TLIC207C - Drive Light Rigid Vehicle - Learner Guide

TLIC207C Drive
light rigid vehicle

Learner Guide
Contents
What this Learner’s Guide is about ........................................ 1
Planning your learning ........................................................... 2
How you will be assessed ...................................................... 5
Section 1............................................................................................. 7
Licensing requirements and traffic laws ................................. 7
Section 2........................................................................................... 56
Vehicle preparation .............................................................. 56
Section 3........................................................................................... 82
Drive vehicle in a safe efficient manner ............................... 82
Section 4........................................................................................... 94
Completing a driver’s log book............................................. 94
Additional resources ..................................................................... 102
Feedback on activities .................................................................. 104

TLIC207C Drive light rigid vehicle
What this Learner’s Guide is about
This Learner’s Guide is about the skills and knowledge required to drive
a light rigid vehicle safely including systematic and efficient control of
all vehicle functions, monitoring of traffic and road conditions,
management of vehicle condition, and performance and effective
management of hazardous situations. Assessment of this unit will
usually be undertaken within a licensing examination conducted by, or
under the authority of, the relevant state/territory Road Traffic
Authority.
Persons achieving competence in this unit will need to fulfil all of the
relevant state/territory learner permit or driver licence requirements
before driving a light rigid vehicle on a public road.
The Elements of Competency from the unit TLIC207C Drive light rigid
vehicle covered in this Learner’s Guide are listed below.
Drive the light rigid vehicle
Monitor traffic and road conditions
Monitor and maintain vehicle performance
This unit of competency is from the Transport and Logistics
Training Package (TLI07).
© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 1

Customised and Developed by Armstrong’s Driver Education P/L – April 2008 ADELG1013
Planning your learning
It is important to plan your learning before you start because you may
already have some of the knowledge and skills that are covered in this
Learner’s Guide. This might be because:
• you have been working in the industry for some time,
and/or
• you have already completed training in this area.
Together with your supervisor or trainer use the checklists on the
following pages to help you plan your study program. Your answers to
the questions in the checklist will help you work out which sections of
this Learner’s Guide you need to complete.
This Learner’s Guide is written with the idea that learning is made more
relevant when you, the learner, are actually working in the industry.
This means that you will have people within the enterprise who can
show you things, discuss how things are done and answer any
questions you have. Also you can practise what you learn and see how
what you learn is applied in the enterprise.
If you are working through this Learner’s Guide and have not yet found
a job in the industry, you will need to talk to your trainer about doing
work experience or working and learning in some sort of simulated
workplace.
Page 2 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

ADELG1013 Customised and Developed by Armstrong’s Driver Education P/L – April 2008
Section 1: Licensing requirements and traffic

laws
Are you able to: Yes No

1. describe and explain the licence
categories for heavy vehicle drivers, as
given in the relevant hand book?
2. describe and explain traffic laws and
regulations for light rigid vehicles, as given
in the relevant road traffic and safety
legislation?
3. describe and explain traffic regulations
related to special requirements of light
rigid vehicle drivers, as given in the relevant
road traffic and safety legislation?
4. describe and explain emergency and
reporting procedures in the case of
accidents or breakdowns, as given in the
relevant road traffic and safety legislation?
5. steer, manoeuvre and position the vehicle
in accordance with traffic regulations,
vehicle limitations and road dimensions?
6. monitor and anticipate traffic and road
conditions in order to avoid accidents and
maximise progress?
Section 2: Vehicle preparation

1. maintain vehicle performance through
pre-‐operational inspections and checks on
the vehicle?
2. monitor performance and efficiency of
vehicle operation during use?
3. stop the vehicle safely without danger to
passengers, vehicle, property or load?

Section 3: Drive vehicle in a safe, efficient

manner

1. manage engine power to ensure
efficiency in performance and to minimise
engine gear damage?
Section 4: Completing a driver’s log book

1. ensure vehicle records are
maintained/updated and information is
processed in accordance with company
procedures?

How you will be assessed
Assessment of this Unit of Competency will include observation of real
or simulated work processes using workplace procedures and
questioning on underpinning knowledge and skills. It must be
demonstrated in an actual or simulated work situation under
supervision.
You will be required to:

• adjust tyre pressure/inflate tyre
• change wheel
• tilt and lower the vehicle
• clean vehicle
• complete Pre-‐Departure check
• load and unload vehicle
• drive vehicle professionally.


Section 1
Licensing requirements and

traffic laws

Section outline
Areas covered in this section
Licensing
The driving test
Road test information
Defensive driving
Observation skills
Safe driving
Driver stress
Alcohol and other drugs
Loading and lashing
Dangerous goods
Emergency or accident situation

Licensing
An Australian-‐wide initiative to implement common and simplified

categories for vehicles above 4.5 tonnes Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM) in
all state/territory was introduced in September 1995.
This regulation change makes it easier for the Transport Industry to
operate across state/territory borders. It also assists professional
drivers to transfer licences when moving to another state/territory.
When you receive a heavy vehicle licence, you become eligible to drive
trucks and buses in that category, and all lesser categories.
What is Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM)?
GVM means the maximum permissible combined weight and size of
the motor vehicle and its load as stated on the registration certificate.
Your driver’s licence
Drivers are entitled to use the road system as long as:
• they understand the rules relating to driving, including
both the Traffic Act and Motor Traffic Regulations
• hold a current licence for any vehicle they drive
• obey the road rules and drive safely and responsibly
• do their best to lessen the impact of their vehicle on the
environment, and use the road system efficiently.
If a driver commits a traffic offence there are penalties, such as:

• fines
• licence cancellation
• disqualification
• suspension
• in extreme cases, imprisonment.

Heavy vehicle licence
Recent reforms to the licensing laws make good sense for the
following reasons:
• the heavy vehicle licence graduation system allows drivers
to gain experience with simple vehicles before attempting
to operate more complex articulated vehicles
• in Victoria (check your own state requirements), a Light
Rigid (LR) licence can be obtained 12 months after gaining
a car licence
• if you already hold a heavy vehicle licence, you will now be
able to transfer to the equivalent licence category under
the new reforms without requiring any additional testing.

Activity 1: What is your licence category?
What is your current licence category?
____________________________________________________
How long before you can receive a Multi-Combination or Articulated

Licence?
____________________________________________________
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

The bus industry
The bus industry has its own system to train bus drivers in specific
skills. If you currently operate trucks and wish to gain employment as a
bus driver, your new employer will be able to provide details of any
additional training you may require.

Activity 2: How do you get a driver training?
If you want to get into the heavy transport industry, how do you go
about training for a Heavy Vehicle Licence?
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Can you drive a semi trailer straight away?
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Guide.

The driving test
To obtain a driving licence the following criteria must be met:

• you will have to provide proof of identity. Your licensing
people will explain what is needed
• you will be required to:
− pass a driving test in the correct vehicle for the licence you are
seeking
− complete a written/verbal knowledge test
− demonstrate both on-‐road driving and skills evaluation.
Road test information
This test is designed to assess your performance in the following
situations:
• gear changing (correct changing in sequence)
• acceleration
• steering
• reversing
• entering and leaving your vehicle safely
• lane keeping:
− on turns
− curves
− straight lines
• positioning the vehicle for a 90 degree turn
• brake application and smoothness when applying
• judgement of braking distances at normal stops such as
stop signs
• indicator signalling before movement (minimum of 3
seconds) and cancelling signal after completion of the
movement
• general observation while:
− adjusting your mirrors, seat belt and seat
− turning
− lane changing
− approaching intersections.

The road test will take about 30 minutes to complete and you must
achieve a minimum of 80% to pass.

Activity 3: Obtain guide to heavy vehicle test
Obtain from your vehicle licensing department a ‘Guide to Heavy

Vehicle Test’ (it may be called something else in your
state/territory).
This will give you a description of the performance checks required

in your on-road test.
Termination of your road test will occur for any of the following
reasons:
• disobeying a stop sign or red traffic signal
• failing to give way
• colliding with a vehicle, pedestrian or fixed object
• performing an illegal manoeuvre
• exceeding the speed limit
• refusing to attempt any manoeuvre
• repeated failure to follow instructions
• action that required outside help to avoid a collision
• lack of control over vehicle (or self)
• causing a dangerous situation
• mounting a kerb with any one wheel.

