IS:7396(Part2)

-1965

(Reaffirmed
( Reaffirmed 1995)
2000 )

Indian Standard
CRITERIA

FOR HYDRAULIC
SURGE TANKS

PART 2

TAIL RACE SURGE TANKS

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DESIGN OF

First Revision )

First Reprint OCTOBER

UDC

1998

627.846.04

0 Copyright 1985
BUREAU
MANAK

Gr

OF
BHAVAN,

INDIAN

STANDARDS

9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI
110002

ZAFAR

MARG

October 1985

IS: 7396 ( Part 2 ) I 1985

Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF
SURGE TANKS

( First Revision )
Water

Conductor

Systems Sectional

Committee,

BDC 58

Chairman
SHRI P. M. MANE

Members

39, Shivaji Co-operative Housing Society, Pune

Rcpressnting

CHIEB ENGINEER
DIRECTOR( Alternale)
CHIER ENGINE&~ (HP )
SUPERINTENIXNQENQINEI~R(
CIXIEFENOINEPL:( GENERAL)

Mukerian Hyde1 Project Design, Government of

Punjab, Chandigarh
Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Coimbntore

Altcrnats)

Public Works Drpartment, Government of Tamil

Nadu, Madras

Cam,r ISNOINX~ER ( IRRIQATIOS 1

( Afternafe )
.
CHIEF ENNOINEHR
( CIVIL DESIQNS) Karnataka Power Corporation Limited, Bangalore
SHRI P. R. MALLI KARJUNA ( Alternate )
Beas Sutlai Link Project.
CHIEF ENQINI~ER
_ , Sundernaaar

SURI SUDERSHANKUMAR ( Alternate )

Department,
Works and
Electricity
CHIEF ENQINEER ( IRRIQATION Public
Government of Karnataka, Mysora
SOUTH)
SUPERINTENDINQ
ENQINEER( Alternate )
In nersonal cauacitv ( Muttnda P. 0. Trioandrum 1
SHRI C. ETTY DARWIN
Central Soils and Materials Research Statiod,
DIRECTOR
New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( Alternate )
Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DIRECTOR (HCD-I)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR( HCD-I ) ( Alternate )

( Conhmed on page 2 )
(6 Cofiyright1985
BUREAU

OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

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PART 2 TAIL RACE SURGE TANKS

1s : 7396 ( Part 2 ) - 1985

( Continued from pqe

1)

Mcm hers

Representing

DR A. K. Dt_mts
DR J. L. JETHW~ ( dItarnatc)
SHRI J. P. GUPTA
SHRI M. V. S. IYENoAR

SERI A. K. MEHTA

Research

Staticn Unit, Roorkce

Power House
Designs, Irrigation
Department,
Government of Uttar Pradesh, Roorkee
The Hindustan Construction
Company
Limited,
New Delhi
Research
Designs and Standards Organization,
Lucknow
National Hydroelectro
Power Corporation
Limited. New Delhi
National
Projects
Construction
Corporation
Limited, New Delhi

SHRS S. C. BALI ( Allerna6e )

Kerala State Electricity Board, Trivandrum
MEMBER ( CIVIL )
Geological Survey of India, New Delhi
SERI G. PANT
SIIHI N. K. MANDWAL ( Alter&e)
SHRI A. R. RAI~HIJR
Innn~r~alp~a~eciiy
(Jt4a:), Garodianag!r, Bo&ayd)
Electrmtty
SKRI K. SUN~I RI~~DY
,
Hyderabad
SUPERINTENDI~Q ENQINEER
( DESIGN AND PLANNING ) ( Alternals 1
General Designs Organization, Nasik
SmmG. V. SATHAYE
General Electricity Authority, New Delhi
Dn H. R. SRAILMA
Assam State Electricitv Board. Gauhati
Srcnr s. c. SEN
SHRI N.K. DAS ( Allernnfr )
Himachal
Pradesh
State Electricity
Board
SHRI A. K. SHIICANTIAH
Sundernagar
SHRI RAXJ~D~ S~son ( nltertzale )
Director General, IS1 ( Ex-oficio Member )
Sttnr G. RADIAN,
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
SHRI HEYANT KTJMAR
Assistant Director ( Civ Engg ), IS1

