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Math240Homework

Math240Home,TextbookContents,OnlineHomeworkHome

Math240WrittenHomework1
1. Whatistheorderofthefollowingequations?
a.

dy
= x

+y

dx
3

b.

d y
= xy
dx

c.

dy
(

= cos(y) sin(x)

dx
2

d.

d y
dx

e.

dy
+3

6y = exp(2x)
dx

dy
cos (

) = 2xy
dx

2. Whichofthefollowingequationsareseparable?Writetheminseparatedformifpossible.
a.

dy
= xy
dx

b.

dy
dx

c.

x
=
y

dy
= x+y
dx

d.

dy
= xy
dx

e.

dy
= exp(x y)
dx

3. Findthegeneralsolutionto

dy

= 2xe
dx

4. Findthegeneralsolutionto

dy
= y(1 y)
dx

5. Findthegeneralsolutiontox +

dy

= xe
dx

6. Findthegeneralsolutionto

dy

+x y +y = 0
dx

7. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem

dy
= y

9, y(0) = 1.

dx

8. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem

dy

= xy 3x, y(0) = 0.

dx

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dy

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9. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem

dy

= cos (y), y(0) = 0.

2

dx

10. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem

dy

= cos (y), y(0) = /2.

2

dx

11. Findy(1)wherey(x) isthesolutionto

dy

= 2y, y(0) = 1.

dx

12. Findy(2)wherey(x) isthesolutionto

dy

y = xy, y(0) = 1.

dx

13. Findy0 giventhatthesolutionto

14. Findy0 giventhatthesolutionto

dy
= xy

,y(0)

= y0 , satisfiesy(1) = 1.

dx
dy

x+y

= e

,y(0)

= y0 , satisfiesy(1) = 2.

dx

15. Findy0 sothattheintegralcurvefor

dy

y
=

dx

y(4) = y0

isastraightline.Youmustjustifyyouranswer,whichwillrequireyoutoapplyalgebraic
reasoningtotheproblem.Justusingtheslopefieldlabapplettofindtheanswerbyrepeated
guessingwillnotgetyoufullcredit.
16. Findy0 sothattheintegralcurvefor
dy
= x+y
dx
y(4) = y0

isastraightline.Youmustjustifyyouranswer,whichwillrequireyoutoapplyalgebraic
reasoningtotheproblem.Justusingtheslopefieldlabapplettofindtheanswerbyrepeated
guessingwillnotgetyoufullcredit.
2

17. Findaninitialvalueproblemthatissolvedbyy

= e

18. Findaninitialvalueproblemthatissolvedbyy

= e

sin(x)

19. Findadifferentialequationwhosegeneralsolutionisthesetofcurves,ex + ey = C 2 .
RememberthatC isthearbitraryconstantheresoitshouldnotappearinthedifferential
equation.
20. Findadifferentialequationwhosegeneralsolutionisthecollectionofallcirclesaboutthe
origin,x 2 + y 2 = r2 .Rememberthatristhearbitraryconstantheresoitshouldnotappear
inthedifferentialequation.

Technicalnote:Sinceacircleisnotthegraphofafunctionasitfailsthevertical
linetest,itwouldbemorepropertosaythegeneralsolutionconsistsofall

2
x .Buttheproblemiseasiertounderstand

semicirclesoftheform y = r2
andtosolvewrittenasabove.

21. Classifywhetherthefollowingequationsareexact,linear,both,orneither.You
don'thavetosolvethem,justclassifythem.
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a.

dy

y
=

dx

b.

dy
= x + y
dx

c.

dy

= x

+ y

dx

d.

dy

y + x
=

dx

exp(y) x

22. Classifywhetherthefollowingequationsareexact,linear,both,orneither.You
don'thavetosolvethem,justclassifythem.
a. (x + y)dx + dy = 0
b.

(x

c.

(1 + y)dx + dy = 0

d.

(x + y )dx + (x

+ ye )dx + (e

y)dy = 0

+ y)dy = 0

23. Findthegeneralsolutionto

dy

y
= exp(x)

dx

24. Findthegeneralsolutionto

.
x

exp(x) y

dy
=

dx

25. Findthegeneralsolutionto (x

x sin(y)

+ y)dx + dy = 0.