Activity 4: Consequences of driving unroad-worthy vehicle
Tick the correct answer.
If you drive an unroad-worthy vehicle:
Yes No
• you may be liable for a fine  
• you and the owner may be liable for a fine  
• you may have your registration plates  
removed.
You should adjust your vehicle’s mirrors:

• before entering your vehicle  
• as you move off  
• after adjusting the seat.  
You should do regular mechanical inspections:

• once a week  
• once a month  
• once every three months.  

Guide.

Defensive driving
Being technically or legally in the right is no compensation for the
death, injury or property damage that road accidents can cause.
A good defensive driver will:

• avoid causing accidents
• avoids becoming involved in accidents caused by other
road users
• know and obey road laws and regulations
• minimises danger by being alert and considerate.
Observation skills
Good defensive driving requires superior observation skills. You need

to know what is happening all around your vehicle.
Failure to observe carefully is a major cause of accidents. Although
drivers look ahead, most don’t look far enough, nor do they analyse
what they see. You must see what is happening ahead of your vehicle
or you will not have sufficient time to take necessary action.
Your superior observation skills will involve:

• scanning the road ahead as far as possible
• frequent checking of all mirrors for traffic to the rear and
both sides of your vehicle
• paying close attention to your own vehicles performance.

Activity 5: What evasive action would you take in the

following example?
What action would you take if you sighted a vehicle approaching

from the rear, which was weaving from one side of the road to the
other?
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Guide.

Space cushion
Defensive drivers maintain a safe ‘space cushion’ all around their
vehicle. The space cushion is the distance between your vehicle and
other vehicles around you. This gives you room to stop, change lanes
or take any necessary action without danger to you, your vehicle or
other road users.
Space ahead
The space ahead is most important. Following another vehicle too
closely is one of the most common, avoidable causes of collision. Some
authorities recommend that you have one second of following interval
for every 3 metres of vehicle length. Thus, if your vehicle is 17 metres
long, your following interval should be about 6 seconds.
Most State and Territories have legislation specifying a minimum

following distance (usually 60 metres) between heavy vehicles outside
built up areas. In good driving conditions your vehicle should be at
least 4 seconds behind the vehicle directly in front of you.
If conditions are poor due to rain, low visibility or bad road surfaces,
this space should be increased to 8 seconds. If the conditions are very
poor it should be increased even further. Following another vehicle
too closely is one of the most common, avoidable causes of collision.
Space to the sides
The space cushion on your sides can also be maximised by keeping to
the centre of your lane. Don’t pass too close to parked cars. Allow at
least 1 metre and preferably 2 metres if space permits. It’s best to
leave enough room for a carelessly opened car door or a person
standing next to a parked car.
Keep to the left when approaching oncoming traffic and on multi-‐lane
roads.
Don’t drive beside another vehicle for longer than necessary. Keeping
clear of other vehicles on either side allows you another ‘way out’ in
case of emergency.

Space behind
Obviously, the space cushion behind your vehicle is mainly under the
control of the driver following you. However, you can help the other
driver keep the correct distance by:
• maintaining a constant speed
• slowing down gradually
• avoiding sudden stops
• signalling any manoeuvres well ahead.
If you are being tailgated, (followed too closely), slow down gradually
and let the other driver pass as soon as possible.
Space above
With most trucks the space overhead is also important. You must
know the height of:
• your vehicle (including the load)
• power lines along your route
• bridge(s) along your route
• awnings on buildings you drive near.

Activity 6: What space cushion would you leave in the

following example?
If you are driving a Light Rigid Vehicle when visibility and road
conditions are poor due to bad weather or road surface, what space
cushion should you leave?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Guide.

Driver vision
Truck drivers can see over traffic, crests and around bends better than
car drivers due to their height above the road, but all-‐around vision is
restricted by:
• corner pillars
• bonnets
• rear vision mirrors
• load
• trailer bodies
• air filters.
A good defensive driver is always conscious of these blind spots and
watches for vehicles or pedestrians moving into them.

Activity 7: What are the blind spots on your vehicle?
Demonstrate to your trainer that you understand the blind spots on

your vehicle. List them below.
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Guide.

Road rules
Signs and road markings tell you about laws you must obey.
For example, keep left unless overtaking means you must keep to the
left lane unless you are passing another vehicle travelling in the same
direction.

Activity 8: Identify road traffic signs?
On the next page, draw (or paste pictures of) the following signs:
• Keep Left
• No Right Turn
• No Entry
• Stop
• Give way
• 60 kph
• 100 kph.

Keep left No Right Turn
No Entry Stop
Give way 60 kph
100 kph

Guide.

To assist you in recognising these and other road regulation signs,
obtain a copy of your state/territory:
• Road Regulations, or
• Road Traffic Code, or
• Traffic Handbook (Victorian Bus and Truck Driver’s
Handbook).

Activity 9: What are your state/territory regulations regarding

railway crossings?
What is your state/territory legal requirement on railway crossings

for vehicles carrying bulk inflammable, explosive or dangerous
goods?
____________________________________________________
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Ask your trainer to give you a test of ten questions from your
state/territory road and transport authority regulations.
These questions have been taken from the Victorian Traffic

Handbook. Your state/territory regulations may differ so use your
state/territory regulations.
Do vehicle seats have to be secured to the vehicle?
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What are the laws regarding seatbelts?
____________________________________________________
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Can you ride on the outside of a motor vehicle?
____________________________________________________
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What are the regulations regarding opening a door and leaving a

vehicle?
____________________________________________________
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What is the law regarding control and vision of your vehicle?
____________________________________________________
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What is the law regarding interference with the driver’s control of a

vehicle?
____________________________________________________
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What is the law regarding trailer weight and control of a vehicle?
____________________________________________________
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What is the law regarding the use of telephones while driving a

vehicle?
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What is the law regarding the safe condition of your vehicle?
____________________________________________________
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What is the law regarding noise and emissions from your vehicle?
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What is the law regarding driving a vehicle in reverse?
____________________________________________________
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Ask your trainer how you did in the test:

Guide.

Activity 10: What would you do in the following examples?
Where would someone stand to guide you when you are reversing?
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Must you give-way to pedestrians when turning?
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Guide.

Giveway rules
You will be required to give-‐way in various situations. For example:
• at intersections where there are no lights or signs
• when joining a stream of traffic from a parked position
• when making a U turn
• when changing lanes
• when entering or leaving the road from private premises.

Activity 11: Demonstrate for your trainer examples of the give-

way rule
Demonstrate for your trainer, while driving, three of the five

examples of the give-way rule.
Ask your trainer for feedback on how you performed.

Night driving
To be able to see clearly and observe carefully while driving at night,
you require a clean windscreen. The dazzle from oncoming vehicles
through a dirty windscreen makes it difficult to see. Having a dirty
windscreen also strains your eyes and brings on fatigue. You should
clean your windscreen inside and out, and make sure that washers and
wipers are in good condition. Don’t forget to clean your mirrors.
Your lights must be:

• in good condition
• clean
• adjusted correctly.
Dazzle is a constant problem with night driving. Don’t look directly at
the lights of oncoming vehicles. If drivers fail to dip their lights, resist
the temptation to ‘get even’. Switching your lights to high beam only
increases the chance of a collision.
Do the right thing by dipping your lights for oncoming drivers and for
drivers you are following.

Activity 12: How would you avoid being dazzled by oncoming

vehicle?
What should you do to avoid being dazzled by an oncoming vehicle

lights?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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Guide.

