Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
USING
VIBRATION TECHNIQUE
C.K.FAIZAL
(2005CES3183)
CERIFICATE
I do certify that this project report explains the work carried out by me in the
M.Tech project under the supervision of Dr.SURESH BHALLA and co-supervision of
Prof. ASHOK GUPTA .The contents of this report including text, figures tables
etc.have not been reproduced from other sources such as books, journals, reports,
manuals, websites etc.Wherever limited reproduction from another source had been
made the source had been duly acknowledged at that point and also listed in the
reference.
C.K.Faizal.
(2005CES3183)
CERTIFICATE
New Delhi-110016
CERTIFICATE
New Delhi-110016
ABSTRACT
Structural Health Monitoring holds the Promise for improving the structural
performance with an excellent cost /benefit ratio. Condition assessment is a technique
used in health monitoring in the damage detection, to ensure the serviceability and the
durability of the structures.
In this report condition assessment of the structures using low frequency technique is
being done through experimental modal analysis and computational analysis software
ANSYS 9.0 over structural elements beam and steel frame.
In the Experimental Modal Analysis, investigation is carried over a 2m and 4m
Reinforced concrete beam and rectangular hollow section steel frame.
Response of the structure is obtained through accelerometer, PZT and
electric strain gauge
Aglient Multimeter is used as data analyzer for data acquisition
FFT analysis and FRF is carried out using MATLAB
In the computational Analysis using ANSYS 9.0 the Modal Analysis is done both in
the 1D and 3D modeling. Damage induced analysis is carried in the ANSYS 9.0 and
the difference in the modal frequency is noted, which was compared in the
experimental modal analysis of the damage induced analysis of the beam.
In 1D and 3D modal analysis experimentally and analytically the results were found
in close agreement with small error. Damage induced Analysis is done in 3D
modeling in computational analysis it has to be checked with the experimental modal
analysis.
Damage detection and Condition assessment of the beams were carried out with Mode
shape curvature and Flexibility method, changes in the beam element were compared
with the real time experimental specimen and damage detection was found in very
close approximation.
LIST OF TABLES
Page
26
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
27
Table 5.3
28
Table 5.4
29
Table 5.5
30
Table 6.1
1D ANSYS Output
20
Table 6.2
3D ANSYS Output
22
Table 6.3
25
Table 6.4
39
Table 6.5
39
Table 6.6
40
Table 6.7
40
Table 7.1
42
Table 7.2
43
Table 7.3
Table 7.4
44
Table 7.5
44
Table 7.6
45
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Fig 2.1
Fig 4.1
14
15
16
16
17
Fig 4.6
18
Fig 4.7
18
Fig 4.8
19
Fig 4.9
20
21
31
31
31
32
32
Fig 6.1
1D Mode Shapes
35
Fig 6.2
Beam modeling
36
37
38
NOMENCLATURE
[F]
[ Fi" ]
I
[K]
Flexibility Matrix
M(x)
Angular Frequency
ij
Poissons ratio
i i*
[]
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
The primary objective of this study is to identify the damage induced in the
structures using low frequency techniques, to locate the damage location and
determine the severity of the damage, so that the life span of the structures can be
assessed and maintenance cost can be reduced.
In this study, the investigation was carried out on concrete beams of 2m and 4m
length using low frequency techniques. The response of the beam was obtained from
accelerometer, piezoelectric ceramic patch and electric strain gauge. Further, from the
frequency response function, the modal frequencies were obtained and were compared
with the finite element method analysis.
Again, inducing damage in the beam, modal frequency has to be obtained, and
from the experimental modal analysis using the change in flexibility method and the
mode shape curvature method the condition assessment and damage detection has to
be carried out.
Experimental mode shapes of the structural elements were obtained using the
dynamic technique.
This thesis consists of total of eight chapters including this introductory chapter.
Chapter 2 presents a detailed review of the literature work done earlier in the field of
the structural health monitoring (SHM). Chapter 3 presents the various damage
detection methods in SHM and their implication. Chapter 4 presents the experimental
work carried out in this project work under various boundary conditions and the
details of the experimental mode shapes of the steel frame. Chapter 5 presents the
computational method followed in this work to determine the damage location and
severity of the structural elements. Chapter 6 presents the numerical work carried out
in the ANSYS9.0 over structural elements and various elements used and modelling
details of the beams. Chapter 7 presents the comparison of the experimental and
numerical work carried in this project and details are shown in histograms. Finally,
conclusions and recommendations are presented in Chapter 8.
