All threads shown are external (i.e., on the
screw, not on the nut); dm is the mean diameter of the thread contact and is
approximately equal to (d + dr)/2.]
Figure 10.5 (p. 391)

Weight supported by three screw jacks. In each screw jack, only the shaded
member rotates.
Kinematics::
L
tan =
dm
Infinitesimal portion of nut
Figure 10.6 (p. 391)

Screw thread forces.
q = tangential force, w = portion of total axial force

W, n = normal force, f = friction coefficient,
fn = friction force, q dm/2 = torque applied to nut
segment
Equilibrium Yields Torque Eq.

In tangential direction
q fn cos n cos n sin = 0
In axial direction
w + fn sin n cos n cos = 0
Combine and solve for q

f cos + cos n sin
q = w
cos
cos
f
sin
Torque
d m Wd m f cos + cos n sin
T =Q
=
f
2
2
cos
cos
sin
Fundamentals of MachineComponent
n Design, 4/E by Robert C. Juvinall and Kurt M. Marshek
Torque (cont.)
Using kinematic relationship
Wd m f d m + L cos n
T=
2 d m cos n fL
If application has bearing surface or thrust collar
Wd m f d m + L cos n
T=
2 d m cos n fL
Wf c d c
+
2
For square thread or ACME thread cos n is nearly 1:

Wd m
T=
2
f d m + L Wf c d c
+
2
d m fL
For lower load, reverse signs on q and friction force fn

T=
Wd m f d m L cos n Wf c dc Wd m f d m L Wf c dc
=
+
Fundamentals
of
Machine
Component
Design,
4/E
by
Robert
C.
Juvinall
2 d m cos n + fL
2
2 d m + fL and2 Kurt M. Marshek
Square
Figure 10.7 (p. 394)

Comparison of thread angles measured in axial and normal planes ( and n).
Overhauling and Self-Locking

Self-locking screw: sufficient friction so that
positive torque required to lower the load
Overhauling screw: low enough friction so that
axial load will cause screw to turn
Neglecting collar friction
f
L cos n
L
=
= tan (square thread)
dm
dm
Beware of vibration that can reduce f, and self

locking screw no longer locks!
Efficiency of Power Screws

Output work by power screw for one turn =
WL
Input work = T = 2
Efficiency = output work/input work
e=
L d m cos n fL cos n f tan

=
d m fd m + L cos n cos n + f cot
Figure 10.8 (p. 396)

Efficiency of Acme screw
threads when collar friction is
negligible. (Note: Values for
square threads are higher by
less than 1 percent.)
Very low coefficient of friction due to mostly rolling contactusually overhauling screw
Figure 10.9 (p. 397)

Ball bearing screw assembly with a portion of the nut cut away to show
construction. (Courtesy Saginaw Steering Gear Division, General Motors
Corporation.)
Figure 10.11 (p. 400)

Force flow for a bolt in tension.
Bearing stress on thread = P/A where
A = ( d 2 di2 ) / 4
t/p = no. of threads in contact
4P
p

( d 2 di2 ) t
This is average value of

Bearing stress for the threads
Thread 1 carries more load. Why?
To distribute load more evenly over

threads
Make the nut out of softer material than
the thread
Manufacture threads of nut with slightly
greater pitch than bolts
Modify nut design
Figure 10.12 (p. 402)

A special nut provides more nearly equal distribution of load amount threads in
contact.
Thread stripping stress

Stripping due to shear failure. Shear area for ISO
thread:
A = d ( 0.75t )
where t = nut height, d = diameter of shear fracture

surface
For balance between bolt tensile failure and nut
thread shear failure
2
F = At S y = ( 0.9d ) S y = d ( 0.75d ) Ssy
4
If made of same material Ssy = 0.58 Sy, so
t = 0.47d
Nut is usually softer, so t = (7/8) d is standard
Figure 10.15 (p. 404)

Basic threaded fastener types.
Figure 10.16 (p. 405)