Driver fatigue
When driving at night there is a high risk of fatigue. This is due to the
natural inclination of the body to ‘shut down’ in response to biological
rhythms. The risk is greatest in the early hours of the morning. Beware
of ‘highway hypnosis’ in which the constant repetition of the white or
yellow lines induces a trance-‐like state, leaving the driver effectively
asleep at the wheel with their eyes open.
Driver Fatigue is a major cause of accidents in Australia. It accounts for
more than 30% of all fatal truck crashes on highways.
Most accidents caused by fatigue occur between 11 pm and 8 am, the
body’s normal sleeping time.

Activity 13: What other factors can cause driver fatigue?
What other factors can cause driver fatigue?
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When is the best time to drive?
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What are the signs of driver fatigue?
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Guide.

Stress
Stress can also affect your driving. Statistics show that if you have
problems at work or home, you are 5 times more likely to be involved
in an accident. Personal problems, for example can affect your driving.
Your accident rate can more than double during the 6 months before
and after divorce.

Activity 14: What would you do in the following

circumstances?
Tick the box with the correct answer.
If you are tired when driving, the best thing to do is:

• turn on the radio and open the windows 
• drink coffee to stay awake 
• continue to drive at a slower speed 
• pull off the road and rest. 
As a professional driver alcohol can be drunk:

• if you’re also drinking coffee to keep alert 
• during driving hours if it is in moderation 
• if you need to reduce tension while driving 
• after you have completed your driving for the day. 

Guide.

System driving
System driving makes sure the driver approaches high work-‐load

situations:
• at the correct speed
• in the right gear
• in the correct position on the road.
This allows the driver to safely avoid or negotiate a hazard and drive
the vehicle clear of it. The system of vehicle control which is described
below is widely considered to be the most efficient method.
The six features of system driving are as follows:

• plan the approach:
− observe the hazard and decide on the correct line to safely and
efficiently approach and negotiate it
• mirrors and signals:
− mirrors are used to check surrounding traffic when changing
course or altering speed; always signal your intentions by using
your indicators
• adjust speed:
− slow down to negotiate the hazard safely
• gears and mirrors:
− select the best gear to safely negotiate the hazard, with
enough power to pull away; again, check surrounding traffic by
using your mirrors; also use your mirrors to observe the
position of the rear wheels when turning the vehicle
• evasive action:
− avoid or negotiate the hazard by stopping, turning,
accelerating, sounding the horn, or whatever action does not
endanger the safety of other road users
• acceleration:
− the correct amount of acceleration is used to leave the hazard
safely, taking into account the vehicle, road surface, traffic
conditions and load.
You must practise this system so that it becomes automatic.
See the diagram on the next page showing the processes required to
complete a left turn.


Activity 15: What rules apply in a give way situation?
Tick the box with the correct answer.
When other vehicles are required to give way to you at an

intersection, you should:
• always offer to give way to other trucks 
• signal all other drivers to see if they want to go first. 
• give-way to any drivers who look like they will not
give way to you 
• always take right of way so as not to confuse 
other drivers.

Guide.

Concentration
A very important part of truck driving is concentration.
Often, a driver is confronted with several tasks at one time.
This many occur when negotiating a hazard or even during routine
driving.
These high workload situations cause stress, skill failure and accidents.
Driving to a system helps you to handle most driver critical situations.
The systematic sequence guarantees:

• all vital actions get the required attention
• vital actions are carried out at the best time
• all vital actions receive the driver’s full skill and ability
• peak workload and driver stress are greatly reduced
• the driver is better able to deal with emergencies.

Dimensions
Both owner and driver are guilty of an offence if dimension limits are
exceeded.

Maximum overall dimensions (without permit)
Vehicle Height Width Length
(m) (m) (m)
Rigid truck or bus 4.3 2.5 12.5
Controlled access bus 4.3 2.5 14.5
Articulated bus 4.3 2.5 18.0
Semi-‐trailer 4.3 2.5 13.7
A pig trailer or dog trailer 4.3 2.5 11.0
A prime mover and semi-‐trailer combination, 4.3 2.5 19.0
pig trailer and trailer combination and a bus
and trailer combination
B-‐double (on approved routes) 4.3 2.5 25.0
Mass weight
The mass weight of a vehicle which can be driven without permit,
depends on:
• vehicle type
• vehicle sort
• the number of tyres at 165 kpa and noted load capacity of
axle.
Refer to your vehicle manufacturer’s handbook for information on the
mass weight limit of your vehicle.
The total weight and size of the loaded vehicle or trailer must not
exceed the gross vehicle mass (GVM) on the registration record.

Over dimension permits
When you wish to transport a load that is above the legal limit for
mass, height, width or length, you will require a permit.
You must contact your state/territory licensing department before you

drive the vehicle.
Remember both owner and driver are guilty if a vehicle does not
comply with the regulations.
Loading
Your vehicle should be loaded and driven in such a way as to prevent
danger to any person, or damage to any property.
Why loads shift
Under normal driving conditions, your vehicle and its load will be
affected by:
• forward braking
• reverse braking
• acceleration
• cornering
• hills
• road camber
• air flow and wind
• road conditions.
It is part of your job as driver to see that any loads on your vehicle are
properly secured.
How to carry a load safely
If you wish to carry a safe load on your vehicle, you must:
− choose a suitable vehicle for the type and size of load
− position the load correctly and according to accepted practice.
• use suitable restraining equipment which is serviceable
and functional
− provide adequate load restraint suitable for the expected
conditions of each trip, to prevent movement; the load

restraint must be capable of resisting each of the forces
covered under loading.
Load restraint methods
Load restraint can be indirect, direct, or a combination of both.
Indirect restraint is when a load is prevented from moving by the
friction forces between the load and the vehicle. This friction (or
pressure) is increased by using tie-‐down lashings.
Direct restraint is when the load is prevented from moving by:
• containers, such as:
− tankers
− tippers
− bodies
− cages
• blocking with headboards, sidegates and tailgates:
− attaching it to the vehicle, with twistlocks and direct lashings.

Activity 16: Arrange cargo on your vehicle
Tick the incorrect answer.
In arranging cargo on your truck, you should:

• place heavy items at the rear of the load 
• place heavy items close to the centre-line 
of the vehicle
• distribute the mass as evenly as possible 
• stack heavy items at the bottom. 
Which of the following is incorrect?
You should check the balance of the load 

and redistribute it if necessary whenever
you remove or add cargo.
Friction cannot be relied upon to prevent 

movement of cargo.
Keeping the overall load height low reduces stability. 

Braking places higher forces on load
restraints than does acceleration. 
The person responsible for making sure the load is appropriate for
any vehicle is:
• the owner 
• the manufacturer of the goods 
• the driver. 

Guide.

Dangerous goods
Dangerous goods are any chemical substances, products or articles which

are dangerous to people or the environment. This is because they are:
• poisonous
• corrosive
• explosive or they present a risk of fire.
Empty uncleaned containers which have contained dangerous goods

are also classified as dangerous.
Explosives and radioactive substances are covered under specific

codes:
• The Australian Code for the Transportation of Explosives
by Rail or Road
• Code of Practice for the Safe Transportation of Radioactive
Substances.
Responsibilities
The people responsible for carrying dangerous goods are:

• consignors
• prime contractors
• the owner of the vehicle
• drivers
• people in charge of loading and unloading
• people in change of transporting dangerous goods.
Your responsibility as a driver

• The driver of a dangerous goods vehicle must have the
correct documents, supplied by the consignor. These
documents must show in English:
− the name of the product
− the class number of the product
− subsidiary risk class number (if any)
− packing group
− total net quantity of each product
− number of packages of each type

− consignor’s name
− the type of outer packaging, drum, carton, bags
− emergency procedures guides (EPG’s).
Emergencies
If there is a fire or spill, you must:

• first report the accident to a police officer or a fire service
• warn people who may be at risk
• follow instructions given by “Emergency Procedures
Guides” (EPGs)
• display reflective warning signs
• provide assistance and information to the police and fire
service.
Police and emergency vehicles
Emergency vehicles can include:

• ambulances
• fire units
• police cars
• emergency services units.
You must get out of the way of a police or emergency vehicle when its
siren or lights are on. Stop, if necessary, even if you have a green light.
You must also stop if the twin red lights outside a fire station or
ambulance station are flashing.
After an accident
There are certain things you must do if you are involved in an accident.
These are:
• stop immediately
• protect the area to make sure another crash doesn’t occur
• give assistance to any injured person
• send for police and ambulance if anyone is injured
• exchange the following information with the other driver:
− names
− addresses

− registration numbers
− vehicle owner’s names
− insurance companies
• remove all debris from the road
• if there is only property damage and the owner (or
representative) is not present, report the crash to the
nearest police station
• report to the nearest police station if anyone is injured and
Police did not attend the crash scene.
Penalty
If you do not stop and give assistance after being involved in a crash or
accident causing death or injury you can be fined up to $8,000.00
and/or be imprisoned for up to two years. You will also lose your
licence for two years (this is Victorian legislation, the laws in your
state/territory may differ).
Crash management and First Aid
The key things you need to do are:

• make the crash scene safe
• check the victims -‐ see they are breathing
• stop heavy bleeding
• keep victim still.