Panel for Surge Tanks, BDC 58 _: P4

Convener
Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune
Snnx P. C. SAXENA
Members
SURI A. V. GOPALAKBIBHNA ( Alternate to
Shri P. C. Saxena )
Bhakra Beas Management Board, Chandigarh
SEMI 0. P. DATTA
SIIRI J. S. KHURANA ( Alternate )
CHIEF ENOINEEII, ( CSVIL DIWIQNS ) Karnataka Power Corporation Limited,, Bangalore
Institute of Hydraulics Hydrology,
Trtuvellore
DIRXCI.OIL
Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DIRECTOR ( HCD-I 1
Dt?,PtjTY DIRECTOR ( HCD-I ) ( Akernate )
( ConfinuedONpage 14 )

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SHRI M. G. KUAN ( Alternate )

REYEASC~
DIRECTOR
JOINT
(GE-II )
SERI P. N. KHAR

Central Mining

ES : 7396 ( Part 2 ) - 1985

Indiun Standard
CRITERIA FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF
SURGE TANKS
TAIL RACE SURGE TANKS

( First Revision )
0.

FO-REWORD

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PART

0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 31 January 1985, after the draft finalized by the
Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee had bee.11approved by the
Civil Engineering Division Council.

0.2 In an underground development, tail race surge tanks are usually

provided to protect tail race tunnel from water hammer effect due to fluetuation in load. These are located downstream of turbines which discharge
into long tail race tunnels under pressure. The ncccssity of tail race surge
tank may be eliminated by ensuring free-flow conditions in the tunnel but
in case of long tunnels this may become uneconomical than a surge tank.

0.3 This standard was first published in 1975. This revision has been made
in view of the experience gained during the use of this standard.
The
following additions have been made in this revision:
a) Worst conditions for the design of tail race surge tanks,
b) Mannings
c)

formula for calculating

Requirements
drainage.

for

providing

the friction losses, and

system of drifts and galleries with

0.4 Depending upon the type of development, tail race surge tank may be
a single surge tank downstream of turbine or may form a multiple surge
tank system.with head race surge tank.
0.5 Various types of development with tail race tunnel are classified into
the following from the point of view of hydrodynamics of tail race surge
tank ( see Fig. 1 ):

IS : 7396 ( Part

2 ) - 1985

Type A -

Free-flow tail race tunnel without tail race surge tank,

Type B Type C -

Tail race pressure tunnel with tail race surge tank,

Type D -

Systems of head race and tail race surge tanks hydraulically connected.

Tail race tunnel flowing either free or under

depending on tail water level condition, and

pressure

0.5.2
tank.
0.5.3

Arrangement

of Types B and C have only a single tail race surge

Details of Type D of surge tank system are shown in Fig. 2.

0.6 This standard is being prepared in parts. Other parts of this standard
are as follows:
Part 1 Simple, restricted orifice and differential
Part 3 Special surge tanks ( under preparation

surge tanks,
), and

Part 4 Multiple surge tank systems.

0.6.1

Surges in open channels

are covered in IS : 7916-1975*.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part 2 ) lays down the criteria for hydraulic design of
tail race surge tank, hydraulically connected with a head race surge tank
or without it ( that is, Types B, C and D ). However this does not cover
tail race surge tanks for pumped storage power houses.
2. NOTATIONS
2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the following notations shall have the
meaning indicated against each:
= Cross-sectional area of head race surge tanks;
A8,
AsI min = minimum As,;
A, = cross-sectional area of tail race surge tank;

Aa rnii
AtI

= minimvm

A,,;

= equivalent

areas of head race tunnel;

*Code of practice for open cllannek.

