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Mechanics of Material
B-Tech Civil
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................ii
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Mechanics of Material .......................................................................................... 3
1.2 External Load ....................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Surface Forces ............................................................................................... 3
1.2.2 Body forces .................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Support reactions .................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Elasticity ............................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Stress .................................................................................................................... 5
1.6 Type of stresses .................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Tensile stress ........................................................................................................ 5
1.8 Compressive stress ............................................................................................... 6
1.9 Elastic limit .......................................................................................................... 6
1.10 Hooks Law ........................................................................................................ 6
1.11 Modulus of Elasticity ......................................................................................... 7
1.12 Strain .................................................................................................................. 7
1.13 Tensile strain ...................................................................................................... 8
1.14 Compressive strain ............................................................................................. 8
ii
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Mechanics of Material
Mechanics of material is that branch of mechanics that studies the internal effects of
stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to an external loading. Stress is
related to the strength of material from which the body is made, while strain is a
measure of the deformation of the body.
1.2 External Load
A body is subjected to only two types of external loads; namely surface force or body
force.
1.2.1 Surface Forces
The forces caused by the direct contact of one body with the surface of another body
are called surface forces.
1.2.2 Body forces
A body force is developed when one body exerts a force on another body without
direct physical contact between the bodies. Examples include the effect caused by the
earths gravitation or its electromagnetic field.
1.3 Support reactions
The surface forces that develop at the supports or points of contact between bodies are
called reactions. Or civil structures are connected to the ground at certain points called
supports. When the external loading is applied to the structure, the supports develop
forces which oppose the tendency of the structure to move. These forces are called
reactions.
The nature and number of reactions depends on the type of support. Figure1 (a, b, c)
shows the most common types of idealized structural supports for any planar
structure. A roller support allows motion in the longitudinal direction but not in the
transverse direction. A hinge prevents motion in both the longitudinal and transverse
directions but allows rotation about the pin connection. Lastly, the clamped (fixed)
support restrains rotation as well as translation with 2 reaction forces and one
moment.
Figure 0.a
Figure 0.b
Figure 0.c
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------By: Engr. Shams Ul Islam
Lecturer Civil Engineering Department
CECOS University Peshawar
1.4 Elasticity
The property of certain materials of returning back to its original position, after
removing the external force, as known as elasticity.
A body is said to be perfectly elastic, if it return back completely to its original shape
and size, after the removal of external forces. If the body does not return back
completely to its original shape and size, after the removal of external force, it is said
to be partially elastic.
1.5 Stress
Every material is elastic in nature. That is why, whenever, some external force act on
a body, it undergoes some deformation. As the body undergoes deformation, its
molecules set up some resistance to deformation. This resistance per unit area to
deformation is known as stress. Mathematically stress may be defined as the force per
unit area.
Where
Compressive stress
Tensile stress
Figure 0.d
1.12 Strain
Whenever a single force (or a system of force) acts on a body, it undergoes some
deformation. This deformation per unit length is known is strain. OR
The change in length per unit length is called strain.
Mathematically, strain is :
By:
Engr. Shams Ul Islam
Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department,
CECOS University Peshawar
Note: These lectures are only for teaching purpose and materials are collected from various sources i.e. books and world wide web.
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