Activity 17: If you are involved in an accident
Tick the correct answers.
If your vehicle is involved in a crash you must first stop and then,
before doing anything else:
• care for the injured 
• protect the area so another crash won’t happen 
• exchange names, addresses and registration 
numbers.
If you stop your vehicle at a crash site, you should:

• park very close to the crash 
• put on your hazard lights 
• first notify the authorities. 

Guide.

Consumption of alcohol and other drugs
Accident statistics show that alcohol is a factor in 40 -‐ 50% of all fatal
road accidents and that 75% of drivers killed in single vehicle road
accidents have been drinking alcohol.
Alcohol affects all drivers.
Some of the effects are that it:

• reduces your judgement
• gives a false sense of confidence
• is harder to do more than one thing at a time
• adds to your sleepiness if you are already tied
• impairs your balance.
Other drugs
Beware of drugs that have not been prescribed by your doctor. Ask
your doctor or chemist what are the effects of any prescribed drugs
that you might be taking.

Section 2
Vehicle preparation

Section outline
Vehicle suspension
Vehicle steering
Air brakes
Vehicle Pre-‐Departure Checklist

Pre-departure vehicle check
For part of this inspection you should ask your trainer for assistance.
Lights, reflectors and signs
Lights, reflectors and signs on your vehicle should be:

• clean
• securely attached
• clearly visible.
Also, check the following:

• red and yellow marker plates (if required)
• dangerous goods labels correctly displayed and readable
• headlights
• parking lights
• tail lights
• number plate light
• brake lights and warning buzzer
• turning lights and warning buzzer
• hazard warning lights
• running lights.
Remember to turn the ignition key and all switches ‘OFF’ afterwards.

Activity 18: Check your headlights and other globes
Does your company have a headlight tester and aligning board?
Yes  No 
If yes, ask your mechanic how it works. Ask him to show you on
your vehicle.
Can you change the indicator globes on your vehicle?
Yes  No 
If not ask the mechanic to show you how.

Air suspension
After the air pressure has built up you must:
• check that the bellows are supporting the vehicle and your vehicle
is level
• make sure the bellows are not in contact with other parts, and not
damaged
• listen for air leaks in the system.
Steering
Ask your trainer to help you check your vehicle steering system.
With the front wheels in a straight ahead position, test the steering by
turning the steering wheel one way then the other, checking for loose
play.
If the vehicle has power steering, these checks will be carried out with
the engine running. You must be sure the parking brake is applied and
the rear wheels are chocked.
Also listen for any unusual sound from the power steering pump.

Activity 19: Check your vehicle steering
Check the following with the assistance of your trainer:
Yes No
Is there free play in your steering?  

Is there looseness in steering joints?  
Are there unusual noises in the steering pump?  
Are there air leaks in the air system?  
If you answered ‘No’ to all of the above then your steering system
requires no further action. If you answered ‘Yes’ to any of the
above then you must have the vehicle checked by your mechanic.

Clutch
Check the free play of your clutch by pushing in the pedal until a slight
resistance is felt. Normal free play is between 5 cm and 25 cm.
Transmission
With the engine running and the clutch pedal held down, check that
the gear lever and other transmission controls operate properly.
Pedals
Check that the rubber pads are properly fitted and in good order. In
particular, make sure to press the accelerator firmly to the floor (with
the engine switched OFF) checking that it shows no sign of sticking or
jamming.

Activity 20: Check vehicle clutch pedal play
Demonstrate to your trainer the checks necessary to show that the

clutch has no free play and the transmission controls are operating
correctly.
Are all the pedal pad rubbers properly fitted and in good order?
Yes  No 
If no, ask your trainer what should you do to correct the problem?
List his answer below for future reference.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

Air brakes
Pressures and times quoted in this section are intended as typical
examples only. Check your vehicle operating manual, or ask your
trainer what the figures should be for your vehicle.
The following is a step by step procedure which will enable you to
carry out a complete weekly or pre-‐trip inspection of your air brake
system.
1. Immobilise the vehicle
Park vehicle on firm level ground and apply parking brakes. All
wheels on at least one drive axle should be securely chocked, front
and rear. During this inspection all brakes will be released.

NOTE: Do not perform this air brake inspection if these conditions
cannot be met.
2. Drain all air (wet) tanks
Empty all air from the tanks by opening the drain valves. This is
done in order to remove condensed moisture (water) from the
tanks and to allow checking of other parts in the system.
Water in the system causes corrosion and decreases brake life.
Watch for signs of oil in the drained water. If any oil is present, the
compressor may need servicing. Close all drain cocks after the
system has been drained.
NOTE: Brake system manufacturers recommend that air tanks be

drained daily.
3. Start engine
Turn the ignition key on. The low pressure warning buzzer
and/or light should begin operating continuously. Start the
engine and run at fast idle (approximately 1000 rpm) to
build up pressure in the reservoirs. While pressure is
building, take careful note of the items mentioned in steps
4, 5 and 6.
4. Low pressure warning cut-‐off
The low pressure warning device should continue
operating until the air pressure reaches at least 410 kPa.
5. Rate of pressure build-‐up
Check the time taken for the pressure to increase from 350
kPa to 600 kPa. This time will vary from one vehicle to
another depending on the tank capacities, type of
compressor, and engine speed used. You should record

the actual time taken and watch for any change each time
you repeat the test (always using the same speed). Have
the system checked if:
• the time varies by more than one minute
• on the first time you do this test, the times exceed five minute.
(five minutes may be a satisfactory time if tank capacity is large
or the engine speed is set low, but have it checked to be sure).
If service and reserve tanks are fed through individual
check valves, pressure build-‐up should be steady and equal
on both gauges.
In other systems where the reserve tank is fed from the
service tank through a charging valve, the service gauge
will reach a predetermined pressure before the reserve
tank begins to build up.
6. Maximum cut-‐off pressure
Check the pressure at which the unloader valve operates.
This should be at least 690 kPa. If outside this range, have
it checked.
7. Release parking or spring brakes
Check that the vehicle is on firm level ground and the
wheels are chocked (as in step 1). Release the parking
brake, make sure the tractor protection valve is in the
‘normal’ position. This makes sure that all brakes are
released, including the spring brake if fitted.
8. Pressure loss with system standing
Run the engine until maximum pressure has been reached
and then shut it down. While the vehicle stands for five
minutes note any drop in pressure (it may help to lightly
tap the pressure gauge if it appears to be sticking). If the
pressure drop in five minutes exceeds 35 kPa the system
should be checked.
Where time permits, this check can be performed more
accurately by allowing the vehicle to stand for ten minutes
and watching for a pressure drop of no more than 70 kPa.
9. Apply the brakes
Apply the brakes fully and hold the brake pedal to the floor
and holding it there, the pressure drop should not be more
than 85 kPa. Excessive pressure drop as the brakes are
applied can be due to a fault in the system or may indicate
that the brakes need adjusting.

