Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
EVS20001
Solid Waste Management
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Treatment Plant
Aerobic Lagoon
Anaerobic Lagoon
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Pulping/separation device
Yellow container
for separated
food waste
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Screening device
Finished product
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Food Waste
South Korea
Lecture 10
Organic Waste
Lecture 10
Organic Waste
Lecture 10
Organic Waste
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Generated
Incinerated
Recycled
Composted
700
600
500
800
800
400
300
200
100
0
600
500
400
300
200
Generated
100
Diverted
1,20,000
1,00,000
GDP (USDcapita-1)
Source: Eurostat
MSW = Residential and ICI waste streams
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
Luxembourg
Ireland
Sweden
Germany
Finland
United Kingdom
Spain
Greece
Portugal
Czech Republic
Estonia
Poland
Bulgaria
Latvia
700
Source: Eurostat
MSW = Residential and ICI waste streams
Comparison to Canada
We have a lot of work to do!
1400
1200
1000
Generated
800
Diverted
600
400
CANADA
200
0
GDP (CDN$capita-1yr-1)
Source: Statistics Canada
MSW includes residential, ICI, and C&D waste
Data not available for all provinces and territories
END OF LIFE
CONSUMPTION
Extraction
Manufacturing
Distribution
Purchasing
Use
Re-use
Separate
Collection
Recycling
Reduction at source
Sustainable consumption
Other
treatment
and recovery
WASTE PREVENTION
WASTE MANAGEMENT
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
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http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation
.org/circular-economy/circulareconomy/interactive-system-diagram
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/v
ideo/2012/06/06/video-what-a-wastereport-why-the-numbers-matter
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Source Reduction
Reduce material use in product manufacture
Increase useful life through durability and
reparability
Source Reduction
Decrease toxicity
Material reuse (pallets, containers, etc.)
Landfilling
Waste-to-Energy
Source Reduction
EPA estimates that 50% of the waste quantity can
be reduced with source reduction
Should not be a substitute of one problem for
another
Packaging is 50% of waste volume and 1/3 of
waste weight
Paper and plastics
Spend more on food packaging than farmers net
income
Replace w/smaller, lighter, degradable material
Recycling
Returning raw material to market
Pros:
Save precious resources
Lessens need for mining of virgin materials
Lowers environmental impact of
mining/processing
Stretch landfill capacity
Improve efficiency of incinerators and composting
facilities
Recycling
Cons:
Poorly managed sites can result in Superfund sites
Waste oil recycling, newspaper de-inking, solvent and
metal recycling
Can result in contamination of soil, groundwater, air
Composting
Natural decomposition of organic
material
Need organic, water, oxygen
Not use preserved wood, human
wastes, bones, meat, fat, certain weeds
Individual
Municipal
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Source Reduction
Waste-to-Energy
Heat
Electricity
Cogeneration (harnessing of useful heat and
electricity from one power plant)
Landfilling
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Grates
Ash Landfill
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Source Reduction
Waste-to-Energy
Landfilling
50-70% of municipal solid waste is landfilled
Modern landfill vs traditional landfill
No longer take hazardous waste
Do not receive bulk liquids
Gas control systems
Liners
Leachate collection systems
Groundwater monitoring systems
Better sited
Landfilling
Landfill Problems
Resource lost
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What is a Landfill?
Controlled by sanitary
landfill techniques
Contamination of groundwater
Gas emissions
Sanitary Landfill
Landfills may be:
Operate landfills in a
controlled safe fashion
Controlled by
modern landfill
design
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Leachate
Leachate is the liquid (or wastewater) that
forms when water (rainfall, groundwater)
travels through solid waste
Leachate can migrate into underlying
groundwater, resulting in contamination
Leachate can contain many different
chemicals, depending on what is in the solid
waste
Landfill Gas
Landfill gas consists primarily of methane and
carbon dioxide
Results from the anaerobic decomposition of
biodegradable solid wastes
Composite Liner
A single liner consisting of compacted soil and
geomembrane in intimate contact
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Double Liner
2 ft drainage material
Designed to maintain
less than 1ft head on liner
60 mil HDPE
Geomembrane
2 ft compacted soil
K <= 10-7 cm/sec
1 mil = 0.001 inch
Double Liner
2 ft drainage material
Designed to maintain
less than 1ft head on liner
HDPE Geomembrane
Geonet
HDPE Geomembrane
HDPE
PVC
VLDPE
PP
3 ft compacted soil
K <= 10-7 cm/sec
Unloading Soil
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What is a Geonet?
A synthetic (HDPE) material used for drainage
of liquids. It is a has transmissivity in the later
direction.
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What is a Geotextile?
A geosynthetic textile that is used in many civil
engineering applications. It separates fine
granular materials from coarse granular
materials, plus it allows water to flow through.
Leachate
Storage
Treatment
Landfill
Gravity Drainage
Pump
Station
Leachate
Can contain many compounds. The quality of
leachate is dictated by the type waste. For
MSW, leachate quality is very much dictated
by the phase of landfill stabilization.
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Waste Stabilization
Waste Stabilization
The phase of stabilization influences leachate
and gas characteristics
Acid
Forming
Phase
Methane
Forming
Phase
Aerobic
Final
Aerobic
Phase
Leachate Characteristics
pH
BOD,
VFA
Conc
Aerobic
Preliminary
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Waste Stabilization
Methane
Forming
Final
Aerobic
Landfill Gas
Acid
Forming
Gas Characteristics
CO2
CH4
% Gas
Vol.
O2
Preliminary
Aerobic
Methane
Forming
Acid
Forming
Final
Aerobic
Lesson 3, Slide 333
Landfill Gas
What is Landfill Gas?
C6 H10 O5 + H 2 O 3 CH 4 + 3 CO2
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
Water Vapor
Hydrogen Sulfide
NMOC (non methane organic compounds)
heavy metals??
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Odor
Toxics
Greenhouse Gas
Explosive Gas
Horizontal gas
collection wells
Wells
Passive Wells (wells open to atmosphere)
Active Wells (wells connected to a gas
extraction system).
MSW Landfill
Leachate
wet well
Landfill gas
pressure
Leachate collection pipe
Geomembrane liner
Cap
Gravel
Pack
Pressure
Without any wells, gas will find way to surface
(or bottom)
Wells provide path of escape (create pressure
gradient)
Waste
Perforated
PVC Pipe
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Landfill
Blower
Flare
Station
Note:
Must Drain
Condensate
What is Condensate?
25,000,000
Gas Wells
Half-Life = 1.35 yr
20,000,000
15,000,000
Half-Life = 3.68 yr
10,000,000
Half-Life = 20 yr
5,000,000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Year
Gas to Energy?
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QUESTIONS
Source Reduction
Waste-to-Energy
Landfilling
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