26. Findthegeneralsolutionto (2x

27. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem

+ y)dx + (x 2y)dy = 0.

dy

+ 2y = exp(x), y(0) = 2.

dx

28. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem

dy

3y = x 1 , y(0) = 0.

dx

29. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem (x2

+ 2xy)dx + (x

30. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem (cos(x)

y)dy = 0, y(0) = 1.

y )dx + (cos(y) 2xy)dy = 0 ,

2

y(0) = 0.

31. Find y(2)where y(x) isthesolutiontotheinitialvalueproblem

dy

x y
=

dx

x + 2y

y(0) = 1

Notethatsolvingthisexactequationwillleadtoanimplicitformulafor y which
willhavetwosolutionsfor x = 2 .However,theinitialvalueproblemhasaunique
solutionandsojustoneofthetwosolutionsproducedfromtheimplicitformulawill
betheactualvalueof y(2). Justifyyourchoiceofvaluefor y(2). Youcandothis
algebraically(saybysolvingtheimplicitformulatogetanexplicitformulafor y in
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termsof x wherethe termwillbespecifiedtoeitherbe + or )or

geometrically(perhapsbyarguingfromtheslopefieldthattheintegralcurve
startingat(0,1)canonlyreachoneofthetwopossiblevaluesbecauseitcan'tgo
belowthexaxis).Justsayingyoucheckedtheslopefieldappletandcanseewhich
valuemustberightwon'tgetfullcredit,youmustjustifyhowyoucantellthe
integralcurvecan'tgobelowthexaxis.
32. Find y(1)where y(x) isthesolutiontotheinitialvalueproblem
dy

2x 2y
=

dx

2x + y

y(0) = 3

Notethatsolvingthisexactequationwillleadtoanimplicitformulafor y which
willhavetwosolutionsfor x = 1 .However,theinitialvalueproblemhasaunique
solutionandsojustoneofthetwosolutionsproducedfromtheimplicitformulawill
betheactualvalueof y(1). Justifyyourchoiceofvaluefor y(1). Youcandothis
algebraically(saybysolvingtheimplicitformulatogetanexplicitformulafor y in
termsof x wherethe termwillbespecifiedtoeitherbe + or )or
geometrically(perhapsbyarguingfromtheslopefieldthattheintegralcurve
startingat(0,1)canonlyreachoneofthetwopossiblevaluesbecauseitcan'tgo
belowthexaxis).Justsayingyoucheckedtheslopefieldappletandcanseewhich
valuemustberightwon'tgetfullcredit,youmustjustifyhowyoucantellthe
integralcurvecan'tgobelowthexaxis.
33. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem
dy
= 2xy + sin(x)
dx
y(0) = 1

andthenuseyoursolutiontoevaluate y(1). Youranswershouldbeaccuratetothe

nearest0.0001.Notethatyouwillgetanintegralherethatyoucan'tcompute
analytically.Youwillneedtouseanumericalmethodtocompletetheproblem(the
TI84andsimilarcalculatorshaveanexcellentnumericalintegrationroutinebuilt
in,oryoucanuseWolframAlpha.)
34. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem
dy
= 1 cos(x)y
dx
y(0) = 2

andthenuseyoursolutiontoevaluate y(2). Youranswershouldbeaccuratetothe

nearest0.0001.Notethatyouwillgetanintegralherethatyoucan'tcompute
analytically.Youwillneedtouseanumericalmethodtocompletetheproblem(the
TI84andsimilarcalculatorshaveanexcellentnumericalintegrationroutinebuilt
in,oryoucanuseWolframAlpha.)
35. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem
y + exp(x)

dy
=
dx

x + cos(y)

y(0) = 0

http://www.math.ksu.edu/math240/book/chap1/chap1hw.php

(2).

