Mathematics 7

Preface

About This Book

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Contents

Unit 1

Sets

Students Learning Outcomes (SLOs):

Unit No.

Description

Page No.

Sets

01

Rational Numbers

13

Exponents

34

Ratio and Proportion

44

Square Root

57

Financial Arithmetic

70

Algebraic Expressions

81

Algebraic Equations

104

Fundamentals of Geometry

115

10

Practical Geometry

133

11

Circumference, Area and Volume

147

12

Data Handling

160

Answers

167

Web Resources

174

Index

175

After completing this unit, students will be able to:

! express a set in descriptive form, set builder form and tabular form.
! define union, intersection and difference of two sets.
! find union of two or more sets, intersection of two or more sets and difference of two
sets.
! define and identify disjoint and overlapping sets
! define a universal set and compliment of a set.
! verify different properties involving union of sets, intersection of sets, difference of sets
and compliment of a set, e.g. A A' =
! represent sets through Venn diagrams.
! perform operations of union, intersection, difference and compliment of two sets A and
B when
A is a subset of B
!
A and B are disjoint sets
!
A and B are overlapping sets,
!
through Venn diagrams.

We are familiar with the four fundamental algebraic

operations i.e. +, -, x, . In set theory we come
across some different operations known as union,
intersection , difference and compliment, etc. Similar
as the algebraic operations are introduced with the
help of illustrative presentation, operations on sets
can also be visualized to have a better
understanding with the help of Venn Diagrams.
For example; the sets
U = Set of continents of the world.
A = Set of the first and second largest continents.
B = Set of the continents whose names start with
the letter A, can be shown with the help of the
diagram given.

U
Europe

B
Australia
Antactica
North America

A
Asia
Africa
South America

Venn Diagram

01

1.1 How to Express a Set

Recall
i. Each object or
number in a set is
known as the
element or member
of the set.
ii. Sets are usually
denoted by capital
letters; A, B, C, X, Y,
etc.

We know that a set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. Sets

can be represented through various ways. We have already learnt two
methods to describe sets, which are;
! Descriptive form
! Tabular form

1.1.1 Descriptive Form

In descriptive form, sets are defined in words e.g.
! The set of days in a week
! The set of the first five natural numbers
! The set of the provinces of Pakistan

1.1.3 Set Builder Notation

I means such
that.
means belongs
to.
means and.
means or.
means less than
or equal to.

02

Class Activity
Express the following sets in set builder notation:
i. {3, 5, 7, 9, .21}
ii. {3, 6, 9, 12, 30}
iii. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 17}
iv. {a, e, i, o, u}
v. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

Exercise 1.1

1.1.2 Tabular Form

In tabular form, the elements of sets are enlisted within braces and
separated by commas. e.g. the above three sets, defined in descriptive
form, can be represented as;
! {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday}
! {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
! {Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, Balochistan}

Point to
Remember

Example 3:
The set {10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22}
In set builder notation, can be written as {xIx E 10 x 22} and
read as;
x such that x is an even number and 10 is less than or equal to x and
x is less than or equal to 22.

There is also another method to describe sets. It is called set builder

notation. In set builder form, we make use of variables. As we know that
a variable represents different values within a range. Therefore, in set
builder notation, a single variable is used to represent the elements of a
set.
Example 1:
The above three sets given in descriptive and tabular forms can be
represented in set builder notation as follows:
! {xIx is a day in a week}
! {xIx N x 5}
! {xIx is a province of Pakistan}
Let us see some more examples of sets having numerical elements in set
builder form.
Example 2:
1. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
In set builder form, the above set can be represented as;
{xIx W x 5}
We read this set as x such that x is an element of whole numbers and x
is less than or equal to 5.

1.

Write five sets of your own choice in the following three ways:
i. Descriptive form ii. Tabular form iii. Set builder notation

2.

Express the following sets in tabular form and descriptive form:

i.
{xIx N x 9}
ii. {xIx P x 20}
iii. {xIx E 2 x 15}
iv. {xIx C 1 x 15}
v.
{xIx W x 10}
v. {xIx Z 10 x 10}

3. Write the following sets in set builder notation:

i.
The set of prime numbers between 11 and 33
ii. The set of even numbers less than or equal to 100.
iii. The set of consonants in English alphabets.
iv. The set of whole numbers between 20 and 50
v.
The set of factors of 24

1.2 Operations on Sets

As operations on whole numbers, fractions and decimals are carried
out, sets have also some special operations. Let us learn.

1.2.1 Union of Sets

Consider the following sets; A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B= {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
Combining the elements of both sets, A and B. We have the set
C= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12}
Since 4 is the common element of both sets, so we write this
common element only once. The set C is known as the union of the
sets A and B.
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Symbolically, we proceed as follows;

A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
{4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12}
The union of more than two sets can be found in the same way.
Try Yourself
1. Find a pair of sets
whose union and
intersection are the
same.
2. Can you find a
pair of sets whose
intersection is an
empty set?
3. Also find a set
whose union with
any other set is the
set itself.

