Structure

Prosencephalon

Future
Telencephalon

Future
Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

Prosocoel

Future Telocoel

Function
Manages key
functions such as
feeding, sleeping
and body
temperature
Integrate sensory
inputs and initiate
motor outputs and
memory formation
Regulation of
visceral activities
and metabolic
homeostasis
Functions largely
as a pathway of
nerve tracts
between the
anterior
prosencephalon
and the posterior
rhombencephalon.
Visual and
auditory reflex
center.
Center for
autonomic
functions,
complex muscle
movement
coordination,
conduction
pathway for nerve
tracts, reflex
movement
Will divide into the
telocoel and the
diocoel
Carries
cerebrospinal
fluid, relays nerve
axons from the
fromtal and

Germ layer
origin
Ectoderm

Ectoderm

Ectoderm

Fate
Differentiates into the
telencephalon and the
diencephalon

Cerebral cortex and

striatum,cerebral
hemisphere
(cerebrum)
Thalamus,
hypothalamus

Ectoderm

Posterior
commissure,epiphyse
al recess and
epiphysis, optic lobes

Ectoderm

Cerebellum,
metencephalon,
myelencephalon

Ectoderm

Differentiates into
telocoel and diocoel

Ectoderm

It expands laterally to
give rise to the right
and left (first and
second) ventricles and
the surrounding thick

occipital lobe
Future Diocoel

Carries the
cerebrospinal
fliud,
communicates
with the lateral
ventricles
(anteriorly) and
the mesencephalic
duct (posteriorly)

Ectoderm

Epiphysis

Releases
hormones
(melatonin) for
seasonal
breeding,
metabolism,
sexual
development. It
has a role in the
sleep wake cycle.
Carries axons from
the magnocellular
neurosecretory of
hypothalamus
down to the
posterior pituitary
where hormones
such as oxytocin
and ADH are
released into the
bloodstream.
Secretes
hormones for
growth,sex organ
functions, and
blood pressure.
Relays between
ventricles, carries
cerebrospinal fluid
and connects the

Ectoderm

Infundibulum

Hypohysis

Mesocoel

walled cerebral
hemispheres
It extends anterodorsally beneath the
epiphysis, anteroventrally into the optic
recess,
posteroventrally into
the infundibulum, and
laterally into the
relatively large optic
vesicles. 3rd ventricle
of the cerebral
hemisphere
Pineal gland/body

Ectoderm

Posterior pituitary
gland

Ectoderm

Anterior pituitary
gland

Ectoderm

Aqueduct of Sylvius,
optic vesicles

Rhombocoel

Anterior choroid
plexus
Posterior choroid
plexus
Basal plate
Spinal cord

Central canal
Optic cup
Pigmented
epithelium
Retina
Optic lens
Otic vesicles

Olfactory
epithelium

Olfactory canal

External nares

3rd and 4th

ventricles
Connects the
central canal of
spinal cord to
cerebral aqueduct;
relays nerve axons
from the pons and
the medulla
oblongata;carries
CSF
Produces
cerebrospinal fluid
Produces
cerebrospinal fluid
Carries sensory
signals;
responsible for the
motor
innervations to
the rest of the
body (sensory and
motor functions)
Passageway for
cerebrospinal fluid

Ectoderm

4th ventricle of the

cerebral hemisphere

Ectoderm

Anterior choroid
plexus
Posterior choroid
plexus

Ectoderm
Ectoderm
Ectoderm

Spinal cord

Ectoderm

Central canal

Ectoderm
Ectoderm

Hearing, sense of
balance,
equilibrium
Lines olfactory
canal, for
protection and
covering
Respiration, opens
into the internal
nares; for
smelling.
Respiration: smell,
opening into the

Ectoderm
Ectoderm
Ectoderm

Ectoderm

Inner ear sacculus,

utriculus
(membranous
labyrinth)
Olfactory epithelium

Ectoderm

Choanal canal

Ectoderm

External nares

Internal nares

Optic nerves

Trigeminal
ganglion

Acoustic-facialis
ganglion

Glossopharyngeal
ganglion

Epidermis

Melanophores

Oral suckers
Oral cavity

exterior for the air

to come in.
Extension fo
tubular opening
from external
nares to pharynx
(air passage)
Innervates to the
eyes, sends
signals to the
brain for image
recognition in
retina, transmits
and assesses
images.
Innervates the
head and 1st
visceral arc; sends
signals for
maxillary and
mandibular
processes.
VII-innervates the
facial muscles and
taste buds; VIIIinnervates the
utriculus and
sacculus of the
inner ear; sense
nerve associated
with geniculate
ganglion
Innervates the
mouth, tongue,
pharynx, and 1st
branchial arch
Protection from
exterior, seals
moisture in
Contains melanin
for skin color,
protection, and
camouflage
Adhesion
For receiving food

Ectoderm

Internal nares

Ectoderm

Optic nerves (II)

Ectoderm

Trigeminal nerve(V)

Ectoderm

Facial nerve (VII) and

auditory nerve (VIII)

Ectoderm

Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)

Ectoderm

Skin, epidermis

Ectoderm

Melanophores/melano
cytes

Ectoderm
Ectoderm

Disappears
Buccal cavity, mouth

Stomodeum
depression
Pharynx

Pharyngeal pouch

External gills
Lung buds

Trachea

Esophagus
Stomach

Liver
Gallbladder

and ingesting
prey, for air
passage into the
lungs (for adult
frogs)
Lines the mouth
cavity, covers the
mouth
Source of
endocrine glands
such as the
thyroid and
parathyroid; food
and air passage
Thymosine and
parathyroid
hormone
excretion;
Eustachian tube
regulates pressure
in the tympanic
membrane;
secretes
hormones into the
bloodstream
Carries out
respiration
Single short
tubular connection
that opens into
the foregut
Also known as the
windpipes-allow
air passage
towards the
bronchi (one for
each lung)
Passageway of
food
For physical and
chemical digestion
of food
Secretion of bile
and detoxification
Bile storage and

Ectoderm

Lining of mouth cavity

Endoderm

Expands laterally to
form endodermally
lines visceral pouches.
Pharynx.