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0.5.1 Arrangement of Type A is usual with development with almost

constant tailwater level. The tunnel is designed to accommodate surges, if
any, which are covered in IS : 7916-1975*. In case of long tunnels this may
be uneconomical.

C
TYPE

TYPE

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-IL--_
-

TURBINE

--I

2 ) . 1985
IS : 7396 ( Part

FIG. 1 DIFFERENTTYPES OF TAIL RACE DEVELOPMENT

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IS : 7396 ( Part 2 ) - 1985

w%nls lengths
NOTE - When the tunnel cross-secti on comprisrs
of area ~~~ Ali may be taken as equivalent
area of hcd race fwmd

Li

CL1
4
51 )

-c(

At, = equivalent area of rail race tunnel;

area

~11,

When the twnrl

it*

cross-section
be taken as equivalent

may

comprises various lengths

area of tail race tunnrl

Li

=__zLi_
L1
4Ati

C(

Ath, = thoma area of head race surge tank;

A&

= thoma

-= acceleration

area of tail race surge tank;

= gross head on turbine,

due to gravity;

that is ( reservoir water levelturbines nozzle level ), in the case of pelton wheel turbines and ( reservoir water level - downstream tailwater
level ) in the case of reaction turbines;

Ho = net head on turbine;

hfp = head loss in penstock;
L1

L2

= length

length

of head race tunnel;

= power generated;

discharge

through

turbine

Q.

discharge

through

turbine

= time reckoned

7-1
1s

VI

of tail race tunnel;

fromstart

ac any instant;
under steady

state condition;

of transient;

period

of oscillation

for head

= period

of oscillation

for tail race surge tank;

velocity

race surge tank;

of flow in head race tunnel

at any instant;

Vs = velocity of flow in tail race tunnel at any instant;

VI0 = velocity of flow in head race tunnel corresponding

to

steady state flow;

Js0

= velocity
of flow in
steady state flow;

Ztflo=

tail

race

total head loss in the head

in steady state condition;

race

tunnel
tunnel

corresponding

to

up to surge

tank

Irf,o = total head loss in the tail race tunnel beyond surge tank
in steady

state

condition;
7

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NOTE _
of

IS : 7396 ( Part

2 ) - 1985

Hfr = friction loss in head race surge tank in steady state condition;
Hf2 = friction loss in tail race surge tank in steady state condition;
= surge height in head race surge tank from reservoir level
measured positive upwards;

52

= surge height in tail race surge tank from tail water level
measured positive upwards;

PI

= coefficient of hydraulic losses for head race tunnel up to

surge tank; and

l&. = coefficient of hydraulic

race surge tank.

losses for tail race beyond

tail

3. TERMINOLOGY
3.1 For the purpose of this standard,
( Part I )-1974* shall apply.
4. DATA

the definitions

given in IS : 7396

REQUIRE~D

4.1 In addition to the data enumerated in IS : 7396 ( Part 1 )-1974*,

following data are required for the design:

the

a) Length, cross-section and maximum discharge through tail race

tunnel; and
b) Maximum and minimum tail water levels at the exit of tail race
tunnel.
5. DESIGN
5.1 Design Conditions
- The tail race surge tank shall be designed to
accommodate the maximum and minimum water level anticipated under
worst condition as enumerated under 5.1.1 and 5.1.2.
5.1.1 The maximum
corresponding to:

upsurge level in the surge tank shall be worked out

a) the full load acceptance at the highest downstream tail water

level; -and
b) where considered necessary, load rejection followed by specified
load acceptance at the instant of maximum negative velocity in
the tail race tunnel, the downstream tail water level being at its
highest and higher of the two shall be adopted.
*Criteria for hydraulic
differential surge tanks.

design of surge tanks

: Part 1 Simple, restricted

orifice and

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5:

IS I 7396 ( Part 2 ) - 1985

5.1.2 The minimum down surge level in the surge tank shall be worked
out corresponding to:
a) the full load rejection at the lowest downstream
and

tail water level;

NOTE- This presumes that the load acceptance or rejection by different

nes in the stations shall be such as not to create super position of surge.

