8/27/2015

Crain'sPetrophysicalHandbookPetrophysicsRockFluidModel

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THEROCKFLUIDMODELFORPETROPHYSICALANALYSIS
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PetrophysicalModel

DefinitionsofPetrophysicalParameters

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THEPETROPHYSICALMODEL
Therockfluidmodelusedfortheanalysismethodsdescribedinthis
Handbookisshownintheillustrationbelow.Fromthismodel,wecan
generateaseriesofequationsthatcanbeusedtocalculatethepetrophysical
propertiesofarock.Theseequationshavebeenderivedbymanyresearchers
acrossalongperiodofyears.Someequationsaretunedtolocalareas,and
maynotbeuniversallyapplicable.Themathematicalalgorithmsselectedfor
inclusioninthisHandbookwerechosenfortheiruniversalapplicability,
althoughmanyregionalizedvariationsprobablyexistformostofthem.
Becauseyoumightneedtomodifyexistingmodels,ordevelopanewoneof
yourown,thebasicreservoirmodelshouldalwaysbeinthebackofyour
mind.

TheRockFluidModelforPetrophysicalAnalysis

DEFINITIONSOFPETROPHYSICALPROPERTIES
Herearethedefinitionsthatderivefromtherock/fluidmodelshownabove.
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DFN1:

Theformationrockfluidmodeliscomprisedof:

thematrixrock(Vrock)
theporespace(orporosity)withinthematrixrock(PHIe)
theshalecontentofthematrixrock(Vsh)

Bydefinition,Vrock+PHIe+Vsh=1.00
DFN2:

Thematrixrockcomponent(Vrock)canbesubdividedintotwoormoreconstituents

(Vmin1,Vmin2,.),suchas:
limestone,dolomite,andanhydriteor
quartz,calcitecement,andglauconite

Themineralmixturecanbequitecomplexandloganalysismaynotresolveallconstituents.
DFN3:

Theshalecomponent(Vsh)canbeclassifiedfurtherinto:

oneormoreclays(Vcl1,Vcl2,)
silt(Vsilt)
watertrappedintotheshalematrixduetolackofsufficientpermeabilitytoallow
thewatertoescape
waterlockedontothesurfaceoftheclayminerals
waterabsorbedchemicallyintothemoleculesoftheclayminerals

Thesumofthethreewatervolumesiscalledclayboundwater(CBW).CBWvarieswithshalevolumeandiszero
whenVsh=0.
Bydefinition,Vsh=Vcl+Vsilt+CBW
DFN4:

Bulkvolumewaterofshale(BVWSH)isthesumofthethreewatervolumeslisted

aboveinthedefinitionofshaleandisdeterminedinazonethatisconsideredtobe100%

DFN5:

Totalporosity(PHIt)isthesumof:

clayboundwater(CBW)

DFN6:

Effectiveporosity(PHIe)isthesumof:

freewater,includingirreduciblewater(BVW)

DFN7:

Effectiveporosityistheporosityofthereservoirrock,excludingclayboundwater(CBW).

PHIe=PHItCBW

OR

PHIe=PHItVsh*BVWSH

shale.

ByDefinition,CBW=BVWSH*Vsh

freewater,includingirreduciblewater(BVW)
hydrocarbon(BVH)

hydrocarbon(BVH)

Someofthefreewaterisnotfreetomoveitis,however,notboundtotheshale.
DFN8:

Freewater(BVW)isfurthersubdividedinto:

amobileportionfreetoflowoutofthereservoir(BVWm)

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animmobileorirreduciblewatervolumeboundtothematrixrockbysurface

tension(BVIorBVWir)

BVIissometimescalledboundwater,butthisisconfusing(seedefinitionofclayboundwaterabove),so
irreduciblewaterisabetterterm.NotethatBVWm=BVWBVI.
DFN9:

Hydrocarbonvolume(BVH)canbeclassifiedinto:

mobilehydrocarbon(BVHm)

DFN10:

Freefluidindex(FFI)isthesumofBVWm,BVHm,andBVHr.Itisalsocalled

moveablefluid(BVM)orusefulporosity(PHIuse).

OR

PHIuse=PHIeBVI

OR

PHIuse=PHIe*(1SWir)

residualhydrocarbon(BVHr)

PHIuse=BVM=FFI=BVWm+BVHm+BVHr

Thisdefinitionisneededforthenuclearmagneticlog(NMR,CMR,etc),sinceitcannotseeBVWir.Nonuseful
porosityalsooccursastinyporesthatdonotconnecttoanyotherpores.Theyarealmostinvariablyfilledwith
immoveablewateranddonotcontributetousefulreservoirvolumeorenergy.Suchporesoccurinsilt,volcanic
rockfragmentsinsandstones,andinmicritic,vuggy,orskeletalcarbonates.TheNMRmayseesomeofthisnon
usefulporositythejuryisstillout.
DFN11:

Totalwatersaturation(SWt)istheratioof:

totalwatervolume(BVW+CBW)to

DFN12:

Effectivewatersaturation(SWe)istheratioof:

freewatervolume(BVW)to

totalporosity(PHIt)

SWt=(BVW+CBW)/PHIt

effectiveporosity(PHIe)

SWe=BVW/PHIe

Thisisthestandarddefinitionofwatersaturation.Olderbooksusethistermtodefinetotalwatersaturation.Since
allinterpretationmethodsdescribedherecorrectfortheeffectsofshale,wearenotnormallyinterestedinthetotal
watersaturation,exceptasamathematicalbyproduct.Aseffectiveporosityapproacheszero,thewatersaturation
approachesone(byedict,ifnotbycalculus).
DFN13:

Usefulwatersaturation(SWuse)istheratioof:

usefulwatervolume(BVWBVI)to

DFN14:

Irreduciblewatersaturation(SWir)istheratioof:

immobileorirreduciblewatervolume(BVI)to

usefulporosity(PHIuse)

SWuse=(BVWBVI)/PHIuse

effectiveporosity(PHIe)

SWir=BVI/PHIe

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DFN15:

Residualoilsaturation(Sor)istheratioof:

immobileoilvolume(BVHr)to

DFN16:

Thewatersaturationintheflushedzone(Sxo)istheratioof:

freewaterintheflushedzone,to

effectiveporosity(PHIe)

Sor=BVHr/PHIe

effectiveporosity,whichisassumedtobethesameporosityasintheuninvadedzone.

Theamountoffreewaterintheinvadedzoneisusuallyhigherthanintheuninvadedzone,whenoilorgasis
present.ThusSxo>=Swe.Thewatersaturationintheinvadedzonebetweentheflushedanduninvadedzoneis
seldomused.
DFN17:

Furtherconstraintsthatshouldberememberedare:

PHIt>=PHIe>=PHIuse
SWt>=SWe>=SWuse.
PHIt=PHIewhenVsh=0
SWt=SWewhenVsh=0

Allvolumesdefinedaboveareinfractionalunits.Intablesorreports,loganalysisresultsareoftenconvertedto
percentagesbymultiplyingfractionalunitsby100.

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