Continue to hold the brakes on for one, two minutes. Any
further pressure drop should not be faster than 15 kPa per
minute for rigid vehicles, or 20 kPa per minute for
articulated or combination vehicles. If the above limits are
exceeded, have the system checked.
10. Loss of pressure protection
With the engine switched OFF, reduce air pressure in the
tanks by repeatedly pumping the brake pedal. The low Air
Pressure warning device should begin operating within the
range of 280 kPa to 410 kPa, and the tractor protector
valve should switch from ‘normal’ to ‘emergency’ position
within the range 140 kPa to 310 kPa.
11. Apply the parking brakes
Re-‐apply the parking brakes and start the engine to build
up full pressure.


Activity 21: Drain your vehicle’s air tanks
Demonstrate to your trainer how to park the vehicle, check the

brakes and drain the air tanks. Explain to your trainer why it is
important to drain the air tanks daily.

Guide.

Activity 22: Check your vehicle’s low pressure cut-off
Check your vehicle manufacturer’s manual, and compare the low

pressure warning cut-off. Does the pressure match the example
given above? If not, at what pressure does your vehicle warning
device cut off?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
How long does it take for your air pressure to build up to the correct
operating pressure?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Have you checked to see if the pressure build-up time varies?
Yes  No 
If no, you should do it now and remember to check it on a regular

basis.

Activity 23: Demonstrate for your trainer brake checks
Demonstrate to your trainer the recommended checks as listed in

items 7 to 10. These checks are necessary for your safety and for
that of other road users.

Air brakes adjustment
If air brake adjustment is required, it must only be done by a qualified
person. You will also need to ask your trainer for help. The procedure
which follows is designed to help you check brake adjustment.
Push rod movement
With the air tanks fully charged and the parking brakes released, note
the movement of the brake chamber push-‐rod for one of the wheels as
your assistant applies and releases the foot brake. Total movement
should not be more than the distance specified in the manual.
Safety tip
Keep you fingers out of the linkage when carrying out this check.
Repeat the check for each of the other wheels. If push-‐rod movement
varies greatly from one wheel to another or exceeds specifications,
have the brakes checked.

Activity 24: Carry out the following brake checks
With the assistance of your trainer, check the tractor protection

valve and return the system to normal.
From the manufacturer’s manual, find out what your vehicle brake
cylinder push-rod movement should be on each wheel. List the
figures below for future reference.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
With the assistance of your trainer, check the brake cylinder push-
rod movement on your vehicle, compare these with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

Hydraulic brakes
If the parking brake is not mounted on the transmission it will need to
be released for this check, so you must chock the wheels.
With the engine running:
• release the parking brake
• apply the foot brake normally. If the pedal moves more than half-‐
way down, adjustment or bleeding of the system is required.
Bleeding the air from the system may also be necessary if the pedal
feels soft or ‘spongy’ rather than firm.

NOTE: Re apply the parking brake after this check.
Pedal travel firmness
Slow application check
Apply the foot brake very slowly taking about 15 seconds to achieve
full pedal travel. If the pedal goes all the way to the floor or noticeably
further than usual, hydraulic seals in the system may be leaking. Have
the system checked.
Maximising pressure check
With the engine running, rapidly pump the pedal three times, then
apply brakes with the maximum force possible. Hold the application
for about five seconds. If the pedal moves further down during this
time, service is required.
The previous two checks do not apply to all over hydraulic systems.
Vacuum assisted system
For vacuum assisted brakes, first inspect the brakes as explained in the
previous section, ‘Hydraulic brakes,’ then carry out the following
additional checks of the vacuum system:
• run the engine until maximum vacuum is reached in the
vacuum reservoir
• vacuum loss brakes are applied with the engine switched
off; fully apply the brakes and note the rate of vacuum loss
(tap the gauge if the needle is sticking). If the vacuum is
lost at a rate of more than 12 mm per minute, the system
should be checked

• with the engine switched off, pump the brakes until the
low vacuum warning signal operates; if the signal does not
operate before the pressure drops below 200 mm, the
system should be checked
• check that all hoses are properly secured and in good
condition
• check that the air filter on the vacuum assistance unit is
not blocked and correctly fitted.

Activity 25: Demonstrate to your trainer the operation of your

vehicle’s vacuum assisted brake system
Demonstrate to your trainer all the checks necessary to prove the

correct operation of your vacuum assisted brake system. Carry out
the checks on your vehicle.
Continue the demonstration by checking:

• system operation with the vehicle moving
• parking brakes
• steering.
NOTE: The on road check is completed after driving for

approximately 50 kilometres.

System operation-check vehicle moving
In this final part of your vehicle inspection, the vehicle will need to be
driven. Seek the assistance of your trainer to carry out these checks.
Before starting you should:
• apply the parking brake
• remove the wheel chocks
• check that the surrounding area is clear of traffic and other
obstructions.
Brakes
Parking brakes
Stop the vehicle, firmly apply the parking brakes and gently try to
move off again. The vehicle should not move. If it does, the parking
brake should be checked before the vehicle is driven.
Check brake operation
Drive the vehicle forward in first gear at about 5 km/h (walking pace)
and then apply the foot brakes as hard as you would in an emergency.
If the brakes pull to one side, respond sluggishly or feel unusual in any
way, they should be checked and adjusted before driving the vehicle.
To adjust brakes, locate vehicle in a safe secure location. Chock wheels
and raise vehicle off the ground and support on suitable stands.
Remove adjustment slot covers from rear of support plate. Insert the
correct adjusting tool and rotate starwheel until lining drags on the
drum. To tighten, move tool handle toward axle while using inner side
of adjuster slot as a fulcrum for tool, rotating starwheel teeth away
from axle. Back off starwheel while rotating drum forward, until drag
is just relieved, from this point back off adjuster an additional 8 to 10
notches to provide running clearance, replace slot covers.
Lower vehicle off support stands and drive and check brakes.

Steering
Drive vehicle slowly forward (5 km/h,) and turn the steering wheel to
right full lock then left full lock. Check for any thing unusual,
particularly strange noises, scrapes or knocks.
On road check
After driving the first 50 kilometres of a trip, stop in a safe place away
from traffic flow and briefly check around the vehicle. For example,
you should check:
• temperature of the tyres
• hubs
• brake drums.
NOTE: High temperatures could indicate an under inflated tyre, a

binding brake or faulty wheel bearing.
Check for
• oil leaks
• water leaks
• other leaks
• make sure the load is still secure.

Activity 26: Carry out vehicle safety pre-departure check
Carry out a vehicle safety pre-departure check.
Vehicle pre-departure check

Date:__________________ Vehicle registration number: _______________
Inspected by: ___________________________
Under bonnet OK Product added Details

Engine oil
Coolant
Fuel
Clutch fluid
Brake fluid
Screen wash fluid
Ancillary drive belts
Inside vehicle before starting Immediate response Faulty response

engine
Oil pressure gauge
Alternator gauge
Air pressure gauge
Fuel quantity gauge
other gauge(s)
Parking brake on
Inside vehicle start engine OK Unfit/stop engine

Oil pressure engine
Alternator
Air pressure
Windscreen wipers
Windscreen washers

In side vehicle turn on lights Fit Details

Headlights - low beam
Headlights - high beam
Hazard lights
Visual rear brake
Right front Fit Details

Right front tyre
Appearance/rebound
Wall damage
Abnormal tread wear
Right front wheel
nuts/wedges tight
Right front indicators
Regular blinking
Clearly visible
Centre front Fit Details
Headlight high/low both on even
Park lights - Clearly visible
Clearance lights - Clearly visible
Plates/signs - Present/legible
Windscreen - Clear vision
Oil leaks
Weeps
Drips
Pools
Exhaust leaks
Visible emissions
Noise leaks
Vehicle posture - Chassis even on
wheels