5.1.3 For tunnels flowing full, friction loss may be calculated

using Mannings formula or Darcy-Weisbach
formula:
5.1.3.1

turbi-

either by

Mannings formula:

The formula is given below:

h =
f

vs.Ns_L
R413

where
hf = head loss due to friction in metres;
V = velocity of wzter in the tunnel, in m/s;
N = rugosity co-efficient;
1: = length of the tunnel, in metres; and
R

hydraulic radius
Area
WeYtIGiEGG

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b) where considered necessary specified load acceptance followed by

full load rejection at the instant or maximum positive velocity in
the tail race tunnel the downstream tail water level being at its
lowest and the lower of the two shall be adopted.

, in metres.

5.1.3.2 For concrete lined tunnels, the value of N varies from 0.012
to o-014.

5.1.3.3 For unlined tunnels, the value of .N depends upon the nature
of rock and the -quality of trimming. Recommended values of N for various
rock surface conditions are given below:
Value of .N
*-_-c---~

Surface characteristics
M&&i

Maximum

Very rough
Surface trimmed

o-04
0.025

O-06
o-035

Surface trimmed and invert

concreted

0.02

0.03

18~ 7396 ( Part 2 ) - 1985

5.1.3.4 The values
formula:

of p shall then be determined

V N L
p vs = ____-

+ Other

R419

from

losses in tunnel

the following

system.

5.1.3.5 Darcy- Weisbach formula

The formula

The value of @ shall

p va a 4%;.

then

+ Other

be calculated
losses in tunnel

from

the following

system.

5.2 Criteria for stability

shall be ensured for the tail race surge tank
functioning
as single surge tank or functioning
in unison with head race
surge tank.
5.2.1 Tail surge tank functioning
as single surge tank for the arrangement in Types B and C shall satisfy the Thoma
criteria for stability and
the dimension
of the surge tank shall be fixed as for a simple surge tarik
given in IS : 7396 ( Part 1 )-1974*.
5.2.2 Where the tail race surge tank is functioning
in unison with head
race surge tank ( Type D ) the minimum
cross-section
of head race and
tail race surge tanks shall satiscy the criteria
given below to ensure
stability:
At,&

_At!i...L1

. ..(I)

2 g PI Ho

At, * La
-.
2gk4Ho
As, min = ( 1 + Ctr ) Ath,
Ath, -

As, min = ( 1 +$-)

where Y is given by equation
oscillation periods of two tanks.
0.2 to 1-o ).
For preliminary

design

. . . (3)

Aths

of Ct = 0.7 may be assumed

AsL_!+
As, min

Also, AsI min = ( r + C, ) Ath,

_I_-_--*Criteria for hydraulic design of surge tanks: Part 1 Simple,
differential

..w

(5), and Ct is a constant

and funclion
of
Value varies over a very wide limit ( from

a value

r =

surge tanks.

10

. ..(5)
. . . (6)
restricted

orifice

and

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5.1.3.6
formula:

is given below:

IS : 7396 ( Part 2 ) - 1985

5.2.3 From equations given in 5.2.2 stability curve shown in Fig. 3 is
obtained to separate the stable and unstable regions. The greater of ~the
values of ASI min obtained
from equation
(1) and
(6) shall be taken to
obtain stability
curve. The values of As, and As, adopted shall fall within
stable zone.

or

(+- )

As, = -++
12

x As,

.*

The straight lines plotted for Y-,/ T2 - 0.8 and 7,/ T2 = I .2 form
The values of .4sl and As,
the limit lines for range of possible resonance.
shall not fall in this zone as shown in Fig. 3 to avoid resonance.
5.2.5 The
topographical

size of surge tanks to k~e adopted finally is also governed

and geological conditions at surge tank sites.

by

5.3 Factor of Safety - The minimum size ( area ) of surge tank obtained from 5.2 be increased
to -ensure proper
functioning
of the system
[ refer IS : 7396 ( Part 1 )-1974*].
5.4

Surge Analysis

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5.2.4 The cross-sectional

arra
adopted shall be such as not to create:
resonancebetween
the oscillation in two t:utl;s, that is, the ratio of oscillation periods, r,/T,,
shall be outside the range 0.8 to 1.2. The ratio of
oscilIation periods is expressed as:

5.4.1 The distance between the tail race surge tank and draft tube shall
be as short as possible
to reduce the negative
water hammer
waves
developing in the draft tube.