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The interest in the ability to monitor a structure and detect damage at the
earliest possible stage is pervasive throughout the civil, mechanical and aerospace
engineering communities.
Existence of structural damage in an engineering system leads to
modification of the vibration modes. These modifications are manifested as changes
in the modal parameters (natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal damping
values), which can be obtained from results of dynamic (vibration) testing. Changes
in the modal parameters may not be the same for each mode since the changes depend
on the nature, location and severity of the damage. This effect offers the possibility of
using data from dynamic testing to detect, locate and quantify damage.
Modal parameters can be easily obtained from measured vibration responses.
The responses are
Some factors to consider when using vibration testing for integrity assessment
and for successful utilization of vibration data in assessing structural condition,
measurements should be taken at points where represented. The simplest way of
achieving this is to conduct a theoretical vibration analysis of the structure prior to
testing. The best positions would be those points where the sum of the magnitudes of
the mode shape vectors is maximized.
2.5 LOW FRQUENCY TECHNIQUE
Mode shapes and resonant frequencies of a structure (its modal response) can
be predicted by using a mathematical model known as a Finite Element Model
(FEM). An FEM uses points connected by elements possessing the mathematical
properties of the structures materials. Boundary conditions define how the structure
is fixed to the ground and what force loads are applied. After defining the model, a
mathematical algorithm computes the mode shapes and resonant frequencies. The
practical benefit is that it is possible to predict the vibration response of a structure
before it is even built.
After building the structure, its good practice to verify the FEM using
experimental modal analysis. This identifies errors in the model and leads to
Chapter 3
DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION METHODS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The damage index method was developed by Stubbs and Kim (1994) to locate
damage in structures given their characteristic mode shapes before and after damage
.For a structure that can be represented as a beam, a damage index, , is developed
based on the change in strain energy stored in the structure when it deforms in its
particular mode shape. For location jth on the beam this change in the ith mode the
damage index ij was defined as
Where ij =
"
i
(3.1)
"
i
th
mode shape
Where "i ( x) and *"
i ( x ) are the second derivatives of the i
. (3.2)
Pandey, Biswas and samman (1991) assume that structural damage only
affects the structures stiffness matrix and its mass distribution. The pre and postdamage mode shapes for the beam in its undamaged and damaged conditions can then
be estimated numerically from the displacement mode shapes with a central
difference approximation or other means of differentiation. Given the before and after
mode shapes, the author consider a beam cross section at location x along the length
of the beam, v(x) is
v(x)=M(x)/(EI)
Where E is the modulus of elasticity and I the moment of inertia of the section.
From the equation, it is evident that the curvature is inversely proportional to the
flexural stiffness, EI. Thus, a reduction of stiffness associated with damage will, in
turn lead to an increase in curvature. Differences in the pre and post damage
curvature mode shapes will, in theory be in the damage curvature mode shapes will in
theory be largest in the damaged region. For multiple modes the absolute values of
changes in curvature associated with each mode are summed to yield a damage
parameter for a particular location
Pandey and Biswas (1994) show that for the undamaged and damaged
structures, the flexibility matrix, [F], can be approximated from the unit massnormalized modal data as follows
[F] 1 / i2 { i } { i }T
... (3.3)
i =1
and
...(3.4)
i =1
flexibility change caused by the damage can be obtained from the difference of the
respective matrices as
[ F ] = [ F ] [ F ]
(3.5)
The coefficients of the ith column of the flexibility matrix represent the
deflected shape assumed by the structure with a unit load applied at the ith degree of
freedom. The sum of all columns of the flexibility matrix represents the deformed
shape assume by the structure if a unit load is applied at each degree of freedom and
this shape is to as the uniform load surface. Change in curvature of the uniform load
surface can be used to determine the location of damage. In terms of the curvature of
the uniform load surface, F, the curvature change at location l is evaluated as
follows
F " = Fi*-F
(3.6)
( i[ M ] + [ K ]{ i } = {0}
(3.7)
(3.8)
Two forms of a damage vector, {Di } for the ith mode are then obtained by
separating
the terms containing the original matrices from those containing the
perturbation matrices.
