agoraphobia
An intense, irrational fear of being in open spaces or of
venturing out from the home or other familiar setting. The
anxiety may be generalized to any setting beyond the home
or may be specific for certain types of situations and
environments, such as open spaces or crowded places.
akinesia
1. Loss of the ability to move voluntarily. 2. The rest period
after systole in the normal heart rhythm. 3. In psychiatry: a
neurotic condition characterized by symptoms of paralysis.
Allen's test
A test designed to evaluate a client's collateral circulation in
the arm before an invasive arterial procedure such as arterial
blood gas analysis. While the client's radial and ulnar arteries
are occluded, he clenches his fist, causing the hand to blanch.
The client then unclenches his fist while the pressure on the
ulnar artery is released (but the radial artery remains
occluded). The hand should become pink, indicating a patent
ulnar artery.
amblyopia
Decreased visual acuity in one eye in the absence of
detectable structural or pathologic changes.
amenorrhea
The absence or cessation of menstruation. Except in
preadolescents and in pregnant and postmenopausal women,
amenorrhea may reflect dysfunction of the hypothalamus,
pituitary gland, ovary, or uterus; congenital absence or
surgical removal of both ovaries or the uterus; or an adverse
effect of medication.
amniocentesis
Withdrawal of a sample of amniotic fluid by transabdominal
puncture and needle aspiration, usually performed during the
fifth month of pregnancy to detect such genetic disorders as
Down syndrome, neural tube defects, and Tay-Sachs disease;
if the clinician suspects sex-linked genetic defects, the
procedure may be done to determine fetal gender.
amniotomy
Artificial rupture of the membranes.
analgesic
1. Having the ability to relieve pain. 2. A medication that
relieves pain.
anaphylaxis
A systemic reaction to a previously encountered antigen.
anastomosis
A surgical procedure in which two blood vessels, ducts, or
other tubelike structures are joined to allow the flow of
substances between them. Types of anastomoses are end-to-
end and side-to-side.
angina pectoris
Severe chest pain characterized by sensations of spasm,
constriction, and crushing weight, classically radiating from
the area over the heart to the left shoulder and arm and
possibly accompanied by a feeling of choking or suffocation.
Angina usually results from myocardial oxygen deprivation
secondary to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.
anorexia
Loss of appetite.
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder, most common among adolescent girls,
that is characterized by an aversion to eating, a morbid fear
of becoming obese despite significant weight loss, a disturbed
body image that results in a feeling of being fat even when
extremely thin, and amenorrhea (in females).
antagonist
1. In pharmacology: a drug that nullifies the action of another
drug. 2. In anatomy: a muscle whose effects counteract the
effects of another muscle. 3. In dentistry, a tooth that meets
another in the opposite jaw during chewing or clenching of the
teeth.
anteroposterior-to-lateral
Direction referring from front to back and side to side.
anticholinergic
1. Of or relating to blockade of the impulses of
parasympathetic or other cholinergic nerve fibers. 2. Any
agent with anticholinergic properties.
anticipatory guidance
Information about a disorder or about the normal growth and
development expectations of a specific age-group given at an
appropriate time before an event in order to provide the client
with support and strategies for dealing with potential
problems before they occur.
antiembolism stockings
Elasticized stockings prescribed for some postoperative or
bedridden clients to enhance venous blood flow from the
lower extremities and thus prevent thromboembolism
resulting from pooling of blood in the veins and dilation of
veins.
antisocial personality disorder
A disorder that manifests after age 15 as a pervasive
disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
anuria
Absence of urine production.
aortic stenosis
An abnormal narrowing of the orifice of the aortic valve, which
prevents normal flow of blood from the left ventricle into the
aorta. The constriction may result from a congenital
malformation or pathologic fusion of the valve cusps. Aortic
stenosis causes decreased cardiac output and pulmonary
vascular congestion.
Apgar score
A numerical evaluation of a neonate's condition in which a
rating of 0, 1, or 2 is assigned to each of five criteria: heart
rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex responses, and
skin color. The five scores are then combined: A score of 7 to
10 is considered normal, 4 to 7 indicates moderate distress,
and 3 or less indicates acute distress. The Apgar score is
usually obtained at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.
aphasia
Loss or impairment of the ability to communicate through
speech, written language, or signs, resulting from brain
disease or trauma.
aphthous stomatitis
A recurring disease of unknown cause marked by the eruption
of ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth. Also called
canker sore.
appendicitis
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. When acute,
appendicitis commonly necessitates an appendectomy to
prevent perforation of the appendix and subsequent
peritonitis.
apraxia
Complete or partial inability to perform purposeful
movements in the absence of sensory or motor impairment.
asepsis
The absence of living, disease-producing organisms. Medical
asepsis refers to the removal or destruction of disease
organisms or infected material. Surgical asepsis refers to
protection against infection before, during, or after surgery by
means of sterile technique.
asthma
A respiratory disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of
paroxysmal dyspnea, bronchospasm, wheezing on expiration,
and coughing. Conditions that may trigger an asthma attack
include inhalation of allergens or pollutants, vigorous
exercise, emotional stress, and infection.
ataxia
Impairment of the ability to coordinate voluntary muscle
movement.
atopic dermatitis
A skin inflammation occurring in individuals with a genetic
predisposition to allergies, characterized by intense itching,
1
maculopapular lesions, and excoriation (rash pattern varies
with age but usually occurs on the face).
audiometry
Evaluation of hearing using an audiometer. Various
audiometric tests identify the lowest intensity of sound at
which a client can perceive an auditory stimulus, hear
different frequencies, and differentiate speech sounds. Pure
tone audiometry evaluates the ability to hear frequencies,
usually ranging from 125 to 8,000 Hz, and can determine
whether a hearing loss results from a problem in the middle
ear, inner ear, or auditory nerve.
auditory hallucinations
Perceptual experiences occurring in the absence of actual
external sensory stimuli (for example, hearing voices telling
one to do something).
auscultatory gap
Absence of Korotkoff sounds between phases I (onset of faint,
clear tapping sound that gradually intensifies) and II (onset of
swishing-like sound) while obtaining a blood pressure reading.
Austin Flint murmur
A mid-diastolic aortic regurgitation murmur usually heard best
using the bell of the stethoscope over the mitral area. It’s a
low-pitched, rumbling murmur.
autograft
The surgical transfer of tissue (commonly skin) from one
location of the body to another location in the same
individual.
autoimmune disorder
A disorder resulting from an inappropriate immune response
that is directed against the self. Antigens normally found in
the internal cells stimulate the development of antibodies;
these antibodies can’t distinguish antigens of the internal cells
from external antigens and act against the internal cells to
cause various reactions.
autoimmunity
A condition in which the immune system mounts an attack
against the individual's own body tissues. One theory
proposes that autoimmunity reflects an inability of the
immune system to distinguish between autoantigens and
foreign substances, caused by some change in the cellular
components of the immune system. Autoimmunity may lead
to hypersensitivity and autoimmune disease.
autonomic dysreflexia
Reaction that may occur in clients with spinal cord injury
above T6. Dysreflexia results in profuse diaphoresis, pounding
headache, blurred vision, and dramatically elevated blood
pressure. This life-threatening reaction may occur even from
seemingly minor stimuli, such as lying on a wrinkled sheet or
having a full bladder.
autosomal recessive disorder
Genetic disorder involving two expressed abnormal autosomal
genes (not expressed in the parents) in which the individual
affected receives one copy of the altered gene from each
parent; thus the individual is homozygous for that trait.
bacterial meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
caused by bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis,
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or
Escherichia coli.
Battle's sign
Discoloration of the skin behind the ear after the fracture of a
bone in the lower skull.
bipolar disorder
A mood disorder characterized by major depression and full
manic episodes.
body surface area
Means for calculating the amount of drug to be given to a
client (typically a child) using a nomogram or for estimating
the extent of a burn
borderline personality disorder
A disorder characterized by unstable relationships, potentially
self-damaging impulsiveness, difficulty in controlling anger,
recurrent suicidal threats, and chronic feelings of boredom
and emptiness.
bradyarrhythmias
Irregularity in heart rate or rhythm characterized by slowness.
bradycardia
A slow but steady heartbeat at a rate of less than 60 beats
per minute. Bradycardia is normal during sleep and in well-
conditioned athletes. In other circumstances, it may indicate
an abnormal condition, such as brain tumor or digitalis
toxicity.
Braxton Hicks contraction
Light, painless, irregular uterine tightening during pregnancy,
arising during the first trimester and increasing in frequency,
duration, and intensity by the third trimester. Also called false
labor. Strong Braxton Hicks contractions occurring near term
may be mistaken for true labor.
breast engorgement
Distention of the milk ducts and surrounding tissue as breast
milk is formed, causing the breasts to become fuller, larger,
and firmer.
bronchiolitis
A lung inflammation that usually begins in the terminal
bronchioles, occurring mainly in infants and debilitated
persons. Also called bronchopneumonia. Commonly,
bronchiolitis results from upper respiratory infection, specific
infectious fevers, and other debilitating diseases.
bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the tracheobronchial tree using a
bronchoscope.
Broviac catheter
Single-lumen silicone central venous catheter used for long-
term venous access.
Brudzinski's sign
Flexion of the hips and knees in response to passive flexion of
the neck; signals meningeal irritation.
bruit
An abnormal vascular "swishing" sound heard on auscultation
as a result of turbulent blood flow through dilated, irregular,
torturous, or stenotic vessels.
buccal
Of or relating to the inside of the cheek; may also refer to a
tooth surface or the gum next to the cheek.
bulimia
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating
that may end in self-induced vomiting, alternating with
periods of normal eating or fasting. Depression and
awareness of the abnormal behavior are part of this illness.
cardiac catheterization
A diagnostic procedure in which a cardiac catheter is inserted
into a large vein (usually of an arm or leg) and then threaded
through the vein to the client's heart.
cardiac output
The volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute
(normally ranging from 4 to 8 L). Cardiac output equals the
stroke volume (the difference between end-diastolic volume
and end-systolic volume) multiplied by the heart rate.
cardiogenic shock
A condition of low cardiac output that results from heart pump
failure, such as in acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or
severe cardiomyopathy.
cardiomyopathy
Primary noninflammatory disease of the myocardium.
catatonic
A stuporous or unresponsive state commonly characterized by
an inability to move or talk.
2