Some common screw (and bolt) head types.
Figure 10.17 (p. 405)

"Tamper-resistant" screw heads.
Table 10.4 (p. 407)

Specifications for Steel Used in Inch Series Screws and Bolts
Table 10.5 (p. 408)

Specifications for Steel Used in Millimeter Series Screws and Bolts
Figure 10.18 (p. 409)

Bolt loads and stresses that are due to initial tightening of a nut. M = 0 for the
bolt and nut assembly shown, that is, T1 = T2 + T3 + T4 (where T1 = nut wrench
torque). T2 = nut face friction torque = fFira (where ra is the effective radius of nut
face friction forces). T3 = bolt head friction torque fFirh (where rh is the effective
radius of bolt head friction forces). T4 = wrench torque required to keep bolt head
from turning. Note that T4 = 0 if fFirh > T1 T2.
Figure 10.19 (p. 409)

Bolt tension versus elongation, resulting from tightening by torquing versus direct
tensioning, and for black oxide versus galvanized surfaces [5]. Note: Direct
tension is produced by hydraulic loading; hence, no torsional stresses are
produced.)
Figure 10.20 (p. 412)

Common types of lock washers.
Figure 10.21 (p. 412)

(a) Slotted and (b) castle nuts. Each is also shown with a drilled bolt and cotter pin.
Figure 10.22 (p. 412)

Examples of free-spinning locknuts.
Figure 10.23 (p. 413)

Examples of prevailing-torque
locknuts. ( Courtesy SPS
Technologies, Inc.)
Figure 10.24 (p. 414)

Free-body study of bolt tensile loading.
Figure 10.25 (p. 414)

Fb and Fc versus Fe per bolt for soft clamped membersrigid bolt.
Figure 10.26 (p. 415)

Fb and Fc versus Fe per bolt for
rigid clamped memberssoft bolt.
Figure 10.27 (p. 416)

Force relationships for bolted connections.
Figure 10.28 (p. 417)

One method for estimating the effective area of clamped members (for
calculating kc). Effective area Ac is approximately equal to the average area of
the dark grey section.
Figure 10.29 (p. 418)

Examples of nonintended bolt bending.

Threaded Fasteners CH 10

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Threaded Fasteners and

Lead L = pitch p for single thread

Some worm and power screws

Figure 10.1 (p. 386)

Figure 10.2 (p. 386)

Table 10.1b (cont.)

Table 10.2 (p. 388)

3 Classes of Fit for Screw Threads

High axial load

Figure 10.4 (p. 389)

Figure 10.5 (p. 391)

Figure 10.6 (p. 391)

q = tangential force, w = portion of total axial force

Equilibrium Yields Torque Eq.

Combine and solve for q

For square thread or ACME thread cos n is nearly 1:

For lower load, reverse signs on q and friction force fn

Figure 10.7 (p. 394)

Overhauling and Self-Locking

Beware of vibration that can reduce f, and self

Efficiency of Power Screws

L d m cos n fL cos n f tan

Figure 10.8 (p. 396)

Figure 10.9 (p. 397)

Figure 10.11 (p. 400)

This is average value of

To distribute load more evenly over

Figure 10.12 (p. 402)

Thread stripping stress

where t = nut height, d = diameter of shear fracture

Figure 10.15 (p. 404)

Figure 10.16 (p. 405)

Figure 10.17 (p. 405)

Table 10.4 (p. 407)

Table 10.5 (p. 408)

Figure 10.18 (p. 409)

Figure 10.19 (p. 409)

Figure 10.20 (p. 412)

Figure 10.21 (p. 412)

Figure 10.22 (p. 412)

Figure 10.23 (p. 413)

Figure 10.24 (p. 414)

Figure 10.25 (p. 414)

Figure 10.26 (p. 415)

Figure 10.27 (p. 416)

Figure 10.28 (p. 417)

Figure 10.29 (p. 418)

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