Hence,
.. (3.9)
.. (3.10)
And
[ K ] i2iiT
. (3.11)
[ K ]* i*2i*i*T
. (3.12)
Chapter 4
EXPERIMENTAL AND DATA PROCESSING TOOLS
This study has investigated the low frequency dynamic response technique
utilizing accelerometer, electrical strain gauge and piezoceramic (PZT) patches.
4.1
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Build analytical models
- Test simple structural level specimens with various damage, work up through
building block element
- Assess feasibility of implementing method in SHM system
System architecture
- Sensor integration
- Test samples with realistic sensors
- Test method on representative structures
transferred to the PC via the USB interface. Now, the transferred data was
transformed from time domain to frequency response functions (FRF) was obtained.
4.4 ACCLEROMETER
From the frequency response function, the first 3 modal frequencies were
obtained from the Accelerometer, PZT and ESG
The equipment used in the data acquisition was AGILENT MULTIMETER,
data was collected at an interval of 1millisecond and the duration of the data
acquisition was kept to 20sec. Fig: 4.4 show the front and the rear views of the
multimeter.
to frequency domain through fast fourier transform and first three fundamental
frequency is considered for the analysis was shown in the fig:4.7.
4.5.1 Experiment on 2m concrete Beam
Hammer 1
0.3
Area Analyzed
0.2
Voltage(V)
0.1
0
-0.1 0
10
15
20
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
Hammer 2
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
Tim e(Sec)
25
Voltage (V)
0
-0.1
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
Tim e (sec)
50
Response
25
0
0
50
100
150
200
F r e q u e n c y (H z )
Supported condition 2: Over hanging 50cm and 100cm on either side. (Unsymmetric)
25
st m ode
1st mode at114.53Hz
a t 2 nd
2H z
3 rd m o d e a t 1 4 2 H z
2 mode at 31Hz
Response(v)
20
15
10
0
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
-5
F re q u e n c y (H z )
250
275
300
1st peak at
24.9 Hz
Response(v)
20
2nd peak
70.04 Hz
4th peak at
195.4 Hz
3rd peak at
130.03 Hz
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
Frequency (Hz)
A hollow rectangular steel frame of sectional cross section .05m .025m was
tested for experimental mode shapes using ICAT software. During experiment the
steel frame were held in free-free support conditions and the excitation was given a
plane at different equivalent point with the help of hammer which was connected to
the digital multimeter .The response were read at a point through out the experiment
with accelerometer and the response were directly read into FRF plot by multimeter .
The frame was modelled in the ICAT software with the same number of nodes
as the excitation points in the experiment and the FRF were assigned in the model at
their respective nodal point and analyzed.
The frame was analyzed in the ANSYS and frequencies were found, Table 4.1
shows the experimental and numerical frequencies of the frame.
250
Fig:4.11 shows the mode shapes obtained from the ICAT software .In the ansys as
the boundary condition were not simulated as in experimental conditions the result
were prone to erroneous .
E X P E R IM E N T A L
AN S YS
1000
F R E Q U E N C Y (H z )
800
600
400
200
0
E X P E R IM E N T A L
A NS Y S
2 1 .7 2 9 4
6 8 .2 9 3 6
2 0 0 .8 6 5
2 7 1 .8 7 6
4 5 8 .7 6 5
6 9 5 .7 0 8
2 1 .1 4 9
7 3 .9 8 4
2 1 5 .2 2
2 8 4 .1 2
4 7 3 .5 2 4
7 1 9 .6 1 3
7 0 7 .8 6 2
8 2 5 .7 7
8 5 2 .5 6 2
7 3 2 .8 5 1
8 5 5 .2 2 3
8 7 5 .2 5
M O DES
MODE 3
MODE 2
MODE 4
MODE 5
MODE 7
MODE 6
MODE 8
In this chapter the sensors used, the data acquisition, support conditions of the
beams with which the experiments were done and the steel frame on which the
experimental mode shapes was carried were described.
In the experimental mode shape on the steel frame the boundary condition
were just supported on the floor and in the ANSYS it was in free-free end condition
by which the ansys comparison was in erroneous.