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andthenuseyoursolutiontoevaluate y(2). Youranswershouldbeaccuratetothe

nearest0.0001.Inthiscaseyouwillgetanimplicitformulathatyouwon'tbeable
tosolveanalyticallyfor y intermsof x .Youcansubstitute 2 for x inthesolution
togetanequationfor y whichyoucanthensolvenumericallyquicklyusing
Newton'smethod(whichyoucanfinddescribedinyourcalculustextbookor
online).SinceNewton'smethodhasbetterconvergencepropertieswithagood
startingvalue,youmaywanttoapproximate y(2)usingEuler'smethodorthe
improvedEuler'smethodwithastepsizeof1or2togetyourinitialguess.Note
thattheworktofinishthesolutionusingNewton'smethodismuchlessthanthe
worktogetanumericalapproximationtosuchafinetoleranceusingthenumerical
methodslikethesetosolvethedifferentialequationdirectly.
36. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem
sin(x) exp(x + y) + 2xy

dy
=
dx

3y

+ exp(x + y)

y(0) = 0

andthenuseyoursolutiontoevaluate y(1). Youranswershouldbeaccuratetothe

nearest0.0001.Inthiscaseyouwillgetanimplicitformulathatyouwon'tbeable
tosolveanalyticallyfor y intermsof x .Youcansubstitute 1 for x inthesolution
togetanequationfor y whichyoucanthensolvenumericallyquicklyusing
Newton'smethod(whichyoucanfinddescribedinyourcalculustextbookor
online).SinceNewton'smethodhasbetterconvergencepropertieswithagood
startingvalue,youmaywanttoapproximate y(1)usingEuler'smethodorthe
improvedEuler'smethod(astepsizeof1willbefine)togetyourinitialguess.
NotethattheworktofinishthesolutionusingNewton'smethodismuchlessthan
theworktogetanumericalapproximationtosuchafinetoleranceusingthe
numericalmethodslikethesetosolvethedifferentialequationdirectly.
37. Findthegeneralsolutionfor exp(y)dx + (2x exp(y) 1)dy = 0 .Hint:ifyoutreat
x asafunctionof y ,theequationislinear,i.e.ithasanintegratingfactorthatisa
functionof y alone.
38. Showthattheequation (x + 4y)dx + (3x + 6y)dy = 0 hasanintegratingfactorof
theform (x + y)r forsomevalueof r.Thiswillbetrueforanyequationofthe
form (ax + by)dx + ((a + c)x + (b + c)y)dy = 0, wherethevalueof r will
dependonthevaluesof a , b ,and c ,butyoudon'thavetojustifythegeneralcase.
39. Showthatanyseparableequation,whichcanbydefinitionbewrittenintheform
N (y)dy = M (x)dx, willalsobeexact.Youmayobserve(butyoudon'thaveto
justify)thatthetechniqueforsolvingseparableequationsisjustaspecialcaseof
theparadigmforsolvingexactequations.
40. Suppose w(x)solvestheinitialvalueproblem
dw
+ p(x)w = q(x)
dx
w(0) = 0

while z(x)solvestheinitialvalueproblem
dz
+ p(x)z = 0
dx
z(0) = y0
( ) =
( ) +
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Showthat y(x)

= w(x) + z(x) solvestheinitialvalueproblem

dy
+ p(x)y = q(x)
dx
y(0) = y0

Theabilitytocutaproblemintopieces,solveeachpieceseparately,andaddup
theanswerstoeachpiecetofindananswertotheoverallproblemisa
fundamentalfeatureof"linear"equationsinmathematics.Wewilldiscussthis
moreinchapter2.
Inproblems41and42,Listthetechniqueyouwouldusetosolvethefollowing
problem,separable,exact,linear,Bernoulli,homogeneous,ornoneoftheabove.
Notethatyouwillloseapointforchoosinghomogeneousforanequationthatcan
besolvedusingtheexactparadigm,evenifhomogeneouswouldwork(exactisso
mucheasierandyouaremuchlesslikelytomakeamistake).Youdon'tneedto
solvetheequations,justlistthetechniqueyouwoulduse.
41.
a.

dy

x y
=

dx

b.