Left front Fit Details
Left front tyre
Appearance/rebound
Wall damage
Abnormal tread wear
Left front wheel
Nuts/wedges tight
Left front indicator
Regular blinking
Clearly visible
Left lockers/door(s) - latches
functional
Left side window(s) - clear visibility
Cab tit lock - Functional and locked
Spare wheel
Tread
Pressure
Security
Wheel change tools
Jack
Stand
Socket
Wrench
Bar
Warning triangles
Warning signs
Accessory tools
As per company requirements
Left rear Fit Details
Left rear tyres(s)
Appearance/rebound
Wall damage
Abnormal tread wear
Left rear wheel(s)
Nuts/wedges tight
Wheel guard/mud flaps


Centre rear Fit Details
Tail lights - Clearly visible
Brake lights - Clearly visible
Indicator lights - Clearly visible
Plates/signs - Present/legible
Oil leaks
Weeps
Drips
Pools
Exhaust leaks
Visible emissions
Along tailpipe
Vehicle posture - Chassis even with
wheels
Right rear Fit Details
Right rear tyre(s)
Appearance/rebound
Wall damage
Abnormal tread wear
Right rear wheel(s)
Nuts/wedges tight
Wheel guard/mudflaps
Air wet tank Fit Details
Service air wet tank
Emissions quality


Return to inside vehicle Fit Details
Right side door(s)
Latches functional
Right side window(s)
Opening functional
Clearly visible
Service brakes functional
Warning horn functional
Seat adjustment
Personal requirement
Check adjustment
Lock secure
Rear view mirrors
Adequate rear vision
Registration certificate
Current registration and
licence
Inside vehicle equipment
First Aid kit
Log book
Invoices
Carte notes
Maps etc
Passenger comforts
Magazines
Pillows
Videos, CDs
Rest room supplies
Dangerous goods safety equipment
to meet legislative requirements

Section 3
Drive vehicle in a safe efficient

manner

Section outline
Common steering faults
Front wheel skid
Gear selection
Safe braking

Common steering faults
Keeping good control of your vehicle requires that you avoid any of
the common driving faults:
• removing both hands from the steering wheel
• removing either hand from the steering wheel for a long
time
• allowing your hands to drop to the lower half of the
steering wheel
• turning the steering wheel too much or too little
• maintaining a turn too long resulting in the vehicle
following an erratic course
• making sudden or sharp deviation like cutting in or out too
sharply when overtaking can cause resonance roll
• entering bends or corners too fast
• braking while driving through bends and corners.
Front wheel skid
Front wheel skid occurs when the tyres lose their grip on the road
surface.
If this occurs during acceleration:

• ease off the accelerator
• straighten your front wheels
• apply brakes to slow or stop the vehicle
• accelerate gently and drive more carefully.
If this occurs during braking:

• ease off brakes
• straighten the front wheels
• when skidding has stopped, recommence braking and
steering more gently.
A drive wheel skid
Drive wheel spin or lock up is usually due to excessive acceleration or
braking (sometimes made worse by oversteering). This is controlled in
the following ways:

• if due to excessive acceleration ease off the accelerator

until traction is regained and then gently re-‐apply the
accelerator
• if due to excessive braking ease off the brakes until
traction is regained and then brake more gradually and
gently
If the skid has caused the drive wheels to begin to move sideways you
will also need to make steering corrections:
• steer into the skid, that is, steer towards the direction in
which the drive wheels are skidding.
Gear selection
When to change gears
Engine manufacturers specify the engine Revs Per Minute (RPM) range
for maximum torque.
As a basic rule, when accelerating or climbing a hill with a load, you
should:
• up-‐shift when the engine speed is approaching the maximum limit.
On a flat road where power is not critical, you should select the gear
which enables the engine to run at its most economical speed. This

engine speed may be specified by the manufacturer and may be
slightly above the range specified for maximum torque.
Other gear changing indicators
If your vehicle is not fitted with a tachometer (rev counter), the
manufacturer may sometimes recommend road speed ranges for each
gear. The basic rule in this case is to change up to the next gear at the
high end of the speed range and down at the low end.
Experienced truck drivers also become used to the sound and feel (i.e.
vibrations) of the engine and may use these as guides in gear shifting.
This method should be used cautiously in modern vehicles because the
improved sound-‐proofing and the introduction of turbo-‐charged
engines (with maximum torque very low in the rev range) can mislead
drivers into shifting gears at the wrong speed.
The high torque range of a petrol engine is at higher speed and is not
as broad as that of a diesel engine. This means the petrol engine does
not have the same ability to ‘hang on’ in a gear as a diesel. Gear
changes will therefore need to be more frequent and at higher engine
speed.

Activity 27: What is your truck RPM engine speed?
What is the manufacturer’s (engine speed RPM) recommendation

for each gear change in the truck?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
If your vehicle is not fitted with a tachometer, what is the

manufacturer’s road speed range for each gear?
e.g. 1st gear 0-10 k.p.h.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

General gear shifting rules
Going up hills
You may have enough speed to climb a hill without changing gears.
However, if you begin to lose speed, you must down-‐shift to prevent
the engine from labouring. Remember climbing ability is greater if
engine speed is close to the recommended maximum.
Before going down a hill
Engine compression can help to hold the vehicle to a safe downhill
speed. Brakes alone can overheat and fade (lose braking power). Also
attempting to change gears on a steep hill can result in getting stuck
in neutral and losing control of the vehicle. Always reduce speed and
down-‐shift to the required gear before you begin the descent.
Before entering a sharp curve
Before you enter a sharp curve or a corner, reduce your speed. Then
down-‐shift to the gear which keeps the engine running near the middle
of its range. This enables you to
• slightly increase power through the curve, for added
stability
• accelerate smoothly as you come out of the curve
• use the engine to slow the vehicle, for avoiding hazards.

Activity 28: What is the purpose of the gears in your vehicle?
The purpose of gears in a truck is to:

• increase the engine energy capacity 
• spread the friction over more components 
• match road speed to best engine speed. 
When driving up a steep hill, the best gear to engage is:
• the lowest gear possible 
• the highest gear possible 
• the highest gear that maintains specified engine speed. 
When driving down a steep hill, a driver should:
• engage a higher gear 
• engage a lower gear during the descent 
• engage the required gear before descent. 
When slowing or stopping, gear changing should:
• include all intermediate ratios available 
• engage only the gear that will be next needed. 
When negotiating a sharp corner, the required gear is engaged:
• before entering the corner 
• at the sharpest point of the corner 
• during exit from the corner 
• immediately after leaving the corner. 
The gear changing difference between petrol and the diesel
engines is:
• diesel engines have higher torque at lower RPM 
• petrol engines pull better at low rpm 

The term ‘Skip shifting’ means that the driver:

• avoids de-clutching during gear shifts 
• engages the most suitable gear regardless of sequence. 
To engage a lower gear while moving on a slight downgrade:

• decrease speed to well below that of the lower gear 
• retain vehicle speed/gently decrease engine revs. 

Guide.

Activity 29: Using your vehicle brakes safely
Tick the correct answers.
On steep downhills, service brakes should be used:

• very few times during the descent 
• only for emergencies and unexpected conditions 
• by applying and releasing quickly and frequently. 
Brake performance can be dangerously affected by:
• water on the road surfaces 
• overheating through overuse 
• using gears which are too low for the hills 
• the nature of the road surface. 
To use brakes safely and efficiently you should:
• avoid braking in curves or corners if possible 
• use less braking for lighter loads 
• test your brakes after driving through water 
• press hard on the brake pedal. 

Guide.

Activity 30: What are four points of good defensive driving?
Write in the space below four points of good defensive driving.
1. _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

Guide.