Chapter 5
CONDITTON ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE BEAMS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the condition assessment of the concrete beams was carried out
using Change in Flexibility Method and the Mode shape curvature method .The
experimental mode shapes was tried over a hollow rectangular cross-section steel
frame using the frequency response function in ICAT modeling software .
5.2 DAMAGE LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION METHOD 2m BEAM
This method requires only the information of the natural frequency changes of
the damaged structure and the mode shapes of the undamaged structure. The basic
framework of this work has been presented in Naidu et al., 2002.
The governing equation of motion for dynamic system is
..
. (5.1)
Where
[M]=Mass matrix; [C] =Damping matrix; [K] =stiffness matrix.
The eigen frequencies and mode shape vectors of the dynamic system is given by
{}= {1, 2,
3, 4......}
. (5.2)
{}= {1, 2, 3, 4 }
. (5.3)
The angular frequency can be replaced by cyclic frequency, f, and as such set of
natural frequencies in Hertz is given by
{f}= {f1, f2, f3, f4 }
. (5.4)
. (5.5)
. (5.6)
DIx=
IE
i =1
i
px
If i
DIy=
IE
i =1
i =1
i
py
If i
DIz=
IE
i =1
i =1
i
pz
If i
i =1
f =shift frequency
E =element deformation parameter.
E ipx = longitudinal displacement of node i+ 1
E ipy = *{curvature value of node i+1 + curvature value of node i)
E ipz =rotation of node i+1 rotation i)
The damage metric index computed for the damaged beam elements of the 2m
and 4m beam were shown below. Fig: 5.1 shows the elemental damage at various
loads over the 2m beam in the symmetric condition .In the figures a threshold damage
metric index of 70% were taken. The beam was divided in 50 elements so that each
element was of 4cm in length.
During experiment the loads were applied at the center and it is found that the
bending cracks were found at the center and the shear cracks the support conditions as
shown in the Fig:5.7 and Fig:5.9..From the figures shown below it was evident that
the elemental damage propagation were taking place at the center and support
condition.
In the 2m beam numerical analysis only the modal displacement were used
,hence the damage location were found to be in close approximation with the
experiment but the severity of the damage location were not in much correlation.
5 0 K N
DAM AGE
M E T R IC
8 0
7 5
7 0
1
1 0
1 3
1 6
1 9
2 2
2 5
2 8
3 1
3 4
3 7
4 0
4 3
3 4
3 7
4 6
4 9
E L E M E N T S N O
7 0 K N
8 0
DAM AGE
M E T R IC
7 5
7 0
1
1 0
1 3
1 6
1 9
2 2
2 5
2 8
E L E M E N T S
3 1
4 0
4 3
4 6
4 9
N O
8 0 K N
8 0
DAM AGE
M E T R IC
7 5
7 0
1
1 0
1 3
1 6
1 9
2 2
2 5
2 8
3 1
E L E M E N T S N O
3 4
3 7
4 0
4 3
4 6
4 9
8 3 K N
80
DAM AGE
M E T R IC
75
70
1
10
13
16
19
22
2 5
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
E L E M E N T S N O
In this method the change in flexibility of the beam was calculated using the
pandey and biswas and the change in elemental flexibility was plotted.
Fig:5.2 shows the change in elemental flexibility of the 2m beam .From the
figures it is clear that the bending and the shear crack development at the center and
support was in correlation with the high flexibility change in the plots at the center
and support elements as shown below .
5 0 K N
F L E X IB IL IT Y
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
E L E M E N T
4 0
N O
5 0
6 0
7 0 K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
F L E X IB IL IT Y
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
E L E M E N T
5 0
6 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
N O
8 0 K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6
F L E X IB IL IT Y
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
E L E M E N T N O
8 3 K N
F A IL U R E
L O A D
F L E X IB IL IT Y
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
E L E M E N T N O
Damage metric index were computed on the 4m beam under the symmetric
and unsymmetric conditions .In the symmetric condition only the final damage
inspection was done, whereas in the unsymmetric condition damage assessment at
various load levels were carried out.
In the unsymmetric condition the bending cracks at the center and shear cracks
at the unsupported condition found in experimental as shown in Fig:5.8 and Fig:5.9
was in correlation with the elemental damage at the corresponding element numbers.
