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Our Palawan
Abstract
Keywords:
domestic extraction
material flow
material consumption
economywide
material flow analysis
Palawan
1.
INTRODUCTION
In p u t
Eco n o m y
Ou tp u t
M aterials d o m estically
extracted
A ir em issio n s, w ater,
d isp o sal, etc.
In p u t f ro m o th er
eco n o m ies
Exp o rt to o th er
eco n o m ies
M aterial
A ccu m u latio n
Figure 1. Scope of economy-wide material flow accounts (A dapted from Eurostat 2009)
adverse
environmental effect due to the
primary extraction, processing and utilization
towards the sustainable development in
Palawan.
2. METHODOLOGY
Sources of Data
The methods for the estimation of the
EW-MFA indicators and the material
categories utilized in this study are based on
the
standardized
and
methodological
guidebook by Eurostat (2001, revised 2009,
2012, 2013). Table 1 shows the four major
resource types or categories of the materials
accounted for in this research and the
corresponding sources of data. The data for
indicators of material flow accounts are
presented in this level of disaggregation.
The quantity of all materials is
expressed in terms of their mass (weight in
tonnes) per year. In this research, the physical
material flow is determined with the focus on
the direct material flow or the economically
used resources only and covers the material
flow accounts of Palawan from 2000 to 2012.
Furthermore, the socio-economic data for the
province of Palawan were taken from the
Provincial Planning and Development Office.
The quantity of import and export materials
were taken from the Philippine Ports
Authority in Puerto Princesa City.
Estimation of Indicators of EW-MFA
To understand and quantify the
exchange of materials from the environment to
socio-economic system and vice versa, the
Table 1. The four major mater ial categor ies and data sour ces of EW-MFA
Material Category
Sub categories
Data Sources
Biomass
Philippine Yearbooks
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources
Fossil Fuels
Construction Minerals
Figure 2. The Palawans terrestrial environment showing the Tamlang Catchment, Brookes Point
Palawan. (PCSDS)
indicators of EW-MFA are utilized to clearly
understand the material stocks and flows. This
study focuses on the development of the core
indicators described and calculated based on
the
standardized
and
methodological
guidebook by Eurostat (2001, revised 2009), as
follows:
1. Domestic Extraction (DE)
This refers to the raw material extracted from
the domestic environment (Figure 2) and
classified into four (4) major material
categories such as biomass, fossil fuels, metals
ores and industrial minerals, and construction
minerals. These materials enter directly the
socio-economic system and are utilized in
subsequent economic processing. DE is
estimated using the equation below:
DE = Biomass + Metal Ores & Industrial
Mineral +Construction Minerals + Fossil
Fuels (Eq. 1)
2. Direct Material Input (DMI)
It is an input indicator and defined as the
quantity of material inputs from domestic
extraction and import of materials into the
domestic economy. These materials undergo
domestic processing into
usable forms for
domestic consumption or could be transported
to other socio-economic systems. It is
estimated as equivalent to the sum of amount
of domestically extracted materials and the
imported materials per category.
DMI = DE + Physical Import
(Eq. 2)
Domestic Extraction
Figure 3 shows the quantity of domestic
extraction (DE) in Palawan in terms of four (4)
material categories from 2000 to 2012. The DE
increased significantly from 1.4 million tonnes
(Mt) in 2000 to 7.0 Mt in 2012. In 2000, the
quantity of biomass dominated other material
categories with 0.8 Mt (57%), followed by
metal ores and industrial mineral 0.5 Mt (33%),
construction minerals (0.07 Mt) and fossil fuels
(0.06 Mt). The offshore extraction of natural
gas and condensate which started its operation
in northern Palawan in 2002, resulted to the
significant increase of fossil fuel extraction to
2.8 Mt in 2012. Similarly, there are newly
opened metal ore mining operations in the last
12 years that resulted to the increase of
mineral extraction to 1.5 Mt in 2012. Likewise,
the quantity of construction
minerals
extracted from Palawans environment grew to
1.2 Mt, and the biomass, comprising of agriculture, forest and fishery products also grew to
1.5 Mt .
The largest deposit of oil and natural
gas in the Philippines is found in Palawan,
providing 18% of the countrys total power
generating
capacity in 2009 (PDP 2011
2016). In 2012, the extraction of fossil fuels
comprised 40% of DE. The oil and natural gas
production in Palawan could have been a
significant source of tax revenues if the shares
are remitted to the
provincial government of
Palawan. To date, the province is still fighting
for the receipt of its
legitimate share in the
natural wealth amounting to Php 2 Billion a
(a)
(b)
Figure 4. Dir ect mater ial input: (a) sour ces of mater ial input (b) per mater ial categor y
of 51% and 28%, respectively. The fossil fuel
comprised 10% with 0.15 Mt and construction
minerals had 11% (0.17 Mt).
With the active resource extraction, it
resulted to the change in material composition of
DMI since 2002 where fossil fuels dominated
increasing up to 3 Mt or 38% in 2012. The
construction minerals also increased to catch up
with the requirements of the economy with 1.9
Mt in 2012, while biomass has 1.5 Mt, and
metal ores and industrial minerals had 1.5
Mt. In 2012, the 88% of the domestic material
inputs are extracted from Palawans domestic
environment, while 12% are supplied from the
import of materials (Figure 4b).
2000
2012
Mt
Mt
Biomass
0.73
73
1.41
39
Construction Minerals
0.17
17
1.89
53
Fossil Fuels
0.10
10
0.16
0.13
Figure 6. The physical tr ade balance per mater ial categor y in Palawan fr om 2000 to 2012
in the province. The quantity of import of
construction minerals increased from 0.1 Mt in
2000 to 0.7 Mt in 2012.
Although Palawan is highly dependent
on the imported fossil fuels for domestic
consumption, the quantity of extracted fossil
fuel from the natural gas and oil reserves for
export is far greater, resulting to the negative
PTB for fossil fuels. Similarly, biomass has
negative PTB as contributed mainly by the
export of fishery products. Palawan is among of
the major sources of countrys annual total
fishery production with more than 10% since
2003 (PY, 2005, 2012).
The extracted metal ores are also
exported to outside economies for further
processing to finish products. The increasing
quantity of export materials is significantly
accounted from the increase of on-shore
minerals and offshore fossil fuel extraction
has been active in the province in the last
decade.
Indicator Type
Extraction
Input
Consumption
Balancing
Indicator
Unit
2000
2012
DE
Million tonnes
1.4
7.0
DE/capita
tonnes/capita
1.5
6.7
DMI
Million tonnes
1.6
8.0
DMI/capita
tonnes/capita
1.8
7.6
DMC
Million tonnes
1.1
3.6
DMC/capita
tonnes/capita
1.1
3.4
PTB
Million tonnes
-0.4
-3.5
Figure 7. The Ibat-ong River in Quezon, Palawan. Aside from water, rivers are important source
of construction minerals such as rocks, sand and gravel. (Jenevieve Hara)
10
Notes
DE
= Domestic Extraction
DMI = Direct Material Input
DMC = Domestic Material
Consumption
PTB = Physical Trade Balance
One tonne (t) = 103 kilogram (kg, SI)
1.102 short tons
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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