Section 4
Completing a driver’s log book

Section outline
Instructions for completing driver’s log book
Completing a daily driving hours log sheet
Completing a four week summary page

Instructions for completing driver’s Log Book
Introduction
If you are required to carry and complete a log book, the law requires
you to follow these instructions.
1. All entries you make in the log book must use a permanent
method, preferably blue or black ink, and both the original and
duplicate must be legible. You must not make pencil entries.
2. If you drive a commercial bus you must record the driving and
non-‐driving times, and the time away from activities associated
with the bus or any load carried by it.
3. If you drive a commercial truck you must record the driving and
non-‐driving times, and the time away from activities associated
with the truck or any load carried by it.
4. If you drive a commercial truck you must record the driving and
non-‐driving times, and rest periods (i.e. time in a sleeping berth
or away from activities associated with the truck or any load
carried by it).
5. You must also record how much of your driving time was spent
in a commercial truck or commercial bus instructing a learner
driver, driving in another state/territory, driving on private
property or sitting in the driver’s seat with the engine running.
Daily driving hours logs – general
6. You must complete a separate daily driving hours log in the log
book for the full twenty-‐four hours of each day during which you
are the driver of a commercial bus or commercial truck as
follows:
• You must use the first daily driving hours log in the
log book when you commence to use the log book
and each day after that you must use the next
available daily driving hours log.
• Complete the entries in the daily driving hours log as
shown in the attached sample.

Note: sample is for truck driving hours.

• When you make the first entry for a day, complete

Part A of the daily driving hours log by ticking the
box for the day of the week and writing the date in
the place provided.
• Also when you make the first entry for a day, write
the registration number of the vehicle you are driving
in the box provided in Part B of the daily driving
hours log, as shown in the sample.
• After you have made your last entry in Part B of the
daily driving hours log for a particular day you must
complete the daily driving hours log by recording the
total number of hours for each activity in the space
provided in Part C. For recording purposes, non-‐
driving is divided into:
− rest-‐time away from activities associated with the
vehicle
− other non driving activities
• You must verify the entries by signing the daily
driving hours log.
• There is no need to record the number of hours or
verify the entries until you are making the first entry
for the next day.
Daily driving hours log – changes of activities

and timelines
7. You must make entries in Parts B and C of the daily driving hours
log, as set out in paragraphs 8 and 9 and the attached sample
driving hours log, whenever you change vehicles or you change
from one to another of the following activities:
• solo driving
• two-‐up driving (including periods as a passenger not
sleeping in a sleeping berth)
• non-‐driving time (includes periods as a passenger not
in a sleeping berth)
• non-‐driving time (includes time spent
loading/unloading a vehicle)
• rest-‐time away from activities associated with the
vehicle or any load carried by it.

8. When you change vehicle or vehicle types, enter the registration
number of the vehicle you are changing to and the name of your
location before you start to drive again.
9. You must record a change of activity in the daily driving hours log
as follows:
• Select a point in the activity timeline division which
represents the time the change of activity took place
and enter the name of the place at which the change
occurred in the space above that point.
• Draw a vertical line at that point through Part C as
shown in the following sample.
• Draw a horizontal line from that vertical line back
along the section which relates to the activity just
completed, until the horizontal line reaches the
vertical line representing the last change of activity
or the vertical line representing midnight if there has
been no change of activity since midnight.
Four week summary page

10. When you complete and sign a daily driving hours log in the log
book, write the total number of hours for each activity for that
day in the relevant section of the 4 week summary page as
shown in the sample.
(Note: sample is for truck driving hours.)
11. Drivers should also include in the 4 week summary page periods
of 24 (continuous) hours:
• non-‐driving periods (for trucks) and time away from
activities associated with the bus or any load carried
by it (for buses).
12. You must complete the remainder of the 4 week summary page
by following the examples shown in the attached sample 4 Week
summary page.
13. Within fourteen days of completing a 4 week summary page, you
must sign it and send the duplicate of the completed and signed
summary page to your employer’s main place of business.
If you are an employed driver, and you have worked for more than one
employer during the 4 Week period, the duplicate should be sent to
the main employer and copies to all other employers. If you are an
owner/driver, the duplicate should be sent to your main place of
business.

Activity 31: Completing a daily driving hours log

Using the daily driving hours log sample, record how much time
you spent driving your vehicle today.

Activity 32: Four week summary
Using the 4 week summary page sample, record how much time
you spent driving your vehicle during the past week.


Additional
resources

Paper based:
• The Australian Truck drivers Manual
• Load Restraint Guide
• The Victorian Bus and Truck Driver’s Handbook (or other
State/Territory handbooks)
• Relevant government Acts and legislation, covering light
vehicle road law and operation.
• specific heavy truck (trucks and/or buses), that reflect
range of vehicle systems technologies
• written assessment tasks, where required.

Feedback on
activities
The responses provided in this section are suggested responses.
Because every workplace is different, your responses may vary
according to your specific workplace procedures, the equipment
available and the nature of the business.

Activity 1: What is your licence category?
You are eligible for a Multi-Combination Licence after 3 years of

driving a Light Rigid vehicle.
Activity 2: How do you get a driver training?
a. It is recommended that you get professional driving instruction

for the type of vehicle you expect to drive.
b. No.
Activity 4: Consequences of driving unroad-worthy vehicle
If you drive an unroad-worthy vehicle:
Yes No
• you may be liable for a fine  
• you and the owner may be liable for a fine  
• you may have your registration plates removed.  
You should adjust your vehicle’s mirrors:

• before entering your vehicle  
• as you move off  
• after adjusting the seat.  
You should do regular mechanical inspections:

• once a week  
• once a month  
• once every three months.  
Activity 5: What evasive action would you take in the

following example?
If possible carefully pull off to the side of the road until the other
vehicle has passed. Do not increase speed in an attempt to keep in
front of the other vehicle.

Activity 6: What space cushion would you leave in the

following example?
8 seconds.
Activity 7: What are the blind spots on your vehicle?
• corner pillars
• bonnets
• rear vision mirrors
• the load
• trailer bodies
• air filters.
Activity 8: Identify road traffic signs?
Paste pictures of the following signs on this page:
Keep Left
No right turn
No Entry

Stop
Give way
60 kph
100 kph

Activity 9: What are your state/territory regulations regarding

railway crossings?
Obtain this information from your state/territory regulatory authority.
Do vehicle seats have to be secured to the vehicle?

• vehicle occupants to be seated in properly constructed and
secure seats
• if you are the driver of, or a passenger in or on, a moving
vehicle, you must be seated in a properly constructed and
secure seat.
This does not apply if:

• you are in a category that is exempted by a notice placed by the
Roads Corporation in the Government Gazette
• you have a certificate from the Roads Corporation, stating that
you do not have to be seated.
Seat belts must be worn?

• if you are the driver of, or a passenger in or on, a moving
vehicle and a seat belt is available you must wear it, properly
adjusted and fastened.
This does not apply in any of the following circumstances:

• you are in a category that is exempted by a notice placed by the
Roads Corporation in the Government Gazette
• you have a certificate from the Roads Corporation, stating that
you do not have to wear a seat belt
• you are driving the vehicle in reverse
• you are a passenger under the age of 16 and you are properly
restrained in accordance with Regulation 1603 or are exempt
under that Regulation
• you have with you, and produce on the request of a member of
the police force or an authorised officer of the Roads
Corporation, a certificate that is no more than 3 years old, from
a doctor stating that, because of a medical condition or physical
disability, you should not have to wear the seat belt
• you are making door to door deliveries of bread, milk,
newspapers, or similar goods and you are travelling at no more
than 25 kilometres per hour.

Keeping entirely inside a motor vehicle:
If you are travelling in a motor vehicle (except a motorcycle), you

must not ride on the outside of the motor vehicle, or put any part of
your body outside a window or door of the motor vehicle unless:
• while driving the motor vehicle you are giving a hand signal as
described in Regulation 403
• you are collecting garbage or waste and you are riding safely on
a motor vehicle travelling at no more than 25 kilometres per
hour.
Opening doors and getting out a vehicle:
You must not:

• open a door of a vehicle or leave it open
• get off or get out of, a vehicle, if that would create a risk to
another person using the road or would get in the way of traffic.
Control of vehicles:
• you must not drive a vehicle, unless you have full control over
the vehicle and a full view of the road and traffic ahead and to
each side of you
• if you are diving a motor vehicle, you must also have a rear
vision mirror adjusted to give a clear view of any overtaking
vehicle.
Passengers not to interfere with the driver’s control of a vehicle:

• if you are a passenger in or on a vehicle, you must not interfere
with the driver’s control of the vehicle or get in the way of his or
her view of the road or traffic.
Control of vehicles with trailers or other vehicles attached:

• you must not drive a vehicle with a trailer or other vehicle
attached to it if the size, weight or loading of the trailer or other
vehicle prevents you from safely controlling the vehicle, or the
trailer or other vehicle.
Use of telephones or microphones while driving a motor vehicle:

• if you are driving a motor vehicle, you must not use a hand-held
telephone or microphone, unless you have written approval
from the Roads Corporation.
Vehicles to be in good order:

• you must take reasonable steps to make sure that a vehicle that
is owned or driven by you or under your control, is not driven or
towed unless it is in a safe condition.