4m SYMMETRIC
100
80
60
40
1
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
ELEMENTS
3 0 K N U S Y M M E T R IC
D A M A G E M E T R IC
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1
1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7
1 9 2 1 2 3
EL EM EN T S
2 5 2 7 2 9 3 1
3 3 3 5 3 7 3 9
4 1
37
39
41
4 1 K N U N S Y M M E T R IC
1
0 .9
DAM AG E M ETRI
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1
1 0
1 3
1 6
1 9
2 2
2 5
2 8
3 1
3 4
3 7
4 0
EL EM EN T S
6 0 K N U N S Y M M E T R IC
0 .9
0 .8
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1
1 1
1 3
1 5
1 7
1 9
2 1
2 3
2 5
2 7
2 9
3 1
3 3
3 5
3 7
3 9
4 1
3 5
3 7
3 9
4 1
EL EM EN T S
6 8 K N
U N S Y M M E T R IC
1
0 .9
0 .8
D A M A G E M E T R IC
D A M A G E M E T R IC
0 .7
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1
1 1
1 3
1 5
1 7
1 9
2 1
2 3
2 5
2 7
2 9
3 1
E L E M EN T S
3 3
AT 30K N
1 .2 0 E -2 3
F L E X IB IL IT Y
8 .0 0 E -2 4
4 .0 0 E -2 4
0 .0 0 E + 0 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
ELEM ENTS
A T 41K N
F L E X IB IL IT Y
1 .2 E -0 9
8 E -1 0
4 E -1 0
0
0
10
20
30
EL EM EN T S
40
50
A T 60K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
F L E X IB IL IT Y
2 .4 E -0 9
1 .8 E -0 9
1 .2 E -0 9
6 E -1 0
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
30
35
40
45
EL EM ENT S
AT 68K N
F L E X IB IL IT Y
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
0
10
15
20
25
ELEM ENTS
In this chapter it is shown that the Condition Assessment done with flexibility
and mode shape curvature is plotted in histogram and the experimental pictures
shown concludes that damage detection and the condition assessment is in very close
approximation.
The change in the flexibility of the elements beyond the overhanging was very
high as the curvature method is applicable within the support condition only, beyond
the overhanging it is more flexible.
Chapter 6
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter analytical detail of the experiments was described through the
modelling software ANSYS 9.0. Elements used in analysis for 1D and 3D,
computational results of the analysis and the mode shapes were given.
By using the modelling software ANSYS 9.0, the beam is modeled with
different beam elements in 1D and 3D modelling.
6.2 SPECIFICATIONS OF ELEMENTS
I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P
Degrees of Freedom
UX, UY, UZ
6.3 COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS
M O D E
1 D
M O D E
2 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
1 0 0 0
5 0 0
0
1 D
M O D E
1 0
1 6 .9 3
6 7 .5 3
1 5 1 .2
2 6 6 .9
4 1 3 .3
5 8 8 .9
7 9 1 .7
1 0 2 0
1 2 7 1
1 5 4 4
6.3.2 3D ANALYSIS
Table 6.2 and Fig 6.2 shows the ansys output of the 3D analysis and the
element modelling of the 2m beam at the various load level.
3D ANALYSIS: ANSYS OUTPUT (2m Concrete Beam)
A NS Y S DA T A
BEFO RE DA M A G E
A T 5O KN
A T 70KN
A T 80KN
A T 8 3 K N ( F A IL U R E L O A D )
250
C H A N G E IN H z ( % )
200
B EFO RE DA M A G E
150
100
50
0
4 1 .0 6
5 8 .3 3 1 0 2 .7
1 2 2 .6 1 3 5 .5
122
135
10
1 5 5 .3
1 6 6 .2 2 0 3 .3
2 1 6 .1 2 2 7 .2
A T 5O K N
41
5 8 .2 2
102
1 5 4 .9
1 6 5 .2 2 0 2 .1
2 1 5 .2 2 2 6 .2
A T 70K N
3 6 .0 9
5 3 .6
9 6 .6 3
1 1 7 .5 1 3 3 .3
1 5 1 .4
1 6 3 .2 2 0 0 .3
2 1 2 .8 2 2 3 .4
A T 80K N
2 9 .8 2
5 2 .2 4 9 3 .2 7
1 1 2 .6 1 3 0 .2
1 4 9 .2
1 6 0 .4 1 9 8 .2
2 1 0 .9
221
A T 8 3 K N ( F A IL U R E L O A D ) 2 3 . 3 6
5 0 .2 6 9 2 .4 7
1 0 5 .6 1 2 9 .6
1 4 8 .3
1 6 0 .2
2 0 9 .7
220
198
M O DES
To stimulate the damage condition (Crack) in the Beam, the Beam is modeled
in three sub beams in which the propagation of the crack is varied by varying the width and
the height of the crack between the sub beams. The beams are glued in the ANSYS so that it
behaves as a monolithic beam with the crack propagation.