Endoderm

Middle ear, Eustachian

tube, parathyroids

Endoderm

Disappears

Endoderm

Lungs

Endoderm

Trachea

Endoderm

Esophagus

Endoderm

Stomach

Endoderm

Liver

Endoderm

Gall bladder

Midgut

Hindgut
Cloaca

Cloacal opening

Notochord

Dermatome

Myotome

Sclerotome

Branchiometric
muscles

fat absorption
Main site of
digestion and
nutrient
absorption
Further digestion
and reabsorption
Serves as the
connection
between the anus
and the large
intestine
Serves as the
opening for the
release of
gametes and
feces
Axial support

Develops into the

dermis which has
numerous nerve
endings for
sensation, blood
vessels. And
chromatophores
for coloring
Essential for the
movement and
support of the
bodys limbs,
pectoral and
pelvic girdle
Supports the
head, chest, and
the back,
including the skull,
the sternum, and
the vertebral
column
Aids in swallowing
and movement of
the face, head and
the neck

Endoderm

Duodenum, ileum,
small intestine

Endoderm

Large intestine

Endoderm

Cloaca

Endoderm

Anus

Endoderm

Disappears-replaced
by the vertebral
column
Dermis, appendage
musculature

Mesoderm

Mesoderm

Skeletal muscles of
the back, and
appendicular skeleton

Mesoderm

Vertebral column and

axial skeleton

Mesoderm

Striated muscles of
the head and neck;
mouth muscles

Parachordal
cartilage
Prechordal/trabecu
lar cartilage

Visceral arches

Hypobranchial
cartilage
Pronephros kidney

Pronephric duct

Pericardial cavity
Parietal
pericardium
Peritoneal cavity

Parietal
peritoneum
Visceral
peritoneum

Efferent branchial

Supports the floor

of the cranium
Houses the brain,
auditory organ,
partially surrounds
the eyes an d the
olfactory organs
Supports the floor
and the mouth of
the pharynx
Stabilizes the
larynx and the
hyoid
Filters urine from
the pericardium;
processes and
filters blood
Passageway of
water and wastes
for secretion
towards the
cloaca
Encloses the heart

Mesoderm

Lines the wall of

the pericardial
cavity
Separates the
heart form the
pericardial cavity;
protection; holds
heart stationary in
position
Lines the
peritoneal cavity
Lines the wall of
visceral organs;
sends blood to the
mouth, brain,
tongue, jaw
muscles, dorsal
esophagus, nose,
and vertebral
column
Carry oxygenated

Mesoderm

Mesoderm

Mesoderm

Mesoderm

Chondocranium of the
brain
Chondocranium of the
brain

Visceral skeleton that

supports the pharynx;
jaw
Visceral skeleton

Mesoderm

Disappears-replaced
by the mesonephric
kidney

Mesoderm

Mesonephric duct

Mesoderm

Pericardial cavity,
body cavity
Parietal pericardium

Mesoderm

Pleuroperitoneal
cavity

Mesoderm

Parietal peritoneum

Mesoderm

Visceral peritoneum; 1
and 2 never develops;
3- internal carotids; 4systemic arch; 5disappears; 6pulmocutaneous
artery

Mesoderm

I and II dont develop;

vessels

Afferent branchial
vessels

Dorsal aorta

Truncus arteriosus

Bulbus/conus
arteriosus

Atrium

Ventricle

Common cardinal
vein

Sinus venosus

Anterior cardinal
vein

blood from gill to

brain, deep head
sutures, and arm
Carry
deoxygenated
blood from
tongue, arm, and
floor of the mouth
to the gills
Carries blood to
the lumbar region,
urogenital organs,
and kidney
Gives off the
external carotid
artery where the
oxygenated blood
goes after
passage through
the conus
arteriosus
Receives blood
from the
ventricles; the
base of all arteries
Right- receives
blood from the
lungs; leftreceives blood
from the organs
Pumps blood
towards the conus
arteriosus
Major return
channel of the
heart; receives the
anterior/posterior
cardinal vein
Pacemaker of the
heart (regulation
of blood pressure)
Jugular- drains
blood from the
tongue, floor of

internal carotid, 2nd,

3rd and 4th-branchial
Mesoderm

Mesoderm

III-internal carotid; IVsystemic arch; Vdisappears; VIpulmocutaneous

artery; external
carotid artery; 2nd, 3rf,
4th-branchial
Dorsal aorta

Mesoderm

Truncus arteriosus

Mesoderm

Conus arteriosus

Mesoderm

Right and left atria

Mesoderm

Ventricle

Mesoderm

Anterior/superior vena
cava

Mesoderm

Sinus venosus

Mesoderm

Jugular and subclavian

veins

Posterior cardinal
vein

Caudal artery
Caudal vein
Gill capillaries

the mouth, and

the lower jaws;
subclavian-drains
blood from the
forelimbs
Major drainage
channel from the
caudal part of the
body
Supplies blood for
the tail
Drains blood from
the tail
Site of gas
exchange
(deoxygenated
blood to
oxygenated blood

Mesoderm

Inferior/posterior vena
cava

Mesoderm

Disappears

Mesoderm

Disappears

Mesoderm

Disappears