Stratification by

Gender, Ethnicity & Age

PRESENTED BY: DANA CALICA, BSLM-4A

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Social Stratification is a system of structured
social inequality in which groups receive different
amounts of the societys wealth, power and
prestige and arranged accordingly.

GENDER STRATIFICATION

GENDER STRATIFICATION
Gender is the patterning of difference and
domination through distinctions between women
and men. Gender roles are social constructions; they
contain self-perceptions and psychological traits, as
well as family, occupational, and political roles
assigned to each sex. Patriarchy is the term for forms
of social organization in which men are dominant
over women.

THEORIES
FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
Suggests that gender inequalities exist as an efficient way
to create a division of labor, or as a social system in which a particular
segment of the population is clearly responsible for certain acts of
labor and another segment is clearly responsible for other labor acts.

THEORIES
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
Women are inferior to men in most cultures. Owner-worker
relationship can be also seen in household, with women assuming the
role of proletariat. This was due to womens dependence on men for
the attainment of wages.

THEORIES
INTERACTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
Gender stratification exists because people act toward
each other on the basis of the meaning they have for each other,
and these meanings are derived from social interaction.

GENDER STRATIFICATION
SEXISM
Discrimination against people based on their sex or
gender, and can result in lower social status for women.
*Gender discrimination affects womens employment and wealth.

ETHNIC STRATIFICATION

ETHNIC STRATIFICATION

Racial & Ethnic Stratification refers to systems of

inequality in which some fixed groups membership such as
race, religion, or national origin is a major criterion for
ranking social positions and their differential rewards.

ETHNIC STRATIFICATION

Race is socially defined on the basis of a presumed

common genetic heritage resulting in distinguishing
physical characteristics.

ETHNIC STRATIFICATION

Ethnicity refers to the condition of being culturally

rather than physical distinctive. Ethnic people are bound
together by virtue of common ancestry and a common
cultural background.

ETHNIC STRATIFICATION

Group rank is determined mainly on the basis of

distance from the dominant group in culture and physical
appearance. The system of ethnic stratification is a rank
order of groups, each made up of people with presumed
common cultural or physical characteristics interacting in
patterns of dominance and subordination.

ORIGINS OF ETHNIC STRATIFICATION

Ethnic Stratification is the product of contact between
previously separate groups. Initial contact may be in the form
of conquest, annexation, voluntary immigration, or involuntary
immigration. The manner in which ethnic groups meet is
decisive factor in explaining the shape of the system of ethnic
inequality that ordinarily ensues.

FORMS OF CONTACT

Conquest a form of contact in which people of one society

Annexation a political occurrence in which a part or possibly

Voluntary Immigration - voluntary migration of people from

Involuntary Immigration involves the forced transfer of

subdue all or part of another society and take on the role of the
dominant group.
all of one society is incorporated into another is annexation.
one society to another.

people from one society to another.

ETHNIC MINORITIES
4 Types of Ethnic Minorities:
Pluralistic

Minorities seeking to maintain some degree of

separation from the larger society.

Assimilationist

Minorities aiming for full integration into the

dominant society.

Secessionist

Minorities seeking political autonomy from the

dominant society.

Militant

Minorities trying to establish dominance themselves.

AGE STRATIFICATION

AGE STRATIFICATION

Age stratification refers to the ranking of people into age

groups within a society. Age stratification is a major source
inequality, and thus may lead to ageism.
Some of the
advantages of Age Stratification are labour force calculation,
estimating dependants, population growth estimation, forming
appropriate government policies & planning.

AGE STRATIFICATION

Age stratification exists because processes in society

ensure that people of different ages differ in their
access to society's rewards, power, and privileges.

AGEIST PREJUDICE
Ageist Prejudice is a type of emotion which is often linked to
the cognitive process of stereotyping. Types are:
Benevolent

Prejudice this usually involves older or

younger people being pitied, marginalized or
patronized.

Hostile

Prejudice based on hatred, fear, aversion, or

threat often characterizes attitudes linked to race,
religion, disability and sex.

AGE DISCRIMINATION
Age Discrimination refers to the actions taken to deny or
limit opportunities to people on the bases of age. These are
usually actions taken as a result of ones ageist beliefs and
attitudes. It occurs on both a persona; and institutional level.

EFFECTS
Ageism has significant effects on the elderly and young
people. The stereotypes of older and younger people by patronizing
language affects older and young peoples self-esteem and
behaviors. Most older people are told to be useless, thus they feel
dependent and they feel that they are non-contributing members of
society.

- END -