catecholamine
Any of a group of compounds having a sympathomimetic
action and composed of a catechol molecule and the aliphatic
portion of an amine. Some catecholamines are produced by
the body and function as key neurologic chemicals. Others are
synthesized as drugs for use in the treatment of such
disorders as asthma, shock, and heart failure.
cauda equina
The aggregation of spinal roots, resembling the tail of a horse,
that descend from the first lumbar vertebrae and occupy the
vertebral canal below the cord.
celiac disease
A chronic disease in which an individual can’t tolerate foods
containing gluten or wheat protein. Signs and symptoms
include abdominal distention, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle
wasting, and extreme lethargy.
cellulitis
An infection of deep subcutaneous tissue and sometimes
muscle that may be associated with infection of an operative
or traumatic wound. Cellulitis is characterized by local heat,
pain, redness, and swelling.
cerebral aneurysm
A saclike dilation of the wall of a cerebral artery, typically
resulting from weakness of the wall. A cerebral, or berry,
aneurysm usually occurs in the circle of Willis and is prone to
rupture.
cerebral contusion
A bruising of the brain tissue as a result of a severe blow to
the head. A contusion disrupts normal nerve function in the
bruised area and may cause loss of consciousness,
hemorrhage, edema, and even death.
cerebral palsy
A permanent disorder of motor function resulting from
nonprogressive brain damage or a brain lesion. Cerebral palsy
usually appears before age 3.
chelation therapy
Administration of agents that bind to metals; administered to
aid in the removal of excess metals, such as lead or iron in
the body.
chemotherapy
Treatment of a disease using chemicals that exert a toxic
effect on the pathogen or abnormal cell growth.
chest physiotherapy
An array of physical techniques, including postural drainage,
chest percussion and vibration, and coughing and deep-
breathing maneuvers. Chest physiotherapy is used to loosen
and help eliminate lung secretions, reexpand lung tissue, and
promote optimal use of respiratory muscles.
cholelithiasis
The presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.
cholinergic
1. Of or relating to nerve fibers that are stimulated to free
acetylcholine at a synapse. 2. An agent that frees
acetylcholine.
chronic bronchitis
A persistent respiratory disease marked by increased
production of mucus by the glands of the trachea and bronchi.
This common disease is characterized by a cough (with
expectoration) at least 3 months of the year for more than 2
consecutive years.
Chvostek's sign
A spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the
facial nerve. This spasm signals tetany and is seen in clients
with hypocalcemia.
circumcised
Involving the removal of the foreskin of the penis.
circumferential
Area encircling or concerning the periphery of an object or
body part.
cirrhosis
A chronic, degenerative liver disease in which the lobes are
covered with fibrous tissue, the liver parenchyma
degenerates, and the lobules are infiltrated with fat.
clarification
Communication technique used to help the client identify
inconsistencies in his statements.
clinical depression
Syndrome characterized by persistent sadness and dysphoria
accompanied by disturbances in sleep and appetite, lethargy,
and an inability to experience pleasure.
clubfoot
A congenital foot deformity in which the foot is twisted out of
shape or position.
cognitive development
Ability to learn from experience, gain and maintain
knowledge, respond to new situations, and solve problems.
colonoscopy
Examination of the colon using a flexible endoscope to
visualize internal body areas or to remove tissue samples or
small growths.
communicable disease
A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from
one person to another.
compartment syndrome
A neurovascular complication commonly associated with
fractures of the limb; constricting or occlusive dressings,
sutures, or casts; poor positioning; and any injury causing
ischemia, swelling, or bleeding into the tissues that ultimately
can lead to permanent dysfunction and deformity. It’s
characterized by increasing limb pain unrelieved by
analgesics, pallid or dusky skin color changes, absent pulse or
edema distal to the injury site, decreased active and passive
muscle movement distal to the injury site, pain with passive
muscle stretching, and sensory changes.
compliance
1. Adherence to a therapeutic regimen. 2. A tissue's or
organ's ability to yield to pressure without disruption,
commonly used to describe the distensibility of an air- or fluid-
filled organ.
compulsion
A ritualistic, repetitive, and involuntary defensive behavior.
concussion
A violent shock or jarring, such as from an explosion or a
blow. Concussion of the brain is characterized by loss of
consciousness. Severe concussion may also cause impairment
of brain stem functions.
congenital hip dislocation
Improper formation and function of the hip socket, commonly
involving subluxation (where the femoral head is high in the
acetabulum) or dislocation (where the femoral head is above
the acetabulum).
consolidation
Solidification of the lungs that occurs with pneumonia.
contracture
Abnormal flexion and fixation of a joint, possibly permanent,
which is typically caused by muscle wasting and atrophy or by
loss of normal skin elasticity such as from extensive scar
tissue.
controlled substance
Any substance that is strictly regulated or outlawed because
of its potential for abuse or addiction.
conversion disorder
A disorder in which the client attempts to resolve a
psychological conflict through the loss of a specific physical
function -- for example, by paralysis, blindness, or inability to
swallow.
Corrigan's pulse
3
Short, forceful, bounding pulse typically associated with aortic
insufficiency.
couvade
The experience of physical symptoms associated with
pregnancy, such as nausea, vomiting, and backache, by the
husband of a pregnant woman; the response often results
from stress, anxiety, and empathy for the pregnant woman.
crackles
Short, explosive or popping sounds usually heard during
inspiration. They may be coarse (loud and low in pitch) or fine
(less intense and high in pitch) and resemble the sounds
heard when rolling hair between the fingers near the ear.
Crohn's disease
A chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause,
usually involving the terminal ileum, with scarring and
thickening of the bowel wall. Signs and symptoms include
frequent episodes of diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, nausea,
fever, chills, anorexia, and weight loss.
croup
An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract that causes
acute upper airway obstruction. Characterized by stridor, a
barking cough, and hoarseness, it primarily affects infants and
young children ages 3 months to 3 years and follows an upper
respiratory tract infection.
crowning
Appearance of the presenting part of the fetus at the
perineum and seen when the vulva are separated.
crystalloid fluid
Clear solutions (usually in reference to I.V. solutions)
containing electrolytes and water.
Cushing's syndrome
A metabolic disorder caused by chronic, excessive production
of adrenocortical hormones or by prolonged high-dose
glucocorticoid therapy. It’s characterized by such signs and
symptoms as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dusky
complexion with purple striae, muscle wasting, weakness, and
sudden development of fat around the face, neck, and trunk.
cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
resulting from an excessive amount of deoxygenated
hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the
hemoglobin molecule such as in methemoglobin.
cyanotic
Referring to the bluish or bluish black discoloration of the skin
and mucous membranes that results from excessive
concentration of unoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood.
cystic fibrosis
An inherited disorder of the exocrine glands that affects
multiple organ systems, causing such conditions as chronic
pulmonary disease, pancreatic deficiency, sweat gland
dysfunction, malabsorption, and liver obstruction.
cystoscopy
Direct visualization of the urinary tract by inserting a
cystoscope in the urethra.
debridement
Removal of dead or damaged tissue or foreign material from a
wound to prevent the growth of microorganisms and further
damage and to promote healing.
deceleration
A drop in baseline fetal heart rate as indicated by the fetal
monitor. Early deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate that
coincides with uterine contraction. Variable deceleration is a
drop in fetal heart rate that doesn't occur at a consistent point
during contractions. Prolonged deceleration is a drop in fetal
heart rate that occurs for an extended period of time.
deep vein thrombosis
A condition involving the development of a blood clot in the
deep veins of the pelvis, groin, or legs that disrupts venous
blood flow and leads to swelling and edema.
dehiscence
The partial or complete separation of a wound's edges.
dehydrated
Having insufficient water in the body or tissues.
delusions
False ideas or beliefs accepted as real by the client.
delusions of grandeur
Distorted or false idea or belief that one has exceptional
powers, wealth, skill, influence, or destiny.
Denver Developmental Screening Test
An assessment tool used to evaluate the development of a
child in four categories: personal social, fine motor-adaptive,
language, and gross motor skills.
dependent personality disorder
A disorder that begins in early adulthood and is characterized
by an excessive need to be taken care of that leads to
submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation.
depolarization
Neutralization of electrical polarity; reversal of the resting
potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated. An
example is the reduction of the ion differential of sodium and
potassium across the nerve cells at the neuromuscular
junction.
diabetes insipidus
A metabolic disorder marked by extreme polyuria and
polydipsia and resulting from deficient secretion or production
of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or inability of the renal tubules
to respond to ADH. (Rarely, excessive water intake causes
signs and symptoms.) The condition may be acquired
(secondary to disease or drug therapy), inherited, idiopathic,
or nephrogenic.
diabetes mellitus
A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized
by hyperglycemia and glycosuria resulting from inadequate
production or utilization of insulin.
diabetic ketoacidosis
An acute, life-threatening form of metabolic acidosis that may
arise as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
Accumulation of ketone bodies leads to urinary loss of water,
potassium, ammonium, and sodium, resulting in hypovolemia,
electrolyte imbalances, an extremely high blood glucose level
and, commonly, coma. Signs and symptoms include flushed,
hot, dry skin; confusion; nausea; diaphoresis; restlessness;
and fruity breath odor.
dislocated
Displacement of any body part, primarily a bone from its
normal position in a joint.
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
A life-threatening disorder of excessive clot formation caused
by overstimulation of the body's clotting and anticlotting
processes in response to disease or injury. Such
overstimulation is followed by a deficiency in clotting factors
with hypocoagulability and hemorrhaging.
diuretic
1. Tending to increase the formation and excretion of urine. 2.
An agent that promotes the formation and excretion of urine.
diverticulitis
Inflammation of one or more diverticula, or saclike
herniations, in the muscular layer of the colon.
diverticulosis
The presence of saclike herniations through the muscular
layer of the colon without accompanying inflammation. Most
clients with this condition have few signs or symptoms except
for occasional rectal bleeding.
drip factor
An indication of the number of drops needed to obtain one
milliliter of solution delivered by a manufacturer's I.V. tubing
based on the drop size.
dumping syndrome
4
A condition of nausea, weakness, profuse sweating, and
dizziness occurring in clients who have had a subtotal
gastrectomy. Signs and symptoms arise soon after eating
when the contents of the stomach empty too rapidly into the
