Lecture Note 6

Equation of Motion and

Basics of Transport Phanomen
6.1. Trasnport phanomen with single gradient
o Fourier law I
o Fick law I
o Darcy law

T
, T = temperature
l
C
, C = concentration
: q = -D .
l
H
: q = -k .
, H = head
l

: q = -K .

(6-1)

Transport or deformation of fluid (flow) due to energy gradient (head) is generally

expressed as :
q = K . E

(6-2)

For a medium under 3-D anisotropy with K tensor orde 2, the equation of flux of fluid
flow can be expressed as :
K xx
qx

qy = K yx
qz
K zx

K xy
K yy
K yz

K xz E / x

K yz E / y

K zz
E / z

(6-3a)

For a medium under 3-D anisotropy with K tensor orde 1, the equation of flux of fluid
flow can be expressed as :

K11 0
q1

q2 = 0 K 22
q3
0
0

0 E / x

0 E / y

K 33
E / z

(6-3b)

For a medium under 3-D isotropy with K tensor orde 0, the equation of flux of fluid flow
can be expressed as :

6-1
Lecture Note Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS

q
K 0 0 E / x

q = 0 K 0 E / y
q
0 0 K E / z

(6-3c)

The corresponding energy gradient or potential field as the driving force for the fluid to
flow can be expressed as :
E E E
E = , , = , , . E
x y z x y z

(6-4)

The 3-D spatial variation of fluid flow in REV (representative elementary volume) is
ilustrated below :

qz

qy +

qx

qy
. dy
y

qx +

dz
dx

qx
. dx
x

dy

qy

qz +

qz
. dz
z

Fig. 6.1: Model of transport phenomena in REV with single gradient

The derivation of equation of considered transport phanomena is given as:

dq =

qx
qy
qz
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z

(6-5)

dQ = dq . dA
dQ =

qx
qy
qz
dx ( dy dz ) +
dy( dx dz ) +
dz( dx dy )
x
y
z

6-2
Lecture Note Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS

 qx qy qz
dQ =
+
+
dxdydz
y
z
x

dQ = , , . [ qx,qy,qz ] . dv = . q . dv = div ( q ). dv
x y z

(6-6)

dQ = . q . dv = div .( q ) . dv

dQ = . [ K ] .{E} . dv = [ K ] . { 2 E} . dv

(6-7)

Anisotropy in an arbitrary axes

K xx

dQ = K xy
K xz

K xy
K yy
K yz

2
2
K xz E / x

K yz 2 E / y 2 . dv

K zz 2 E / z 2

(6-7a)

Anisotropy in the principle axes

2
2
0 E / x
K11 0

dQ = 0 K 22 0 2 E / y 2 . dv

0 K 33 2 E / z 2
0

(6-7b)

Isotropy in all direction

2 E / x 2
K 0 0

2
2

dQ = 0 K 0 E / y . dv

0 0 K 2 E / z 2

(6-7c)

Anistropy will always involve a coordinate (axe) transformation

y
y
x
x
Fig. 6.2: Coordinate (axe) transformation
6-3
Lecture Note Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS

 K xx
qx

qy = K xy
qz
K xz

K xy
K yy
K yz

q1
K11 0

2
q = 0 K 22
3
0
0
q

K xz E / x

K yz E / y

(6-7d)

K zz
E / z
0 E / x

0 E / y

K 33 E / z

(6-7e)

q1
2
T
q = [t ][ k ][t ] E
q 3

{ }

q 1
t 11
2

q = t 21
q 3
t 31

t 12
t 22
t 32

t 13
t 23
t 33

K xx

K xy
K xz

K xy
K yy
K yz

K xz

K yz
K zz

t 11
t
12
t 13

t 21
t 22
t 23

t 31 E / x

t 32 E / y
t 33 E / z

(6-7f)
q
K 0 0 E / x

q = 0 K 0 E / y
q
0 0 K E / z

(6-7g)

. ( K . E ) .dv = K . .E .dv = K . 2 E . dv
2E 2E 2E
K . 2 E . dv = K 2 + 2 + 2 dv
y
z
x

(6-8)

According to the law of mass conservation, following equation is obtained:

K . 2 E . dv = C

E
. dv
t

(6-9)

If flow media is isotropic, then :

2E 2E 2E
E
K i 2 + 2 + 2 = C
t
y
z
x

2E 2E 2E
C E
+ 2 + 2 =
2
x
y
z
K i t
2 E = C

E
t

(6-10)

6-4
Lecture Note Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS

If flow media is anisotropic (in principle axes), then :

2
2
2
(
)
(
)
(E . K 33 ) = C E
E
.
K
+
E
.
K
+
11
22
2
2
2
t
x
y
z
For thermal conduction :

(6-11)

K11

2T
2T
2T
T
+
K
+
K
=C
22
33
2
2
2
x
y
z
t

(6-12)

D11

2C
2C
2C
C
+
D
+
D
=C
22
33
2
2
2
x
y
z
t

(6-13)

For diffusion :

For groundwater flow :

k11

2H
2H
2H
H
+
k
+
k
= Ss
22
33
2
2
2
x
y
z
t

(6-14)

6.2. Transport Phanomen with multi-gradient

o Gradient of concentration : Law of Fick I
o Gradient of hydraulic

: Law of Darcy

C
l
H
: qh = - k.
l

: qc = -D.

(6-15)

Fz
Fy +

Fx +

dz

Fx

Fy
. dy
y

dx

Fx
. dx
x

dy

Fy

Fz +

Fz
. dz
z

Fig. 6.3: Model of transport phanomen in REV with multi-gradient

6-5
Lecture Note Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS

o Advective mass transport

: Fa = qh . C . dA

o Diffusive mass transport

: Fd = D

C
. dA
l
C
: F = q h .C D
l

o Total mass transport per unit square

(6-16)
(6-17)
(6-18)

3-D spatial variation of flux can be expressed as:

dFSV =
dFV =

Fx
Fy
Fz
. dx +
. dy +
. dz
x
y
z

Fx
Fy
Fz
. dx (dy dz ) +
. dy (dx dz ) +
. dz (dx dy )
z
x
y

Fx Fy Fz
dxdydz = . F . dv = div . F . dv
+
+
dFV =
y
z
x

(6-19)

Rate of change of mass in REV was quantified as :

M V = Const .

C
. dv
t

According to mass conservation law, it is obtained :

DFV = FV = M V
C
t
Fx Fy Fz
C
+
+
= Const
x
y
z
t

. F = Const .

C
C
q h yC D y
+
q h xC D x
+
x
x y
y

C
C
q h zC D z
= Const .
z
z
t

(qh x.C ) + (qh y .C ) + (qh zC )

x
y
z

2C
2C
2C
Dx 2 + Dy 2 + Dz 2
x
y
z

C
= Const .
t

(6-20)
(6-21)

(6-22)

(6-23)

6-6
Lecture Note Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS

qx

If qy constant, then
qz

2C
2C
2C
Dx 2 + Dy 2 + Dz 2
x
y
z
144
4442444443
difusi

C
C
C
C
q h x
= Const
+ qh y
+ qh z
x
y
z
t
144
444244444
3

(6-24)

adveksi

Tensor of dispersivity [D] in equation (6-23) is

Dx
0

0
Dy
0

0 D11
0 = 0
Dz 0

0
D22
0

0
0
D33

Tensor of hydraulic conductivity [k]

k x
0

0
ky
0

0 k11
0 = 0
k z 0

0
k 22
0

0
0
k 33

6-7
Lecture Note Dr.Ir. Lilik Eko Widodo, MS