1.2.2 Intersection of Sets

Consider the following sets,
E = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}, F = {2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12}
Can you find something common to the two sets?
The numbers 2 and 7 are common to both sets.
i.e. These are common elements of the two sets.
The set consisting of common elements of both sets is written as;
{2, 7}
This set is called the intersection of the sets E and F, denoted as E F.
Symbolically, we proceed as follows;
E F = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} {2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12}
E F = {2, 7}
The intersection of more than two sets can be found in the same way.

Class Activity
Find the union and intersection of the following sets:
i. A = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 9},
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
ii. C = {1, 5, 6, 8, 10},
D = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
iii. E = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11},
F = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
iv. G = {a, e, i, o, u},
H = {a, b, c, d, e}
v. I = {6, 12, 18, 24, 30}, J = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}, K={8,16, 24}

1.2.3 Difference of Two Sets

Point to
Remember
The difference of a
set A and the set B,
denoted by A\B or
A B, is a set having
only those elements
of the set A which
are not present in
the set B.

04

We are familiar with the term difference. In whole numbers

difference means taking out a number from the other. But in sets, the
term difference refers to a different meaning.
Let us consider the following example to understand the difference
of two sets. If we have the sets,
X = {1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10} and Y = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
The difference of the set Y from the set X, is found as follows;
X \ Y = {1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10} {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
= {1, 2, 10}
And the difference of X from Y is found as
Y \ X = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10}
= {7, 8}

Class Activity
Find the difference of the second set from the first set in each of the
following pairs:
i. A = { 1, 2, 8, 9, 11},
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7}
ii. C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9},
D = {2, 4, 7, 9, 10}
iii. E = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}, F = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
iv. G = {a, e, i, o, u},
H = {a, b, c, d, e}
v. I = {1, 2, 3, 4,, 10}, J = {1, 3, 5, , 15}

Disjoint and Overlapping Sets

Disjoint Sets
Find the intersection of the following sets;
A= {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6}
In fact, the intersection of the two sets is an empty set, because there is
no element common to these sets.
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint sets if they have no
element in common.
Another example of disjoint sets is;
M= {p, q, r}, N = {x, y, z}

Overlapping Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be overlapping sets if there exists
at least one element which is common to the sets A and B.
Example:
The sets F = {1, 4, 7, 10, 13}
J = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
are overlapping sets as they have two common elements, 4 and 10.

Universal Set
Let us consider the following three sets;
i. Set of consonants
ii. Set of vowels
iii. Set of English alphabets
Which of the sets is the super set of the other two sets?
In fact, the set of consonants and the set of vowels are both subsets of
the set of English alphabets. Therefore, this set is the overall set
containing all subsets under discussion, hence known as a universal
set.

Recall
If the set B is a
proper-subset of the
set A, then A is said
to be the superset of
the set B.

05

A universal set is the set of all objects that are under

discussion in a particular context.
Consider another example;
i. Set of 2-digit whole numbers
ii. Set of 2-digit even numbers
iii. Set of 2-digit odd numbers
iv. Set of 2- digit prime numbers
Among the sets, the set of 2-digit whole numbers is the universal set for
rest of the sets. Can you tell why?

Class Activity
Sort out universal sets in each of the following:
i. a. Set of students in your class
b. Set of students in class 7 and 8
c. Set of students in your school
ii. a. P = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}
b. N ={1, 2, 3, .25}
c. E = {2, 4, 6, 8, .16}
d. O = {1, 3, 5, , 25}

1.2.4 Compliment of a Set

If a set A is the subset of the universal set U, the
compliment of the set A is the set containing all
elements of the set U which are not in the set A.
Compliment of the set A is denoted by A' or Ac.
Example:
If
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
And U = {1, 2, 3, 4,.15}
Then; A' = U\A = U A
A'= {1, 2, 3, 4, , 15} {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
A' = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15}
Try Yourself
If the set of whole
numbers is
considered as the
universal set, what
will be the
compliment of the
set of natural
numbers?

06

1.2.5 Properties involving Operations on Sets

For any subset A of the universal set U, the following identities hold:
1) i. A
=A
ii. A U = A
Verification:
i. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A
=A

ii. Assuming A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}and

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Verify the property (ii).
2)

i. A A' = U
ii. A A' =
Verification:
i. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}and U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A' =U\A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}- {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A' = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A A' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A A' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A A' = U
Now, verify the property (ii).

Try Yourself
Take any sets A and
U and verify the
following:
i. A A = A
ii. A A = A
iii. A U = U
iv. A f = f

3)

i. A (A B) = A
ii. A (A B) = A
Verification:
i. For A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7},
and U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
L.H.S = A (A B)
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {4, 5, 6, 7}
= {4,5 }
A (A B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {4,5}
A (A B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A (A B) = A
Now verify the property (ii) for the same sets.
4)
(A')' = A
Verification:
If
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
And U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A' = U\A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} - {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A' = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
And (A')' = U\A' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} - {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(A')' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(A')' = A
5) i. = U
ii. U =
Verification:
i.
= U\ = U { }= U
=U
Now verify the property (ii).

07