duodenum. Also called postgastrectomy syndrome. Eating
small, frequent, high-protein, high-calorie meals may help
prevent discomfort and ensure adequate nutrition.
dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing, commonly resulting from obstructive or
motor disorders of the esophagus. Obstructive disorders, such
as an esophageal tumor or lower esophageal ring, interfere
with the ability to swallow solids; motor disturbances such as
achalasia impair swallowing of solids and liquids.
dyspnea
Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, or labored breathing
resulting from certain heart conditions, anxiety, or strenuous
exercise.
dystonic reaction
Severe tonic contractions of the muscles in the neck, mouth,
and tongue; dystonic reaction is a common adverse reaction
to antipsychotic drugs.
dysuria
Painful or difficult urination, which is usually caused by a
bacterial infection or an obstruction in the urinary tract.
echolalia
Parrotlike and inappropriate repetition of another's words.
ectopic pregnancy
Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity.
Types of ectopic pregnancy are abdominal pregnancy,
interstitial pregnancy, and tubal pregnancy.
effacement
Shortening of the vaginal portion of the cervix and thinning of
its walls during labor due to stretching and dilation caused by
the fetus. Full effacement obliterates the constrictive neck of
the uterus. The extent of effacement is expressed as a
percentage of full effacement.
elbow restraints
Type of restrictive device attached to the client's body at the
elbow to restrict movement or access to another body part;
may be applied after cleft palate repair to reduce the risk of
injury to the suture line.
electrocardiogram interpretation
Analysis of the waveforms seen on an electrocardiogram
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
The induction of a brief seizure and loss of consciousness by
applying a low-voltage alternating current to the brain
through scalp electrodes. ECT is used in the treatment of
affective disorders (primarily acute depression), especially in
clients resistant to psychoactive drugs. On awakening, the
client has no memory of the shock.
electromyogram (EMG)
A record of the electrical activity of skeletal muscles, obtained
by surface electrodes or needle electrodes and devices that
amplify, transmit, and record the signals. The technique is
helpful in diagnosing neuromuscular disorders, pinpointing
motor nerve lesions, and measuring electrical potentials
induced by voluntary muscle contraction.
electromyography
Diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of selected
skeletal muscle groups at rest and during voluntary
contraction. It involves percutaneous insertion of a needle
electrode into a muscle with measurement of the muscle's
electrical discharge through an oscilloscope.
endocarditis
An abnormal condition of the endocardium and heart valves
marked by vegetations on the valves and endocardium. It
may occur as a primary disorder or arise in association with
another disease.
endotracheal intubation
Passage of a wide-bore tube through the mouth or nose into
the trachea. It may be used to maintain a patent airway,
administer anesthesia, aspirate secretions, prevent aspiration
of foreign material into the tracheobronchial tree of an
unconscious or paralyzed person, or administer positive
pressure ventilation that can’t be given effectively by a mask.
enteral
Referring to administration by mouth, rectum, or directly into
the intestinal system.
enteral feedings
Delivery of nutrients directly into the GI tract through a
feeding tube.
enteric precautions
A category-specific type of infection precautions established
by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention involving
infections transmitted by intestinal secretions. These have
since been replaced with standard precautions and
transmission-based precautions.
enuresis
Involuntary passage or release of urine after the age when
bladder control would have been normally achieved.
epiglottis
The lidlike, cartilaginous structure that overhangs the larynx
and prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea
during swallowing.
epiglottitis
Inflammation of the epiglottis. Acute epiglottitis, a severe
form of the condition that primarily affects children, causes
stridor, fever, sore throat, croupy cough, and a reddened,
swollen epiglottis.
epilepsy
A group of neurologic disorders marked by uncontrolled
electrical discharge from the cerebral cortex and typically
manifested by seizures with clouding of consciousness.
Epilepsy is most commonly of unknown cause (idiopathic) but
is sometimes associated with head trauma, intracranial
infection, brain tumor, vascular disturbances, intoxication, or
chemical imbalance.
episiotomy
Surgical incision into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal
opening for delivery. It’s performed to prevent traumatic
tearing of the perineum, to hasten or promote delivery, or to
prevent stretching of perineal muscles and connective tissue.
Erikson
Psychosocial development theorist who described eight
developmental stages across the life span, each of which is
characterized by a conflict between two opposing forces.
erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic anemia of the neonate caused by placental
transmission of maternally formed antibodies against the
incompatible antigens of fetal blood. It results from maternal-
fetal blood group incompatibility, specifically involving the
rhesus (Rh) factor and the ABO blood groups, and is
characterized by accelerated destruction of red blood cells
and resulting jaundice. In Rh factor incompatibility, the
hemolytic reaction appears only when the mother is Rh-
negative and the infant is Rh-positive. Isoimmunization rarely
occurs with the first pregnancy, but the risk increases with
each succeeding pregnancy.
eschar
A thick scab or dry crust that appears after a thermal or
chemical burn.
esophageal atresia
A congenital anomaly involving closure of the esophagus at
some point, often ending in a blind pouch.
evaporation
The change of a liquid to a vapor at a temperature below the
boiling point of the liquid. Evaporation occurs at the surface of
the liquid, hastened by an increase in temperature and a
decrease in atmospheric pressure.
evisceration
5
1. Pushing out or removal of the viscera, especially through a
surgical incision. 2. In ophthalmology: excision of the contents
of the eyeball (except the sclera).
exacerbation
An increase in the seriousness of a disease or disorder or in its
signs and symptoms.
extrapyramidal
1. Describing the tissues and structures of the brain located
outside the pyramidal tract and not running through the
medullary pyramid -- excluding the motor neurons, motor
cortex, and corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. 2. Of or
relating to the function of these tissues and structures.
extravasation
Escape, usually of blood, lymph, or I.V. solution, from a vessel
into surrounding tissues.
failure to thrive
Condition in which an infant's height and weight fall below the
third percentile on a standard growth chart; also called
reactive attachment disorder.
fantasy play
Type of play involving imaginary playmates typically
associated with preschoolers.
febrile seizure
Typically, a tonic-clonic seizure of relatively short duration
(usually less than 1 minute) occurring with an acute illness
and fever.
fifth disease
A contagious, relatively benign disease caused by the
Parvovirus B19; most commonly occurs in children ages 2 to
12 and is characterized by a red rash on the cheeks. Also
called erythema infectiosum.
fontanel
A soft spot, such as the spaces covered by tough membranes
remaining between the bones of an infant's skull.
full-term
Pregnancy that has continued for a period of 38 to 42 weeks.
fundus
The base of an organ; the portion of a hollow organ farthest
from its mouth, such as the fundus of the uterus.
gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and stomach lining.
gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines that
accompanies numerous GI disorders; characterized by
anorexia, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea.
gastrostomy
Opening created into the stomach.
gestational diabetes
The development of diabetes during pregnancy, usually
during the second trimester.
gestational trophoblastic disease
Failure of an embryo to develop beyond a primitive state due
to proliferation and degeneration of the trophoblastic villi
becoming filled with fluid and appearing as grape-sized
vesicles Also called a hydatidiform mole, molar pregnancy.
glaucoma
A group of eye diseases characterized by abnormally elevated
pressure within the eye due to obstruction of the outflow of
aqueous humor.
glomerular filtration rate
Rate at which the glomeruli in the kidneys filter blood
(normally, 125 ml/minute).
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys.
gout
A group of disorders associated with inborn errors of
metabolism that affect purine and pyrimidine use; results in
increased production of uric acid or interferes with its
excretion. Manifested by hyperuricemia, recurrent acute
inflammatory arthritis, deposition of urate crystals in the joints
of the extremities, and uric acid urolithiasis.
Graham Steell's murmur
A pulmonary regurgitation murmur resulting from pulmonary
hypertension; usually loud with a blowing quality and variable
in duration, it’s heard best along the left sternal border over
the third and fourth intercostal spaces.
granulation tissue
Tissue that develops during collagen production; capillaries
form as budlike structures from nearby vessels, penetrating
the wound, growing into loops, and providing a nutritional
source for the newly generated tissue; the loops give the
tissue a "granular" appearance.
Graves' disease
A disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by pronounced
thyrotoxicosis usually associated with an enlarged thyroid
gland, exophthalmos, or pretibial myxedema.
gravida
A pregnant woman.
gynecomastia
Enlargement and development of the mammary glands in
men, usually temporary and benign.
hallucinations
Sensory perceptions that don't result from external stimuli
and that occur during wakefulness.
health care power of attorney
A legal document in which an individual designates another
person, called an "attorney-in-fact," to act on the individual's
behalf if the principal person becomes disabled or
incapacitated. The document becomes void when the
principal person dies or recovers.
heart failure
Inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to
the tissues.
hemarthrosis
Bleeding into a joint cavity.
hematuria
The presence of blood in the urine.
hemicolectomy
Surgical removal of one-half of the colon.
hemiparesis
Paralysis on one side of the body or a part of it that indicates
an injury to the motor area of the brain.
hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body.
hemogram
Written recording of the blood count differential.
hemolytic reaction
Type of blood transfusion reaction occurring when the donor's
blood is incompatible with the recipient's blood; the most
serious type of transfusion reaction.
hemophilia
A bleeding disorder characterized by a failure of the blood
clotting mechanism. It’s an inherited condition occurring
almost exclusively in males.
hemoptysis
The coughing or spitting up of blood caused by hemorrhage in
the lungs or bronchi. Minor amounts of blood may appear in
the sputum of individuals with bronchitis or upper respiratory
tract infections.
hepatic encephalopathy
6
A serious complication of liver failure affecting a client's
neurologic status; believed to result from the accumulation of
toxins, such as ammonia, in the blood.
hepatojugular reflux
Distention of the neck veins when manual pressure is applied
over the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; it suggests
heart failure.
hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver.
interventricular septum, particularly in the anterior-superior
region. Also called idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.
hyperventilate
To increase the rate or depth of one's inspirations or
expirations, or both; may occur with anxiety.
hypochondriasis
Preoccupation with the fear that one has a serious illness
despite medical reassurance to the contrary; fear interferes
with psychosocial functioning.

