AIM:

To calculate the force generated by a jet of

water as it strikes a flat and hemispherical cup and to
compare it with the momentum flow rate in the jet.
THEORY:
Mechanical work can be produced from fluids by
pressurizing the fluid thereby accelerating them to very
high velocities in a jet. This is directed to turbine wheels
where force is generated due to the momentum change
that occurs when the jet strikes the wheel. In reality,
these water turbines produce around 100000 kW with a
very high efficiency of 90%.
Considering the vertical direction as y-axis, the rate of
momentum change of the fluid along the y-axis is equal
to the force applied on the vane by the fluid.
For a horizontal vane (along the y-axis)
Momentum before impact =mu0
Momentum after impact = 0
For a hemispherical cup (along the y-axis)
Momentum before impact = mu0
Momentum after impact = - mu0
So, momentum change = 2 mu0
u = m / A
u20 = u2 2*g*h
Since acceleration due to gravity slows down the fluid
by the above amount.
Where ,

u0= velocity of the fluid just before impact

u = velocity of the fluid just after leaving the jet
m = rate of change of mass of the fluid
h = distance between the center of the vane to jet
Given values,
A0= 78.5mm2
m= 0.6 kg
h = 0.035m
(Raw)= 1000 kg/m3
Considering the FBD of the lever before and after impact
and equating moments of the forces about the pivot, we
get the following,
Let Fs be the spring force, W be the weight load. Let a be
distance between spring and pivot.
b be distance between spring and impact point
xi be the distance between impact point and
weight without the jet.
x be distance between impact and load.
Before impact of the jet,
Fsa= W(a+b+ xi ).
After impact of jet,
Fs(a) + F(a+b) = W(a+b+x)
F=W(x- xi )/(a+b)
Let, y= x-xi
a+b=15 cm
F=4*g*y

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS:
Figure shows the arrangement in which the bench supple
is led to a vertical pipe terminating in a tapered nozzle.
This produces a jet of water which impinges on the vane
in the form of a flat plate, hemispherical cup. The nozzle
and vane are contained within a transparent cylinder, at
the base of the cylinder there is an outlet by which the
flow may be directed to the weighing tank. As indicated in
the figure, the vane is supported by a pivoted beam,
which carries a jockey weight and is restrained by a light
spring. This lever may be set to a balanced position (as
indicated by the tally suspended from it) by placing the
jockey weight at its zero position and then adjusting the
knurled nut above he spring . Any force generated by
impact of the jet on the vane may now be measured by
moving the jockey weight along the lever until the tally
shows that the lever has been restored to its original
balanced position.
PROCEDURE:
The apparatus is first levelled and the lever set to the
balanced position (as indicated by the tally) with the
jockey weight at its zero position.
Water is admitted through the bench supply valve
and the rate of flow is then increased to the
maximum.
The position of the jockey weight which restores the
lever to the balanced position is noted while the
discharge is weighed.

 The experiment is repeated with different flow rates

and respective readings are noted down.
The readings have the same quantity of water (5kg).
Experiment is repeated with flat plate or
hemispherical cup.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
Flat vane :
t=21.34 s
Q=10 liters
m = 10/24.34 = 0.467 Kg/s
u = m /(raw)*A = 0.467/(1000*78.5*10-6 ) = 5.97 m/s
u02=u2 2*9.81*0.035 = u2 0.687
2
2
u0 = u 0.687
= 5.97 .687
=5.91 m/s
mu0 = 2.77 N
y=70 mm
Fexp = 4 * 9.81 * 70 *10^-3 =2.75 N
Hemispherical Cup :
t= 22.63 s
Q= 10 liters
m = 10/22.63 = 0.442 Kg/s
u = m / (raw)*A = 0.442/(1000*78.5*10-6 ) = 5.63 m/s
u02=u2 2*9.81*0.035 = u2 0.687
2
2
u0 = u 0.687
= 5.63 .687

=5.57 m/s

mu0 = 2.46 N
y=65 mm
Fexp = 4* 9.81 * 65 * 10^-3 =5.1 N
Tables:Flat Face : Qua
ntity
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Y
m
t
(m (Kg/s
(s) m) )
21.
0.46
34 70 8604
22.
0.44
62 60 2087
25.
0.39
53 50 1696
28.
0.34
94 40 5543
33.
0.29
56 30 7974
40.
0.24
23 20 8571
53.
0.18
85 10 5701

u
(m/s)
5.96
9472
5.63
1677
4.98
9759
4.40
1815
3.79
5844
3.16
6506
2.36
5618

u0
(m/s)
5.91
1675
5.57
0376
4.92
0466
4.32
311
3.70
4286
3.05
6151
2.21
5728

m*u
0 (N)
2.77
0232
2.46
2589
1.92
7327
1.49
3818
1.10
378
0.75
967
0.41
1463

F
(N)
2.7
468
2.3
544
1.9
62
1.5
696
1.1
772
0.7
848
0.3
924

Hemispherical cup :Quan t

tity
(s)
22.
10 63
23.
10 59

Y
(m
m)
13
0
11
5

m
(Kg/s
)
0.441
891
0.423
908

u
(m/s)
5.629
188
5.400
107

u0
(m/s)
5.567
86
5.336
147

m*u0
(N)
2.460
389
2.262
038

F
(N)
5.1
012
4.5
126

10

25

10

26
29.
47
34.
28
38.
66
44.
44
66.
44

10
10
10
10
10

10
0
85
70
55
40
25
10

0.4
0.384
615
0.339
328
0.291
715
0.258
665
0.225
023
0.150
512

5.095
541
4.899
559
4.322
651
3.716
118
3.295
099
2.866
529
1.917
347

5.027
707
4.828
973
4.242
477
3.622
545
3.189
197
2.744
137
1.729
023

2.011
083
1.857
297
1.439
592
1.056
752
0.824
935
0.617
493
0.260
238

3.9
24
3.3
354
2.7
468
2.1
582
1.5
696
0.9
81
0.3
924

ON A NEW PAGE
Result: For flat plate:
Slope of Ftheoretical
vs rate of change of momentum
=1
Slope of Fexperimental vs rate of change of
momentum=0.98
For hemispherical cup:
Slope of Ftheoretical vs rate of change of momentum =
2
Slope of Fexperimental vs rate of change of
momentum=2.1
Inference:

 It is clear that the force produced on each of the

vanes is directly proportional to the rate of
momentum transfer from the jet.
The force generated for the hemispherical cup will be
more than the force generated by the flat vane. This
is because the momentum change is more in the
hemispherical case.
For flat plate percentage of error in slope = 2%
For hemispherical cup percentage of error in slope =
5%
SOURCES OF ERROR:
The noting down of time in stopwatch may not be
very accurate.
Parallax error may exist in adjusting the lever to be
exactly horizontal by comparing it with the groove on
the tally.
Error may occur while recording the reading.