5.4.2 The extreme water levels in the t.wo surge tanks for the conditions
enumerated
in 5.1 are determined
by integrating numerically the equations
of mass oscillation for the two surge tanks along with governing
equations.
The dynamic and continuity
equations
shall be modified suitably for any
that is, simple, differential
or restricted
particular
type of surge tanks,
orifice surge tanks.
5.4.3 The basic equations
follows ( see Fig. 3 ):

for double

*Criteria for hydraulic design of

differential surge-tanks.

surge

simple

tanks: Part

11

surge

1 Simple,

tank

system

restricted.

are: as

orifice arId

IS-: 7396 ( Part 2 ) - 1385

30

60

is

75

As2 ,m2---+
FIG. 3

CRITICAL G-ABILITY CUIWE FOR A SURGE TANK SYSTEM

a) Dynamic equation

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STABLE

. . . (9)

. ..( 10)
b) Continuity equation

At,.
0_ -

V, = A+f$~
d G
1h.J. ~--at

+ At, v,

. ..(I 1)
. ..( 12)

IS : 7396 ( Part 2 ) - 1985

c)

Governing equation at constant output

6.

shall he used when

the

flow

HEIGHT OF SURGE TANK

is

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NOTE - Positive value of p1,V14 or $~.Va~

downstream and negative when it is upstream.

6.1 Height *of surge tank shall be fixed as specified in 6 of IS : 7396

( Part 1 )-1974*.
7. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

7.1 In order to obtain as much geological

information as possible before

hand and to suggest suitable design it is advised to provide an exploratory
drift. The drift should be located as close to the proposed surge shaft as
possible. In most of the cases, it would be ideal to locate the drift in such
a manner that it could be later enlarged and used for ventilation and access
cum expansion chamber. The size and shape of the expansion chamber
could be designed suitably based upon the geological information obtained
from the drift. The extent of seepage water likely to be met could also be
gauged from the data obtained in exploratory drift and suitable drainage
system could be suggested. Depending upon the quanti.ty of seepage water
met with, either a set of drainage holes or a system of collecting galleries
located around the surge shaft may be provided .to tap the water and
prevent the build up of excessive water pressure behind the surge shaft
lining.
7.2 For all important
hydraulic models.

works the hydraulic

aspects may be studied

on

7.3 Water level indicators and or recorders for both the surge tanks should
be provided in control room for controlling the load acceptance.

*Criteria for hydraulic

differential surge tanks.

design of surge tanks

13

: Part 1 Simple, restricted

orifice

and

IS t 7396 ( Part 2 ) - 1985

( Continued

from page 2 )
Members

Reprssenting

14

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Thein Dam Design Organization,

Chandigarh
DIRECTOR ( T 8z P )
SENIOR D~SIQN EWXNEER ( PENSTOCKS )
( Alternate )
Irrigation
Department,
Government
of Uttar
SKI J. P. GUPTA
Pradesh, Roorkee
SHRI KAMAL KUMAR JAIN ( Alfsrnufc )
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited,
BhopaI
SHRI J. L. KHOSA
DR ZAPAR MEHDI ( Alternate )
Kerala State Electricity
Board. Trivandrum
SHRI K. RAYABHADRAN NAIR
Central Electricity
Authority,
New Delhi
DR H. R. SEARMA
Pench Hydro-Electric
Project, Nagpur
STJPERINTENDIN~ENGINEER
EXECXJTIVE ENGINEER ( Altsrnats )

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