heterozygous hypoglycemia
Having two different genes at corresponding loci on Low serum glucose levels.
homologous chromosomes.
hypospadias
hiatal hernia A congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral
Protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal opening is on the underside, rather than at the tip, of the
opening in the diaphragm. penis; in females, the defect is manifested by a urethral
opening into the vagina.
homonymous hemianopia
Blindness or visual deficit in one-half of the field of vision of hypotonic
both eyes. Either the right halves or the left halves of each 1. A solution that has a decreased osmotic pressure compared
eye are affected. to another solution; a fluid in which cells swell. 2. In reference
to muscles or arteries, having a less than normal degree of
hopelessness tension.
State of severe despair associated with feelings of inadequacy
and isolation, an inability to act on one's behalf, and a belief hypoxia
that the situation is highly unlikely to improve. A decreased level of oxygen in inspired air.

hospice
A system of family-centered care using a multidisciplinary
approach designed to assist the chronically ill person to
maintain a satisfactory lifestyle through the terminal phases
of dying.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A retrovirus identified as the primary cause of acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
iatrogenic
Introduced inadvertently by a medical practitioner or resulting
from a diagnostic procedure or treatment.
impetigo
A contagious, inflammatory skin infection that usually occurs
on the face. Characterized by the appearance of small, itchy
blisters that rupture and form a crusty scab; usually caused
by streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria or a combination
of both types of organisms.