D A M A G E IN D U C E D
5 0 K N
7 0 K N
B E A M
8 0 K N
8 3 K N
F R EQ U EN C Y(H z
2 5 0
2 0 0
1 5 0
1 0 0
5 0
0
1 0
5 0 K N
4 1
5 8 .2
1 0 2
1 2 2
1 3 5
1 5 5
1 6 5
2 0 2
2 1 5
2 2 6
7 0 K N
3 6 .1
5 3 .6
9 6 .6
1 1 8
1 3 3
1 5 1
1 6 3
2 0 0
2 1 3
2 2 3
8 0 K N
2 9 .8
5 2 .2
9 3 .3
1 1 3
1 3 0
1 4 9
1 6 0
1 9 8
2 1 1
2 2 1
8 3 K N
2 3 .4
5 0 .3
9 2 .5
1 0 6
1 3 0
1 4 8
1 6 0
1 9 8
2 1 0
2 2 0
M O D E
1 D A n a ly sis S Y M M E T R IC
1D M O D E S
70
60
50
FREQUENC
Y (H z )
40
30
20
10
0
1D M O D E S
9 .0 2
1 9 .1 6 4
6 0 .3 7 1
M O D E S
4 m 1 D A n a ly sis U N S Y M M E T R IC
1D M O D E S
F R E Q U E N C Y (H
z)
100
80
60
40
20
0
1D M O D E S
1 2 .1 3 6
3 7 .0 8 5
9 0 .7 9
M O D ES
F R E Q U E N C Y (H z
B E F O R E D A M A G E
A F TE R D A M A G E
80
60
40
20
0
B E F O R E D A M A G E
A F TE R D A M A G E
1 4 .5 2 9
31
6 3 .9 8 9
6 .6 4 2
1 4 .4 5 1
4 1 .1 5 4
M O D ES
D A M A G E
A N S Y S
A T 3 0 K N
U N S Y M M E T R IC
A T 4 1 K N
A T 6 0 K N
A T 6 8 K N
1 4 0
F R E Q U E N C Y (H z)
1 2 0
1 0 0
8 0
6 0
4 0
2 0
0
2 5 .4 5 7
8 7 .8 7 4
1 2 3 .2 4 8
A T 3 0 K N
2 5 .1 5 2
8 7 .2 7 3
1 2 2 .8 5 4
A T 4 1 K N
2 1 .5 4 3
8 0 .1 0 1
1 1 5 .3 9 1
A T 6 0 K N
1 6 .4 4 1
7 1 .9 3 6
1 0 2 .7 5 8
A T 6 8 K N
9 .6 3 8
6 0 .6 4 2
8 6 .3 2 1
B E F O R E
D A M A G E
M O D E S
In this chapter the beam element used in the ANSYS9.0, modeling, meshing
done in the beam is described .The analytical computation done in the software and
the results were shown in the histogram. The change in the frequencies at the various
load levels was shown.
Chapter 7
COMPARISION OF RESULTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the experimental and analytical results were compared and in the
experiment the three sensors Electric Strain Gauge, PZT and Accelerometer performance was
also interpreted
7.2 1D ANALYSIS
In 1D analysis, analytically modal frequency of the simply supported beam can be obtained by
fn =
n 2
2
2L
EI
M
. (7.1)
Where
L=length of the beam
E=Youngs modulus of concrete (i.e. 5000 f ck )
I=Moment of inertia
M=mass of the concrete block
N=mode number
For the beam under consideration, the numerical values are
L=4m,
ANSYS (Hz)
16.934
67.528
151.17
266.87
413.30
588.85
791.69
1019.90
1271.30
1543.80
PERCENTAGE
ERROR
0.09
0.40
0.90
1.60
2.47
3.50
4.68
5.98
7.40
8.92
In 3D analysis, the ANSYS modal frequency obtained was compared with the
first 3 modal frequency obtained from the accelerometer, PZT and ESG was
compared below it is found that the accelerometer and PZT were giving close value.