2y x

dy

x + y
=

dx

c.

2y

dy

x + y
=

dx

d.

2y

+ x

dy
= y exp(x)
dx

42.

a.

dy

x
=

dx

b.

c.

x
=

2xy 3y
2

dy
dx

+ 2xy y

+ 2xy y

+ 2xy 3y

dy
= exp(x y)
dx

d.

dy
= xy + y

dx

43. Findthegeneralsolutionto

dy

+ 2y = exp(x)y .
dx

44. Findthegeneralsolutionto

dy

3x + 13y
=

dx

45. Solvetheinitialvaluesproblem

dy

3y 2x
=

dx

http://www.math.ksu.edu/math240/book/chap1/chap1hw.php

.
15x + y

dy

, y(1)

= 2.

4y 6x

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46. Solvetheinitialvaluesproblem

dy

x
3y =

dx

, y(0)

= 1.

IntheChangeofVariablessectionwewentovertwotypesofequationsthatcanbe
solvedbymakingsubstitutions,Bernoulliequationsandhomogeneousequations.
Therearealotofothersubstitutionsthatapplytoothertypesofequations.The
keysforallthedifferentsubstiutionmethodsaretorewritetheoriginalvariable y
intermsofthenewvariable vandtobesuretomakethesubstitutioneverywhere
intheequation,includingmakingthesubstitutioninthederivativeterm,whichmay
requireuseofderivativerulessuchasthechainrule(asinBernoulliequations)or
theproductrule(asinhomogeneousequations).Twoothercommontypesof
equationsthatcanbesolvedbysubstitutionsare
Anyequationoftheform

dy

= f (x + y + ) ,where , ,and are

dx

constants,canbetransformedtoaseparableequationviathesubstitution
v = x + y + .
Equationsoftheform

dy
= A(x)y

+ B(x)y + C (x) arecalledRiccati

dx

equations.Ifyouknowanyoneparticularsolution, y1 (x) ,toaRiccati

equation,youcanfindthegeneralsolutionbytransformingtheRiccati
equationtoalinearequationwiththesubstitution v

=
y y1 (x)

Usingthesetricksyoucansolveproblems4752below.Ofcourse,tosolvea
Riccatiequationyoumustfirstfindoneparticularsolution,butyoucanfindoneby
guessandcheckmoreoftenthanyoumightimagine.Incontext,youmayknow
oneobvioussolution,oryoumightlookattheslopefieldandbeabletospotone
simplesolutionlike y = 1or y = x or y = exp(x) (especiallyiftheproblem
appearsinanundergraduatemathclass).

47. Findthegeneralsolutionto

dy

x 1 + y xy

dx

48. Findthegeneralsolutionto

=
x

dy
= y

2xy + x .

dx

49. Findthegeneralsolutionto

dy

= 2 exp(x) exp(x)y .
dx

50. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem

dy

= exp(x y) + 1, y(0) = 1 .

dx

51. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem

dy
= y

2xy + x

+ 1, y(0) = 1 .

dx

52. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem

dy

= (x

x + 1) + (1 2x)y + y ,
2

dx
y(0) = 1.

53. Findandclassify(asstable,unstable,orsemistable)alltheequilibriumsolutions
to
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a.

dy
= y

4y

+ 3y

dx

b.

dy
= (y

+ 4y + 3)(y

1)

dx

54. Findandclassify(asstable,unstable,orsemistable)alltheequilibriumsolutions
to
a.

dy
= sin(y)
dx

b.

dy
= cos(y)
dx

55. Suppose

dy

= x

, y(1)

= 0. Explainhowwecantellthat 0 < y(x) < x for

dx

all x > 1 .Hint:sketchtheslopefield,specificallynotinghowtheslopefieldlooks

alongthelines y = x and y = 0.Explainwhyanintegralcurvecan'tleavethe
wedgeinthefirstquadrantformedbythesetwolines.
56. Twostudentsareaskedifthesolutiontotheinitialvalueproblem.