incentive spirometer
A device that requires the client to deep breathe, hold the
hydatidiform mole breath for approximately 3 seconds, and then exhale in an
A usually benign neoplasm that occurs at the end of a effort to expand the lungs.
degenerating pregnancy and arises from enlarged chorionic
villi and the proliferation of trophoblastic tissue. incompatibility
Unsuitability for combination, often due to antagonistic action.
hydramnios
Presence of an excess volume of amniotic fluid during induration
pregnancy. Area of hardened tissue.

hydrotherapy infection
Treatment involving the use of water, such as tub or shower The invasion and multiplication of pathogenic organisms
baths and whirlpools. within the body.

hyperemesis gravidarum informed consent

Severe and prolonged vomiting during pregnancy to such a Permission obtained from a client to perform a specific test or
degree that weight loss and an imbalance of fluids and procedure after the client has been fully informed about the
electrolytes occur. test or procedure.

hyperphosphatemia intelligence quotient (IQ)

Elevated serum level of phosphorus above 2.6 mEq/L or 4.5 Measurement of a person's ability to comprehend
mg/dl. relationships, think, problem solve, and adjust to new
situations; usually expressed as a score and based on
hypersomnolence standardized intelligence tests.
Excessive sleepiness.
intermittent claudication
hyperthermia Pain that occurs with activity or exercise but that is relieved
A severe elevation in body temperature. with rest. This pain results from the body's inability to supply
arterial blood (blood rich in nutrients) to the tissues that
hyperthyroidism experience an increase in demand during exercise or activity.
Disorder involving overproduction of thyroid hormone, leading
to a metabolic imbalance. interpretation
The deep analysis of the meaning and significance of what a
hypertonic client is saying and doing in an effort to gain insight into his
1. A solution that has greater osmotic pressure compared to behavior.
another solution; a fluid in which cells shrink. 2. In reference
to muscles or arteries, having a greater than normal degree of intertrigo
tension. Dermatitis that occurs at moist, warm sites where skin
surfaces rub together, such as the armpits, the inner surfaces
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the thighs, and between the buttocks; caused by an
Primary disease of the cardiac muscle characterized by overgrowth of normal flora.
disproportionate, asymmetrical thickening of the
intra-aortic balloon pump

7
A device consisting of a balloon attached to a catheter that is
introduced into the descending thoracic aorta through the
femoral artery. Alternating inflation (during diastole) and
deflation (during systole) of the balloon alters resistance to
aortic blood flow and both decrease the heart's workload and
increase the supply of blood to the coronary arteries.
intracranial pressure
Pressure exerted by the brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and
blood.
intradermal injection
Injection of any substance into the skin between the dermis
and epidermis. The technique is typically used to produce a
local drug effect (such as in local anesthesia for procedures
such as suturing wounds) or during allergy testing. Also called
intracutaneous injection.
intraosseous infusion
Administration of fluid, blood, or drugs into the bone marrow
cavity of a long bone; typically used in children for emergency
situations when I.V. access is difficult or unavailable.
intussusception
Telescoping or invagination of a portion of the bowel into an
adjacent portion; most commonly seen in infants.
iron deficiency anemia
Anemia characterized by an insufficient amount of iron in the
serum, decreased stores of iron in the bone marrow, and
elevated serum iron-binding.
irritability
Excitability or excessive responsiveness to a stimulus.
isotonic
Of or relating to a solution that has the same osmotic
pressure as another solution; a solution in which cells neither
swell nor shrink.
juvenile hypothyroidism
A condition involving a deficiency of thyroid hormone
secretion in children.
Kawasaki disease
A febrile, multisystem disorder affecting the small to medium-
size vessels, primarily of the lymph nodes, most commonly in
children before puberty; usually follows exposure to an
infection. Also called mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.
Kegel exercises
Exercises involving alternate contraction and relaxation
performed to strengthen the perineal muscles.
kernicterus
A neurologic syndrome resulting from deposition of
unconjugated bilirubin in the brain cells and characterized by
severe neural symptoms.
Kernig's sign
Elicitation of resistance and hamstring muscle pain when the
examiner attempts to extend the knee while the hip and knee
are both flexed 90 degrees.
Kussmaul's respirations
Abnormally deep, gasping type of respirations resulting from
air hunger; associated with severe diabetic acidosis and
coma.
laminectomy
Surgical removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae;
performed to relieve spinal cord compression or to remove a
displaced intervertebral disk.
lead poisoning
Poisoning caused by the ingestion or absorption of lead or one
of its salts. Signs and symptoms include loss of appetite and
weight, anemia, constipation, insomnia, headache, dizziness,
irritability, a blue line at the margin of the gums, and
peripheral neuropathy.
lethargy
A feeling or condition of sluggishness, apathy, or inactivity.
lipodystrophy
Any disturbance in fat metabolism.
living will
A witnessed document indicating a client's desire to be
allowed to die a natural death rather than be kept alive by
heroic, life-sustaining measures. The will applies to decisions
that will be made after a terminally ill client is incompetent
and has no reasonable possibility of recovery.
lochia
The vaginal discharge present during the first several weeks
after delivery.
lochia alba
A creamy white, brown, or colorless discharge consisting
mainly of serum and white blood cells; typically stops flowing
at about 6 weeks postpartum.
lochia rubra
Present during the first 3 to 4 postpartal days; it’s bloody and
may contain mucus, tissue, debris, and small clots.
lochia serosa
A pink or brownish discharge persisting for 5 to 7 days
postpartum.
Logan bar
Apparatus used to protect the surgical incision after cleft lip
repair.
Logan bow
A wire U-shaped apparatus taped to both cheeks of an infant
or toddler following cleft lip repair to protect the surgical site.
lumbar puncture
Fluid withdrawal from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar
region of the spinal canal, usually between the third and
fourth lumbar vertebrae, for diagnostic or therapeutic
purposes. Also called spinal tap.
lymphangiography
A diagnostic radiographic evaluation of lymphatic system
filling after injection of a contrast medium into a lymphatic
vessel of each foot or hand.
lymphedema
Edema of an arm or leg caused by the buildup of interstitial
fluid as a result of lymphatic inflammation or obstruction or a
lymph node disorder.
mammogram
A radiograph of the breast; used for diagnostic purposes.
mammography
Radiography of the mammary gland to identify benign and
malignant neoplastic processes.
mastectomy
The surgical resection of a breast; usually performed to
remove a malignant tumor.
mastitis
Inflammation of the mammary gland; usually caused by
streptococcal or staphylococcal infection and infrequent
breast-feeding.
meconium
A dark, greenish black material that occurs in the intestines of
a fetus that forms the first stools of a neonate. The fluid is
thick and sticky and is composed of intestinal gland
secretions, some amniotic fluid, and intrauterine debris.
megaloblastic anemia
A hematologic disorder that is characterized by the production
and peripheral proliferation of megaloblasts.
Ménière's disease
A labyrinthine dysfunction that produces severe vertigo,
sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus.
metabolic acidosis
A condition resulting from excessive accumulation of acid or
depletion of bicarbonate.
8