Table 7.2, Table 7.3, Table 7.4 gives the experimental values obtained by the
sensors at various damaged location.
DAMAGED INDUCED 2mCONCRETE BEAM
P Z T D A T A
B EFO R E D A M A G E
A T 50K N
A T 70K N
A T 80K N
A T 83K N
2 0
C H A N G E IN H z ( % )
1 5
1 0
5
0
1
10
B E F O R E D A M A G E 0 .2 3 6 2 4 .2 1 2 6 4 .0 1 0 5 2 .0 7 5 4 8 .8 9 0 9 9 .6 6 5 7 1 7 .7 5 7 8 .8 6 5 2 1 3 .1 5 1 1 7 .6 5 3
A T 50K N
0 .1 2 9 1 1 .9 0 8 8 4 .0 9 9 9 2 .3 1 3 1
A T 70K N
2 .4 5 8 6 4 .7 6 5 5 3 .5 7 1 4 2 .8 1 9 8 6 .3 1 8 2 6 .1 4 0 5 1 3 .2 8 3 4 .7 4 3 4 8 .7 8 9 9 1 2 .8 5 9
5 .4 9 5
A T 80K N
8 .2 8
8 .4 9 7 6 1 5 .3 2 3
8 .2 1 8
1 1 .4 7 1 1 4 .9 5 7
1 .8 2 8 5 7 .2 5 9 1 3 .6 0 3 8 4 .6 1 2 7 4 .9 1 0 1 1 1 .6 9 7 1 .5 3 9 7 6 .2 5 0 9 5 .9 6 7 2
1 2 .0 0 4 2 .0 5 0 8
A T 83K N
1 4 .3
4 .0 3 2 7 1 .8 5 7 4 1 .6 6 2 3 9 .0 3 9 6 1 .6 5 6 7 3 .6 1 3 6 3 .4 5 4 9
M O D ES
A T 5 0 K N
A T 7 0 K N
A T 8 0 K N
A T 8 3 K N
2 5
2 0
C H A N G E IN H z ( % )
7.3.1
1 5
1 0
5
0
1
B EFO R E D A M A G E
1 .4 4 6 7
3 .3 1 0 8
4 .3 2 9
1 .3 2 5 7
9 .3 8 2 4
9 .4 1 3 8
1 7 .5 5 7
8 .3 9 4
1 3 .1 1 6
1 9 .3 6 1
A T 5 0 K N
0 .5 7 2 3
3 .1 4 2 5
4 .1 0 7 4
1 .6 5 3 2
8 .6 7 0 8
8 .6 0 6 2
1 4 .9 4 1
8 .1 9 1 4
1 1 .5 1 9
1 5 .9 6 8
A T 7 0 K N
0 .5 7 5 8
6 .8 2 3 4
1 .7 2 0 1
2 .1 7 1 7
7 .1 7 4 9
7 .1 3 5
1 2 .9 5 7
9 .0 3 9 4
9 .4 5 1 4
1 3 .1 6 6
A T 8 0 K N
8 .3 0 4 9
1 .9 3 1 9
6 .9 2 7 1
2 .7 5 9 3
3 .6 8 7 2
5 .7 2 4 6
1 2 .4 9 3
2 .4 5 2 5
6 .7 9 9 6
6 .5 0 5 1
A T 8 3 K N
1 4 .8 9
0 .1 5 3
1 1 .5 4
2 .8 9 3 8
3 .3 0 6 2
2 .4 3 6 3
9 .5 8 5 7
1 .0 7 3 3
5 .8 4 5
4 .1 0 4 9
M O D ES
1 0
ES G DATA
BEFO RE DA M A G E
A T 50KN
A T 70KN
A T 80KN
A T 83KN
25
C H A N G E IN H z ( % )
20
15
10
5
0
10
B E F O R E D A M A G E 2 .1 9 9 3
4 .3 3 2 6
4 .3 0 8 5
0 .0 1 4 7
8 .6 3 4 9
1 2 .0 9 2
1 8 .1 7 3
1 2 .8 9 4
1 3 .6 3
2 4 .2 1
A T 50KN
2 .3 5 6 5
3 .2 0 0 4
4 .2 4 1 4
0 .0 9 5
7 .9 9
1 0 .9 3 8
1 5 .9 3 5
1 1 .6 0 4
1 1 .9 9 2
1 9 .7 4 2
A T 70KN
7 .3 5 9 6
6 .8 3 7 9
0 .3 1 6 6
0 .6 5 3 5
7 .5 1 5 7
8 .0 1 9 3
1 3 .7 3 8
1 0 .0 3 4
1 0 .2 2 5
1 8 .3 1 8
A T80KN
1 1 .1 3 3
6 .6 9 9 8
3 .6 8 3 1
0 .2 7 5 2
5 .3 2 1 4
6 .2 7 2 3
1 3 .4 9 2
3 .3 9 8 5
7 .7 7 6 7
6 .8 9 4 7
A T 83KN
2 0 .9 9 3
3 .7 8 6 7
1 2 .4 4 6
2 .3 0 4 9
3 .4 9 6 3
2 .6 1 8 3
1 0 .1 5
0 .8 8 2 2
7 .0 5 0 1
4 .4 2 5 7
M O DES
E X P E R IM E N T A L S Y M M E T R IC
B E F O R E D A M A G E
A F TE R D A M A G E
F R E Q U E N C Y (H
z)
80
60
40
20
0
B E F O R E D A M A G E
A F TE R D A M A G E
1 4 .6 6 3
3 2 .5 9 8
6 5 .9 8 7
6 .8 5 6
1 5 .6 5 4
4 2 .5 5 6
M O D E S
E X P E R IM E N T A L U N S Y M M E T R IC
B E FO RE D A M A G E