dy

= 3x y

dx

y(0) = 1 canevertakeanegativevaluefor x > 0. Kaseyarguesthat y can'tbe

negativebecause 3x2 y 2 > 0, sothederivativeisalwaysnonnegative,hence y is

alwaysincreasingorflat,and,sinceweincreasefrom y = 1, y mustalwaysbe
positive.Ontheotherhand,Rileysolvestheproblemtoget y

1
=

and

1 x

computes y(2)

1
=

1
3

1 2

< 0 henceycanbenegative.Writeaparagraph

explainingwhetherKaseyorRiley(orbothorneither)iscorrect.
Supposeafishpopulationexperienceslogisticgrowthwithgrowthrate r peryear
andenvironmentalcarryingcapacity C .Thepopulationisharvestedatarateof h
peryear(h mightbeaconstantoritmightbevariabledependingonthe
population).Thissituationisdescribedbythedifferentialequations
dp
= rp(1 p/C ) h
dt

where p isthepopulationand t istime(inyears).Itisdesiredtoharvestthefish

toreachthemaximumsustainableyield.Thatis,ifyouharvesttoofewfish,then
youaren'tgettingallthefishyoucould.Butifyouharvesttoomanyfish,youwill
drivethepopulationtoolow(perhapstoextinction)andsoyourharvestwon'tbe
sustainable.Thenext4problemstakeyouthroughthecalculationsofthe
maximumsustainableyieldfortwosimpleharvestingmodels.

57. Supposethegrowthrateis r = 0.2 (20%),thecarryingcapacityis C = 25, 000,

andtheharvestisaconstant H fishperyear.
a. Whataretheequilibriaforthismodel?Aretheystableorunstable?
b. Whatisthemaximumvalueof H sothatthemodelhasanequilibriumwith
p > 0?
Hint:asalwayswhendeterminingequilibria,drawingagraphof dp/dt vs. p may
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behelpful.
58. Supposetheharvestisaconstant H fishperyear.Whatisthemaximumvalueof
H sothatthemodelhasanequilibriumwith p > 0 ?Youranswerthistimewill
have H asafunctionof r and c ,incontrasttothepreviousproblemwhereyou
weregivenspecificvaluesfor r and C .
59. Supposetheharvestisnotaconstantbutisafixedproportionofthetotal
population,so h = Ep where E istheproportionofthepopulationthatis
harvested.
a. Whataretheequilibriaforthemodelnow?
b. Whichequilibriumisstableandwhichisunstable?
Notethattheequilibriumpopulationswilldependonthevalueof E ,soyour
answerswillbefunctions E aswellas r and C
60. Assumingyouendupatthestableequilibriuminproblem59,whatproportion E
maximizestheharvest(recall h = Ep where p isnowafunctionof E , r ,and C )?
Whatisthemaximumsustainableyield h forthisapproach?
Inthe1950'sofficialU.S.policywastoaimforthemaximumsustainableyieldas
computedaboveinfisheriesmanagement.However,thismodelisquitecrude
(ignoringageandsizeoftheharvestedfishamongotherissues)andthetarget
valuesdevelopedusingitoftenturnedouttobetoohighinpractice,leadingto
overfishing.

61. AsofSept.12,2014,WolframAlphaisabletocorrectlysolvetheequation
dy
= y

5y + 6 withtheinitialvalue y(0) = 4 ,butnotwiththeinitialvalue

dx

y(0) = 2 .Explainwhyyouthinkthisis.YoumayfinditusefultoaskWolfram
Alphatofindthegeneralsolutionwithoutinitialvalues.

62. Considertheinitialvalueproblem

dy

= y, y(0) = 1. Thetruesolutionis

dx

y(x) = exp(x), butherewewillseehowPicarditerationworksforthisproblem.

Theiterationwillstartwith y0 (x) = 1.Compute
x

a.

y1 (x) =

y0 (t)dt + 1

b.

y2 (x) (thistimeyouhavetoworkouttheintegraltoevaluateforyourself).

Answerstooddnumberedexercises
Ifyouhaveanyproblemswiththispage,pleasecontactbennett@math.ksu.edu.
2010AndrewG.Bennett

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