metabolic alkalosis
A clinical state marked by decreased amounts of acid or
increased amounts of base bicarbonate.
milieu
A therapeutic environment, typically used as part of inpatient
psychiatric therapy.
mitral stenosis
Obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left
ventricle due to thickening and contracting of the mitral valve
leaflets; consequently, left atrial volume and pressure rise and
the chamber dilates. Greater resistance to blood flow causes
pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and
right-sided heart failure.
muscular dystrophy
A group of degenerative genetic diseases characterized by
weakness and the progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles
with no evidence of nervous system involvement.
myalgia
Diffuse muscle pain or tenderness associated with many
infectious diseases.
myasthenia gravis
An abnormal muscle weakness and fatigability, especially in
the muscles of the face and throat, resulting from a defect in
the conduction of nerve impulses at the myoneural junction.
mycoplasmal pneumonia
A contagious respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, characterized by a sore throat, dry cough, fever,
malaise, and myalgia.
myeloma
Osteolytic neoplasm consisting of a protrusion of cells typical
of the bone marrow.
myelomeningocele
The protrusion of a hernial sac containing a portion of the
spinal cord, its meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid through a
congenital defect in the vertebral column.
myxedema
A disorder that results from hypofunction of the thyroid. Signs
and symptoms include enlarged tongue, slowed speech, moon
face, drowsiness, cold intolerance, hair loss, and anemia.
myxedema coma
A rare, serious form of hypothyroidism that usually results
from lack of treatment or mistreatment, severe stress (from
infection, exposure to cold, or trauma), or the use of sedatives
or anesthetics in a client being treated for hypothyroidism.
nebulizer
A device that employs a baffle to produce a fine aerosol spray
consisting of particles less than 30 micrometers in diameter.
necrotizing enterocolitis
GI disorder commonly associated with premature infants and
characterized by diffuse or patchy intestinal necrosis and
sometimes accompanied by sepsis.
negative nitrogen balance
Increased rate of protein breakdown when compared to
protein synthesis; nitrogen excretion that exceeds nitrogen
intake.
neglect
A form of abuse involving the failure to protect a person from
injury or meet the person's physical, emotional, or medical
needs.
nephrectomy
The surgical removal of a kidney, usually done to remove a
tumor, drain an abscess, or treat hydronephrosis.
nephrotic syndrome
A clinical classification including all kidney diseases
characterized by marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and
edema.
neurotransmitter
Any one of a group of substances that act on a target nerve
cell to excite or inhibit transmission of nerve impulses;
substances include norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and
dopamine.
nystagmus
Involuntary, rapid movements of the eyeball that may be
horizontal, rotatory, vertical, or mixed.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
A disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts and
compulsive behaviors that represent recurring efforts to
control overwhelming anxiety, guilt, or unacceptable impulses
that persistently enter the consciousness.
oliguria
A diminished flow of urine in relation to fluid intake; usually
less than 400 ml in 24 hours. Also called hypouresis.
ophthalmia neonatorum
Eye infection occurring at birth or in the first month; most
commonly caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia.
opioids
Opium-derived or synthetically produced drugs that alter pain
perception, induce mental changes, promote deep sleep,
depress respirations, constrict pupils, and decrease GI
motility.
orthostatic hypotension
Abnormally low blood pressure that occurs when a person
stands up. Also called postural hypotension.
osmolality
The concentration or osmotic pressure of a solution;
expressed in osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
osmolarity
The osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmoles of
solute per liter of solution.
osteomalacia
Delayed or poor mineralization of bone; the adult equivalent
of rickets. This condition is associated with anorexia, fracture,
pain, weakness, and weight loss.
osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone that results from a local or general
infection of bone and bone marrow. The bacterial infection is
caused by trauma or surgery, by direct extension from a
nearby infection, or by introduction from the bloodstream.
osteoporosis
A disorder in which bone mass is reduced and fractures occur
after minimal trauma. It occurs most commonly in
postmenopausal women, sedentary or immobilized
individuals, and persons on long-term steroid or heparin
therapy.
otorrhea
A discharge from the ear, which may be serous, sanguineous,
or purulent if the external or middle ear is infected.
ototoxicity
Harmful effect on the function of the eighth cranial nerve or
hearing organs; most commonly associated with prescribed
drugs.
Paget's disease
A common bone disease that usually affects middle-aged and
elderly people. It’s marked by inflammation of the bones,
softening and thickening of the bones, excessive bone
destruction, and unorganized bone repair; the result is bowing
of the long bones. The cause is unknown.
palilalia
Repetition of words or phrases with increasing rapidity.
pancreatitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas.
paralysis
9
An abnormal condition characterized by the loss or An inborn metabolic disorder caused by absence or deficiency
impairment of motor function or the impairment of sensory of phenylalanine hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the
function. conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine; results in
accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites, causing
paralytic ileus mental retardation and other neurologic problems, light
A decrease in or absence of bowel motility that may occur pigmentation, eczema, and a distinctive mousy odor.
following abdominal surgery or may be caused by numerous
other conditions, most commonly by peritonitis. pheochromocytoma
A chromaffin-cell tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes
paranoid schizophrenia an excessive amount of the catecholamines epinephrine and
Disorder involving disordered thinking with delusional thought norepinephrine, which results in severe hypertension,
content characterized by preoccupation with delusions or increased metabolism, and hyperglycemia.
auditory hallucinations, lack of organized speech,
disorganized or catatonic behavior, or flat or inappropriate phototherapy
affect. The treatment of disease by the use of light, especially
ultraviolet light or other concentrated rays; used to treat
acne, psoriasis, and hyperbilirubinemia.
paraplegia
An abnormal condition characterized by the loss of sensation pituitary dwarfism
and motor function in the lower limbs, which may result in A condition characterized by a deficiency in secretion of the
either complete or incomplete paralysis. growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.

parenteral placenta accreta

Not in or through the digestive system, but rather by injection
through some other route, such as subcutaneously, I.V., I.M.,
or intradermally.
paresthesia
Abnormal or heightened touch sensations, such as burning,
numbness, prickling, and tingling, that commonly occur
without external stimulus.
Abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall.
placenta previa
Implantation of the placenta so that it adjoins or covers the
internal os of the uterine cervix. The most common symptom
is painless hemorrhage in the last trimester.

perceptions pneumonia
Awareness of objects and the ability to differentiate between An acute infection of the lung parenchyma that commonly
them. impairs gas exchange.

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) pneumothorax

A technique to open stenosed atherosclerotic arteries. A A collection of air in the pleural space; may result from an
balloon catheter is inserted through the skin and into the open chest wound that permits the entrance of air or from the
vessel to the site of narrowing; the balloon is inflated, thus rupture of a vesicle on the surface of the lung. Common types
flattening the plaque against the arterial walls. of pneumothorax are open, closed, and tension.

pericarditis polydipsia
Inflammation of the pericardium; may be caused by trauma, Chronic, excessive thirst.
neoplasm, infection, uremia, myocardial infarction, or collagen
disease. polymyositis
The simultaneous inflammation of a number of voluntary
perineum muscles.
1. The pelvic floor and its associated structures; located
between the symphysis pubis and the coccyx and on the sides polyneuritis
by the ischial tuberosities. 2. The body area between the Degeneration of peripheral nerves primarily supplying the
thighs; bounded by the anus and scrotum in males and by the distal muscles of the extremities. It results in muscle
anus and vulva in females. weakness, with sensory loss and atrophy, and decreased or
absent deep tendon reflexes.
peristaltic waves
Alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of the polyphagia
smooth muscle fibers of a structure in a wavelike fashion to Voracious or excessive eating before becoming satiated.
propel the contents forward; commonly associated with the GI
tract. polyuria
The excessive excretion of urine from the kidneys.
peritoneal dialysis
A procedure performed to remove toxins, drugs, or other postterm neonate
wastes normally excreted by the kidney; transfers these A neonate born after the onset of the 43rd week of
substances across the peritoneum by intermittently pregnancy.
introducing and removing a dialysate from the peritoneal
cavity. preeclampsia
An abnormal condition characterized by the development of
peritonitis hypertension during pregnancy, accompanied by edema or
An inflammation of the peritoneum; can be produced by proteinuria, usually after the 20th week of gestation.
bacteria or irritating substances introduced into the
abdominal cavity by a penetrating wound or perforation of an pressure ulcer
organ. Localized area of skin breakdown occurring secondary to
prolonged pressure. Necrotic tissue develops because the
pernicious anemia vascular supply to the area is diminished.
A megaloblastic anemia characterized by decreased gastric
production of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells of the preterm neonate
stomach essential for vitamin B12 absorption; results in A neonate born before the beginning of the 38th week of
vitamin B12 deficiency. pregnancy.