Offensive noise, smoke and smell from a vehicle:

• you must take reasonable steps to make sure that a vehicle that
is owned or driven by you or under your control, is not driven if it
gives off smoke, a vapour, or a noise or smell that is offensive
or dangerous to the public
• however, you are not guilty of an offence if the smoke, vapour,
or offensive noise or smell is accidental and temporary.
Driving a motor vehicle in reverse:

• you must not drive a motor vehicle in reverse unless you can do
so safely. You must also not drive in reverse for more than a
reasonable distance.
Activity 10: What would you do in the following examples?
They must stand where they can see you and have a clear view of
the backing path that your vehicle will follow.
You must give way to pedestrians:

• who are crossing the street into which you are turning, whether
you are turning left or right
• when turning into a service station or car park
• at intersections with left-turn-with-care lanes.
Activity 12: How would you avoid being dazzled by oncoming

vehicle?
Don’t look directly at the lights of the oncoming vehicles but look
instead at the left side of the road ahead. If oncoming drivers fail to
dip their lights, resist the temptation to ‘get even’. This may
increase the chances of an accident.
Activity 13: What other factors can cause driver fatigue?
Driver fatigue can be caused by:

• lack of sleep
• continuous driving without frequent stops (after 2-3 hours
driving)
• lack of fresh air
• cabin temperature
• large or heavy meals

• constantly staring straight ahead in a fixed gaze.
The best time to drive is when you would normally be awake.
Signs of driver fatigue are:

• frequent yawning
• heavy eyelids
• dry mouth
• sore eyes
• shivering
• double vision.
Activity 14: What would you do in the following

circumstances?
If you are tired when driving, the best thing to do is:

• turn on the radio and open the windows 
• drink coffee to stay awake 
• continue to drive at a slower speed 
• pull off the road and rest. 
As a professional driver alcohol can be drunk?

• if you’re also drinking coffee to keep alert 
• during driving hours if it is in moderation 
• if you need to reduce tension while driving 
• after you have completed your driving for the day. 
Activity 15: What rules apply in a give way situation?
• always offer to give way to other trucks 

• signal all other drivers to see if they want to go first 
• give-way to any drivers who look like they will not
give way to you 
• always take right of way so as not to confuse other
drivers. 

Activity 16: Arrange cargo on your vehicle
In arranging cargo on your truck, you should.

• place heavy items at the rear of the load 
• place heavy items close to the centre-line of the 
vehicle
• distribute the mass as evenly as possible 
• stack heavy items at the bottom. 
Which of the following is incorrect?

• you should check the balance of the load and 
redistribute it if necessary whenever you remove
or add cargo
• friction cannot be relied upon to prevent 
movement of cargo
• keeping the overall load height low reduces 
stability
• braking places higher forces on load restraints 
than does acceleration.
The person responsible for making sure the load is appropriate for
any vehicle is:
• the owner 
• the manufacturer of the goods 
• the driver. 
Activity 17: If you are involved in an accident
• care for the injured 

• protect the area so another crash won’t happen 
• exchange names, addresses and registration
numbers. 
If you stop your vehicle at a crash site, you should

• park very close to the crash 
• put on your hazard lights 
• first notify the authorities. 

Activity 21: Drain your vehicle’s air tanks

Empty all air from the tank by opening the drain valves. This is
done in order to remove condensation moisture (water) from the
tank and to allow checking of other parts in the system.
Water in the system causes corrosion and decreases brake
component life. Watch for signs of oil in the drained water. If any oil
is present, the compressor may need servicing. Close all drain
cocks after the system has been drained.
Brake system manufacturer’s recommend that air ranks be drained
daily.
Activity 28: What is the purpose of the gears in your vehicle?
The purpose of gears in a truck is to:

• increase the engine energy capacity 
• spread the friction over more components 
• match road speed to best engine speed. 
When driving up a steep hill, the best gear to engage is:

• the lowest gear possible 
• the highest gear possible 
• the highest gear that maintains specified engine 
speed.
When driving down a steep hill, a driver should:

• engage a higher gear 
• engage a lower gear during the descent 
• engage the required gear before descent. 
When slowing or stopping, gear changing should:

• include all intermediate ratios available 
• engage only the gear that will be next needed. 
When negotiating a sharp corner, the required gear is engaged:

• before entering the corner 
• at the sharpest point of the corner 
• during exit from the corner 
• immediately after leaving the corner. 

The gear changing difference between petrol and

the diesel engines is that:
• diesel engines have higher torque at lower RPM 
• petrol engines pull better at low RPM. 
The term ‘Skip shifting’ means that the driver:

• avoids de-clutching during gear shifts 
• engages the most suitable gear regardless of 
sequence.
To engage a lower gear while moving on a slight downgrade:

• decrease speed to well below that of the lower 
gear
• retain vehicle speed/gently decrease engine 
REVS.
Activity 29: Using your vehicle brakes safely
On steep downhills, service brakes should be used:

• very few times during the descent 
• only for emergencies and unexpected conditions 
• by applying and releasing quickly and frequently. 
Brake performance can be dangerously affected by:

• water on the road surfaces 
• overheating through overuse 
• using gears which are too low for the hills 
• the nature of the road surface. 
To use brakes safely and efficiently you should:

• avoid braking in curves or corners if possible 
• use less braking for lighter loads 
• test your brakes after driving through water 
• press hard on the brake pedal. 

Activity 30: What are four points of good defensive driving
Avoid causing accidents.
Avoid accidents caused by other drivers.
Know and obey road Laws and Regulations.
Minimise danger by being alert and considerate.


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TLIC207C Drive

light rigid vehicle

Additional resources ..................................................................... 102

Feedback on activities .................................................................. 104

What this Learner’s Guide is about

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 1

Planning your learning

Page 2 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

Section 1: Licensing requirements and traffic

Are you able to: Yes No

Section 2: Vehicle preparation

Are you able to: Yes No

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 3

Section 3: Drive vehicle in a safe, efficient

Are you able to: Yes No

Section 4: Completing a driver’s log book

Are you able to: Yes No

Page 4 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

How you will be assessed

You will be required to:

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 5

Page 6 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

Licensing requirements and

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 7

Areas covered in this section

The driving test

Road test information

Alcohol and other drugs

Loading and lashing

Emergency or accident situation

Page 8 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

An Australian-­‐wide initiative to implement common and simplified

What is Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM)?

Your driver’s licence

If a driver commits a traffic offence there are penalties, such as:

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 9

Heavy vehicle licence

Page 10 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

Activity 1: What is your licence category?

What is your current licence category?

How long before you can receive a Multi-Combination or Articulated

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 11

The bus industry

Page 12 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

Activity 2: How do you get a driver training?

Can you drive a semi trailer straight away?

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 13

The driving test

To obtain a driving licence the following criteria must be met:

Road test information

Page 14 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 15

Activity 3: Obtain guide to heavy vehicle test

Obtain from your vehicle licensing department a ‘Guide to Heavy

This will give you a description of the performance checks required

Page 16 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

Activity 4: Consequences of driving unroad-worthy vehicle

Tick the correct answer.

If you drive an unroad-worthy vehicle:

You should adjust your vehicle’s mirrors:

You should do regular mechanical inspections:

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

An Australian-‐wide initiative to implement common and simplified