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European

Languages
and Multicultural
Education
M Elena Gmez Parra, PhD.
Dpt. of English and German Philologies
University of Crdoba
Spain

1. Europe and
the Indo-European
O 1.1. European linguistic roots.
O 1.2. Main European linguistic branches and

languages: the construction of cultural


identities.

1.1. European linguistic roots


O Language change: evolution (thee > you).
O Comparative linguistics:
O Related languages: common ancestor.
O Comparative linguistics: definition.
O Reconstructed language: proto-language.

1.1. European linguistic roots


O Proto-Indo-European families of languages
O 1. The Old World families:
O A. The Afroasiatic
O B. The Nilo-Saharan
O C. The Niger-Kordofanian
O D. The Khoisan
O E. The Finno-Ugric
O F. The Altaic
O G. South Caucasian

H. Dravidian
I. Sino-Tibetan
J. Austro-Asiatic
K. Austro-Thai
L. Papuan
M. Australian
N. Isolated lgs.

1.1. European linguistic roots


O Proto-Indo-European families of languages
O 2. The New World families:
O A. Eskimo-Aleutic
O B. The Na-Dene
O C. The Amerindian

1.1. European linguistic roots


O Proto-Indo-European families of languages:

1.1. European linguistic roots


O Indo-European families of languages:

(The Sanskrit: related to European lgs.)

O 1. Indo-Iranian
O 2. Tocharian
O 3. Armenian
O 4. Anatolian
O 5. Phrygian
O 6. Balto-Slavic
O 7. Celtic
O 8. Venetic
O 9. Germanic

10. Thracian
11. Macedonian
12. Greek
13. Illyrian
14. Messapian
15. Lusitanian
16. Albanian
17. Italic

1.1. European linguistic roots


O Map of the Indo-European languages

1.2. Main European linguistic


branches and languages: the
construction of cultural identities

O The culture of the Indo-Europeans


O Material vs. non-material culture:
O A. Material: places of habitation, houses, eating &

drinking, trade, transport, weapons


O B. Non-material: organization (family, tribe, law)
and religion.

O Some of these will be analyzed: identification of

the Indo-European culture.

1.2. Main European linguistic


branches and languages: the
construction of cultural identities

O The culture of the Indo-Europeans


O A. Material culture (I):
O Cities: Indo-European had no cities (*uik- =

settlement).
O Houses: made of wood (*dom = house).
O Eating & drinking: words for cook (*pekw-),
meat (*mems-), fish (*dgd uH-),
salt (*selh2l-), grain (*grHno-)
O Agriculture: words for sowing (*seh1-), field (Gr.
roura).

1.2. Main European linguistic


branches and languages: the
construction of cultural identities

O The culture of the Indo-Europeans

O A. Material culture (II):

O Cattle Raising (domestic animals): cow (*gweh3us, Skt. gas,

Latv. govs), bull (*teh2uros, Lat. Taurus) also sheep and


lamb.
Gen. word for livestock (*pek, Lat. Pecus > pecunia) =
livestock used as currency.
Horses, dogs, chickens and rabbits.
O Clothing: word for clothing oneself (*ues-).
O Metals: word for copper /bronze (*h2ios). Iron appears
later. Gold seems to be derived from yellow + silver.
O Weapons: word for sword (Skt. as-).
O Transport: word for carry, ride (*uegh-)
O Trade: word for buying (*kwrih2-)

1.2. Main European linguistic branches


and languages: the construction of
cultural identities

O The culture of the Indo-Europeans


O B. Non-material culture (Organization and

religion):

O Family: words for father (*ph2ter),

mother (*meh2ter), brother, sister, son and


daughter...
O Tribe/people: word for people (*teuta), king
(*h3reg-s), free man (*uiHr).
O Law: Sanskrit word for justice (Lat. ius) is ys.
Stealing is *(s)teh2- and thief is tajo.
O Religion: words for God (*Dieus *ph2tr),
immortal (*nmrts), holy (*dhh1s-o)

1.2. Main European linguistic


branches and languages: the
construction of cultural identities

O The Indo-European languages


O Language change:
O Proportional analogy is the situation a : b = c : x (in which

x represents the new form that needs to be solved).


E.g. sunum : sunus = fotum: x (x = fotus / foot).
O Replacement is found when one form simply replaced
another (e.g. *htetai replaced by hpetai).
O Addition: when the old form does not disappear. E.g. y-a(ni) where -ni is an added suffix.
O Creation of new formations: new forms that simply evolve.

The Indo-European language


and culture
O Video watching: summary of the IE language,

evolution and culture

Bibliographical Refs.
Beamer, L. & Varner, I. (2008). Intercultural Communication

in the Global Workplace. McGraw-Hill: New York.


Beekes, R.S.P. (2011). Comparative Indo-European
linguistics: an introduction. John Benjamins: Amsterdam.
Clackson, J. (2007). Indo-European Linguistics. An
Introduction. CUP: Cambridge.
Mallory, J.P. (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans.
Thames & Hudson: London.
Reynolds, S. & Valentine, D. (2011). Guide to Cross-Cultural
Communication (2nd Ed). Prentice Hall: New Jersey (pp. xvixix).
Culture. Practical Approaches to IC Communication. Pearson
Longman: London.

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