phagocytosis primigravid
The process by which cells engulf and digest solid substances, A woman who is pregnant for the first time.
such as microorganisms and cell debris.
Prinzmetal's angina
phenylketonuria (PKU)

10
A variant of angina pectoris, a form of unstable angina, in
which the attacks occur during rest. Attacks are indicated by
an ST-segment elevation on an electrocardiogram.
productive cough
A mechanism by which the body clears the airway passages of
secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn't remove;
usually sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs
that contains sputum or blood (or both).
projection
False attribution of one's unacceptable feelings, impulses, or
thoughts onto another.
pruritus
Itching; an unpleasant sensation that leads to rubbing or
scratching the skin in an effort to obtain relief. Scratching the
skin may lead to secondary infection.
pseudoparkinsonism
The development of a Parkinson-like disorder (neuromuscular
disorder involving progressive muscle rigidity, akinesia, and
involuntary tremors) due to psychotropic drug therapy.
puerperal
1. Of or pertaining to the period from the end of childbirth
until involution of the uterus is complete (usually 3 to 6
weeks). 2. Of or pertaining to a woman (puerpera) who has
just given birth to an infant.
pulmonary edema
An abnormal condition in which extravascular fluid is
accumulated in lung tissues and alveoli.
pulse pressure
The numeric difference between the systolic and diastolic
pressures, usually 30 to 40 mm Hg.
purulent
Containing or forming pus.
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis.
pyuria
The presence of pus in the urine, commonly a sign of urinary
tract infection.
quickening
The first notable fetal movement in utero, usually occurring at
16 to 20 weeks' gestation.
radical mastectomy
Surgical removal of an entire breast, pectoral muscles, axillary
lymph nodes, and all fat, fascia, and adjacent tissues; usually
used in the treatment of breast cancer.
reaction formation
Substitution of behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are
completely opposed to one's own unacceptable behavior,
thoughts, or feelings.
rectal route
Use of the rectum to administer medication
reflection
A technique in which the listener interprets the feelings of the
client and repeats them back to the client; encourages the
client to clarify his feelings.
repolarization
Part of the cardiac conduction cycle in which the cell returns
to its resting state, a more negatively charged state. Calcium
ions move into the cell and potassium ions move out, followed
by the extrusion of sodium and calcium ions from the cell and
the restoration of potassium ions into the cell by the sodium
potassium pump.
respiratory acidosis
Caused by reduced alveolar ventilation; is marked by
increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, excess
carbonic acid, and increased plasma hydrogen-ion
concentration. Hypoventilation inhibits the excretion of carbon
dioxide, which consequently produces excessive carbonic acid
and thus lowers blood pH.
respiratory alkalosis
Caused by both respiratory and nonrespiratory factors, this
condition is marked by decreased partial pressure of arterial
carbon dioxide, decreased hydrogen-ion concentration, and
increased blood pH. Extreme anxiety can precipitate
hyperventilation associated with respiratory alkalosis.
resuscitation
A method used to support a client's breathing and circulation
until the body can do so on its own or the client is
mechanically supported. It involves maintaining an open
airway, providing artificial ventilation through rescue
breathing, and promoting artificial circulation through external
cardiac compression.
Reye's syndrome
Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the internal
organs following acute viral infections, such as influenza B,
chickenpox (varicella), the enteroviruses, and the Epstein-Barr
virus; has also been associated in children with administration
of aspirin and other salicylates.
Rh incompatibility
In hematology: two blood groups that are antigenically
different and, therefore, aren't compatible because one group
lacks the Rh factor.
rheumatic fever
An inflammatory disease sometimes occurring if group A beta-
hemolytic streptococcal infection is inadequately treated.
rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic, systemic collagen disease marked by inflammation,
stiffness, and pain in the joints and related structures that
result in crippling deformities.
ritodrine therapy
A prescribed treatment that uses the beta-receptor agonist
ritodrine to halt preterm labor.
Romberg’s sign
A swaying (or falling) when a person stands with feet together
and eyes closed. It’s an indication that the person has lost a
sense of position. Also called rombergism.
rooting reflex
A response in neonates to the cheek being touched or
stroked. The infant turns the head toward the stimulated side
and begins to suck. The reflex usually disappears by 3 to 4
months of age.
Russell traction
An orthopedic device that combines suspension and traction
to align and immobilize the legs; used to treat diseases of the
hip and knee and fractured femurs as well as hip and knee
contractures.
scabies
A contagious skin disease caused by the itch mite, Sarcoptes
scabiei.
schizotypal personality disorder
A disorder characterized by acute discomfort with and
reduced capacity for close relationships and by cognitive or
perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior,
beginning in early adulthood.
scoliosis
An appreciable lateral curvature of the spine resulting from
numerous causes, including congenital malformations of the
spine, muscle paralysis, poliomyelitis, sciatica, and unequal
leg length.
sensorineural hearing loss
Hearing loss caused by a defect or lesion of the inner ear or
the acoustic nerve resulting in a distortion of sound that
makes discrimination difficult.
sensory perceptions
Awareness of one's surroundings through the use of vision,
hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
11
serosanguineous
Of a discharge containing both serum and blood.
shock
An abnormal physiologic state characterized by reduced
cardiac output, circulatory insufficiency, tachycardia,
hypotension, restlessness, pallor, and diminished urinary
output. Shock may be caused by a variety of conditions,
including trauma, infection, hemorrhage, poisoning,
myocardial infarction, and dehydration.
sickle cell anemia
A chronic and incurable hereditary disorder occurring in
people homozygous for hemoglobin S (Hb S). The presence of
Hb S results in distortion and fragility of erythrocytes.
sickle cell crisis
Episode of widespread cellular sickling in which the client's
red blood cells containing hemoglobin S are exposed to
conditions in which oxygen supply to the cells is decreased.
This leads to cellular contraction and piling within the cell,
altering the shape of the red blood cells (sickling). These
sickled cells become rigid and clump together to form
clusters, ultimately obstructing capillary blood flow and
causing tissue ischemia.
simple fracture
An uncomplicated, closed bone fracture in which the skin isn't
broken.
skin turgor
Skin characteristic determined by pinching a small area of
skin on the medial arm or anterior chest and noting how
quickly it returns to its position when released.
somatoform pain
Development of the symptom of pain as a result of
psychological stress.
spinal shock
Loss of autonomic reflex, motor, and sensory activity below
the level of a lesion. Signs of spinal shock include flaccid
paralysis, loss of deep tendon and perianal reflexes, and loss
of motor and sensory function.
standard precautions
Infection control guidelines established by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention requiring all health care
personnel to use gloves, gowns, and goggles to prevent
contact with a client's blood or body fluids and to adhere to
strict safety measures when handling needles, scalpels, and
other sharp instruments.
status asthmaticus
A severe and prolonged asthma attack in which
bronchospasm fails to respond to oral medication, sometimes
resulting in hypoxia, cyanosis, and unconsciousness.
Stokes-Adams attack
Episode of confusion and light-headedness accompanying
syncope with or without seizures due to inadequate cerebral
perfusion secondary to heart block.
stoma
1. A minute pore, orifice, or surface opening. 2. An artificial,
surgically created opening of an internal organ on the body
surface, such as for a colostomy or tracheostomy. 3. A new
opening surgically created between two structures, such as
for a gastroenterostomy or pancreaticogastrostomy.
stomatitis
An inflammation of the mouth that may result from bacterial,
viral, or fungal infection; exposure to chemicals or drugs;
vitamin deficiency; or a systemic inflammatory disease.
stridor
A high-pitched respiratory sound, usually heard during
inspiration, caused by an obstruction of the trachea or larynx.
stroke
A condition of sudden onset in which a cerebral blood vessel is
occluded by an embolus or cerebrovascular hemorrhage. The
resulting ischemia of brain tissue that is normally perfused by
the affected vessel may lead to permanent neurologic
damage.
subdural hematoma
A condition involving the collection of blood between the dura
mater and the brain.
sublingual
Under the tongue.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
The sudden, unexpected, and inexplicable death of an infant
who appears to be healthy. It occurs during sleep, typically in
infants between the ages of 3 weeks and 5 months. Also
called crib death.
supratentorial
Located above the tentorium of the brain.
suspension
A liquid that contains solid particles that aren't dissolved;
