is installed in crown, below the compression rings and iron one to four-on on the

piston skirt.

the inner side of a noncooled trunk piston crow is provided with radial or concentric
ribs. which reinforce the crown and improved the transfer of heat from the crow to
the air flowing around it.

concentric rings ensure corret distribution of the cooling oil over the inner surface of
piston crown.

the piston crown is made conical or cylindrical on the outside whereas the outer
surface of the piston skirt is ground or turned to an elliptical shape at the thinkest
portion ( near the piston pin bosses)
this creates a clereans between the piston crown and the cylinder liner that
prevents jamming of the piston due to heat expansion of its crown. Besides, a
thermal clearance is created between the rubbing surfaces of the piston skirt and
liner which ensures free expansion of the piston skirt during engine operation.
The shape of the piston crown should create the most advantageous conditions for
fuel mixing and burning in the combustion chamber.therefore, the shape of the
crown is governed first and foremost by the desingn of the chamber selected.in twostroke engines the shape of the crown also depends on the type of scavenging.
The most common shapes of diesel combustion chamber are shown in figs 212-227.
Fuor-stroke spark ignition engine usually have flat combustion chamber.
The piston of marine diesel are subjected to heavy mechanical and thermal loads,
working under high pressure and themperature ( 300 0-3500 C). therefore, the
material of the pistons should possess q high strength and q high resistance to
corrosion and wear.
The piston of low speed engine are made of cast iron of C421-44 asn C428-48
grades. The crowns of two-piece piston are also made of forged steel grade 25, and
heat resistant cast steel 30M.
The piston of light high-speed diesels and those of medium speed diesel are made
of aluminium alloys having a low specific weight and high heat conductivity. A
drawback of aluminium piston is their high coefficient linear expansion which
demands wide piston to linier cleareances in cold engines large diameter pistons of
high speeddiesel are made of cash alloys, such as the aluminium coper alloy AJ11
containing nickel for higher resistance to heat. the aluminium piston of light high

speed engines are made stronger by drop forging thrm from grade AK4 and AK2
alloy.
Sometimes the working surface of cash iron piston is tinned for quiker running in of
the piston and linier surface.piston rings are made from grade C421-40 and C424-44
cast iron.the hardness of the piston ring metal varies from brinell number 180 to
220.the hardness of the piston rings is permitted to differ from that of the cylinder
liner by 10 units.

The piston rings of low and medium speed diesels are forged from grde 15 steel
those of high speed diesel are made from grade 12XH3A and 18XH3A steel.
65.Piston Calculations
A general practice,calculation are done for the following parts of the piston: skirt
( or body), crown, piston pin, piston ring and cooling system.
Piston skirt.Apart from its major porpose- transitimitting the force of the gas
pressure to the connecting rod_a trunk piston fulfils at the same time the functions
of a crosshead or slipper.
The maimum piston pressure on the linier walls is assumed to be
Nmax = Pz tan ;
Nmax = 0.08 Pz when =

1
5

and Nmax= 0.1 Pz when =

1
4

The maximum specific side pressure on the surface of the piston

q

Nmax
A

where A is the projection of the piston bearing (or guide) surface ;

A= Dls; here D is the diameter and ls the length of the piston skrit
The permissible values of qN in diesls are as follows:
four stroke low speed engine
medium- speed
engines
high speed engine
two stroke medium speed
engine
kg/cm2

qN= 1.8-2.8 kg/cm 2

qN= 3.0-3.5 kg/cm 2
qN= 5-7 kg/ cm 2
qN= 3.0-3.5

piston crown. Let us assume that the piston crown is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load of the maximum gas pressure P z. let us also assume that the piston
crown is a round plate resting freely on the cylindrical portion of the piston crown
with a diameter Di.
If two forces
F cg=

Pz
2 = Pz

D
8

Concentrated I the centres of gravity of the areas of the crown half circles are
substituted for the uniformly distributed load, then two bending moments will act in
the critical section of the crown, located along its diameter D, normely, the moment
of the force Fcg

2D
3 =

D
Mb=Fcg a=
8

Pz x

2D
Where a= 3

is the distance from the centre of grafity of the semicircle aera to

D
d 2 pz

the centre of the crown (fig.141) and the moment M b of the reaction uniformly
distributed over the edges of the semicircle of the crown and equal to the acting
force R= Fcg

Assuming that the reaction is applied to the centre of gravity of the semi-circle we
find
Mb= - Fcg b=-

Where b =

Di

D
8 Pz

Di
D2 Di
Pz
=8

is the distance from the center of grafity of semi circle to the

centre of the circle Di is the mean diameter of the piston crown barrel the resultant
bending moment
2

Mb= Mb+Mb= -

D Di
D3
P
Pz
z
12
8

Assuming that DiD we obtain

The bending stress

M b= -

b=

D3
24 Pz
Mb
W

where W is the section modulus of the diametrical section of the piston crown.