A T 30K N
A T 41K N
A T 60K N
A T 68K N
F R E Q U E N C Y (H z )
150
100
50
0
B E FO RE D A M A G E
2 5 .6 2 2
8 8 .9 9 5
1 2 5 .8 8 6
A T 30K N
2 6 .5 4 8
8 8 .7 7 3
1 2 5 .3 6 9
A T 41K N
2 2 .6 6 5
8 3 .5 6 4
1 2 0 .2 6
A T 60K N
1 8 .6 6 5
7 4 .2 2 5
1 0 5 .9 9 8
A T 68K N
1 1 .1 5 4
6 3 .8 7 1
8 9 .2 5 6
M O DES
Chapter 8
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this project experimental and computational modal analysis is carried over a
2m and 4m RC beams and experimental mode shapes have obtained for a rectangular
hollow cross section steel frame. The modal frequencies were calculated both
experimentally using MATLAB by Frequency Response Function and in ANSYS 1D
and 3D modelling
In 1D modelling using beam elements the modal frequencies obtained in
only modal displacements instead of curvature and it has been found that the
damage location can be detected conveniently but the severity of the damage
is not properly quantified.
Change in flexibility of the beam element has been found to be in close
approximation to locate the damage and the intensity of the flexibility gives
the severity of the damage occurred.
the damage location and the severity of the damage in the beam were found to
be well correlated with actual observation.
Change in flexibility of the beam element under different support condition
and by using the ICAT modeling software under free suspended condition
were not in close approximation with those of computational mode shapes
obtained using ANSYS 9.0. This may due to the approximation boundary
condition adopted in computational method.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Further work can carry out in structural elements by considering various
boundary conditions and structured frames with will stimulate real time
analysis.
Assessment of different structures taking time history analysis real time data
of any earthquake can be done which will stimulate the actual scenario.
Wireless network for data acquisition for the experiments and monitoring the
to be done over the structural elements which is more useful in the wireless net
work system and a compatibility study can be done over the structural health
monitoring.
REFERENCES
Aktan, A.E., Helmicki, A.J. and Hunt, V.J. (1998), Issues in Health Monitoring for
changes in curvature mode shape Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.145, no.2,
pp.321-32
Pandey, A.K. and Biswas, M.(1994), Damage detection from changes in flexibility
Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol 175 pp.89-104
Salawu, O. S. and Williams, C.(1995) A review of full-scale dynamic testing of