stirring or shaking the liquid maintains the dispersal.
sympathomimetics
Group of drugs that mimic the effects of impulses conveyed
by adrenergic postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic
nervous system.
synchronized cardioversion
Delivery of an electrical shock to the client in conjunction with
the R wave on his ECG, just as the heart muscle contracts.
Delivery is timed to avoid the T wave because an electrical
discharge at this time may cause ventricular fibrillation.
synergistic effect
Administration of two drugs producing the same qualitative
effect together to produce a greater response than either
drug alone.
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
A chronic inflammatory multisystemic disorder of connective
tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin,
joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes.
tachycardia
A condition characterized by a regular but accelerated action
of the heart, usually l00 to 150 beats per minute.
tactile fremitus
Vibration in the chest wall that can be felt when a hand is
applied to the thorax while the patient is speaking. It's most
commonly due to consolidation of a lung or a part of a lung
but may also be caused by congestion, inflammation, or
infection.
tardive dyskinesia
A neurological syndrome marked by slow, rhythmical,
automatic movements that occur as an adverse effect of
extended phenothiazine use.
tension pneumothorax
A condition in which air enters the pleural space through a
tear in lung tissue but can't exit through the same vent,
thereby trapping air in the pleural space with each inspiration
and producing positive pleural pressure. This in turn causes
the ipsilateral lung to collapse.
tenting
An indication of decreased skin turgor, as exhibited by a fold
of skin remaining or holding in the pinched position after
being released.
teratogenic
Causing harm to the developing fetus.
tetany
Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles as a result of a
lessened concentration of extracellular ionized calcium;
symptoms include convulsions, muscle twitching and cramps,
and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints.
tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital cardiac defects consisting of
pulmonic stenosis, interventricular septal defect,
dextroposition of the aorta so that it overrides the
interventricular septum and receives venous as well as
arterial blood, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
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thrombocytopenia
A reduction in the number of blood platelets; usually caused
by destruction of erythroid tissue in bone marrow. The
condition may be a result of neoplastic disease or an immune
response to a drug.
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often involving clot formation.
Common causes include chemical irritation, blood
hypercoagulability, immobilization, infection, postoperative
venous stasis, prolonged sitting or standing, trauma to the
vessel wall, or a long period of I.V. catheterization.
tonic-clonic seizure
Paroxysmal, uncontrolled discharge of central nervous system
neurons extending to the entire brain and characterized by
stiffening (tonic phase) and then rapid synchronous muscle
jerking and hyperventilation (clonic phase). Also called a
major or grand mal seizure.
tonsillectomy
The surgical removal of the palatine tonsils.
total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
The administration of total caloric needs in a nutritionally
adequate solution of glucose, protein hydrolysates, minerals,
and vitamins through a catheter inserted into the superior
vena cava.
tracheoesophageal fistula
Abnormal opening between the esophagus and trachea that
may lead to aspiration.
tracheostomy
The surgical creation of an opening through the neck into the
trachea; used to relieve upper airway obstruction and aid
breathing.
traction
1. The action of pulling a part of the body along the long axis.
2. In orthopedics: the act of exerting force through a system
of weights and pulleys to align, immobilize, or relieve pressure
in a limb, bone, or group of muscles.
transdermal
Method or route of topical drug administration; provides
continuous drug delivery through the skin to achieve a
constant, steady blood concentration level.
transsphenoidal adenohypophysectomy
Surgery involving the pituitary gland, most commonly
performed to remove a pituitary tumor. The physician enters
from the inner aspect of the upper lip through the sphenoid
sinus.
transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Microsurgery in which an incision is made at the junction of
the gums and upper lip. A surgical microscope is advanced
and a special surgical instrument is used to excise all or part
of the pituitary gland.
Trendelenburg's position
Position in which the client's head is lower than the trunk;
typically, the body and legs are elevated on an incline.
Trousseau's sign
An assessment technique for evaluating neuromuscular
irritability (tetany) associated with hypocalcemia. When
Trousseau's sign is positive, the client develops a carpopedal
spasm (adducted thumb, flexed wrist and
metacarpophalangeal joints, and extended interphalangeal
joints) after a blood pressure cuff is applied to the client's
upper arm and inflated to a pressure above systolic pressure
for approximately 1 to 4 minutes.
tuberculosis
An acute or chronic infection from exposure to Mycobacterium
tuberculosis or another strain of mycobacteria characterized
by pulmonary infiltrates and formation of granulomas with
caseation, fibrosis, and cavitation.
type 1 diabetes
An endocrine disorder involving disturbances in carbohydrate,
protein, and fat metabolism, usually occurring before age 30
and requiring the use of exogenous insulin and dietary
management. Also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
type 2 diabetes
An endocrine disorder involving disturbances in carbohydrate,
protein, and fat metabolism; characterized by insulin
resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects.
May be treated with diet, exercise, and oral antidiabetic
agents. Exogenous insulin is sometimes necessary.
type 2 herpes simplex
A type of herpes simplex virus transmitted primarily through
contact with genital secretions and affecting the genital
structures.
ulcerative colitis
A chronic, recurrent ulceration of the colon of unknown cause
in which there is abdominal cramping, rectal bleeding, and
diarrhea containing blood, pus, and mucus.
urinary incontinence
Inability to prevent urine discharge.
urinary tract infection (UTI)
A bacterial infection, most commonly caused by Escherichia
coli or a species of Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, or
Enterobacter, affecting one or more parts of the urinary tract.
urticaria
A vascular reaction caused by dilation and increased
permeability of the capillaries. Symptoms include the
development of transient wheals with pale centers and well-
defined erythematous margins.
variability
Differing rhythmicity or changes in condition; often used to
describe fetal heart rate reflected on the fetal heart rate
tracing as a slight irregularity or jitteriness.
vaso-occlusive crisis
The most common type of sickle cell crisis resulting from
blood vessel obstruction by rigid, tangled sickle cells leading
to tissue anoxia and possibly necrosis. Also called a painful
crisis or infarctive crisis.
vastus lateralis
The largest of the four muscles that make up the quadriceps
femoris; located on the outside of the thigh, extending from
the hip joint to the common quadriceps tendon and inserted in
the patella; extends the leg.
venography
A radiographic test using a contrast medium to identify
thrombi or obstruction in the veins of the lower extremities or
the kidneys.
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
An abnormal opening in the septum separating the ventricles,
usually resulting from failure of the fetal interventricular
foramen to close; results in blood flow from the left ventricle
to the right ventricle and recirculation of blood through the
pulmonary artery and lungs.
ventricular tachycardia
A life-threatening arrhythmia that occurs when the ventricles
produce several premature ventricular contractions in
succession; usually due to a problem with the heart's
conduction system and increased myocardial contractility.
vertigo
A sensation of movement in which the client feels himself
revolving in space (subjective vertigo) or his surroundings
revolving about him (objective vertigo); may result from
diseases of the inner ear or from disturbances of the
vestibular pathways in the central nervous system.
vesicle
1. Any small anatomic sac that contains liquid. 2. A small
blister that contains clear fluid.
wet-to-dry dressings
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Type of wound covering (dressing) in which gauze moistened
with normal saline is applied wet to the wound and removed
once the gauze becomes dry and adheres to the wound bed;
used for debridement.

Wilms' tumor
A rapidly growing malignant kidney tumor that occurs most
commonly in children younger than age 5, although it
sometimes develops before birth. Rare cases occur later in
life. Also called adenomyosarcoma.

X-linked recessive disorders

Genetic disorders in which the abnormal gene exists on the X
chromosome; only males exhibit clinical signs of the disorder
because they have no offsetting X chromosome.

Z-track
An I.M. injection technique in which the client's skin is pulled
in such a way that the needle track is sealed off after the
injection. The technique is done to minimize subcutaneous
irritation and discoloration.

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