Prudhvi Teja - IJITE

IJITE
Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

ISSN: 2321-1776
International Journal in IT and Engineering, Impact Factor- 4.747
IMPROVENT OF SILTY SOIL AS SUBGRADE MATERIAL BY STABILIZING

WITH BITUMINOUS EMULSION
KOTA PRUDHVI TEJA
Research Scholar, Deccan College of Engineering and Technology,
Darussalam, Aghapura, Hyderabad-500001 Telangana, India
Dr. Mir Iqbal Faheem
Head, Department of Civil Engineering & Vice Principal, Deccan College of
Engineering and Technology, Darussalam, Aghapura, Hyderabad-500001 Telangana,
India
ABSTRACT
This research is to investigate physical and mechanical properties of silty soil in
order to improve the bearing capacity, Shear strength and density of the soil. The
first part of investigation was to identify the soil classification of the selected soil
according to USCS (Unified soil classification system) by conducting Atterberg limit
test, after soil is classified sieve analysis was done to know the Coarse fraction and
Fine fraction of the soil to determine whether the soil is well graded. The second
part of the investigation was to identify the specific gravity of the soil which helps
to determine the dry density of the soil, by using modified proctor test the
maximum dry density (MDD) of the soil is concluded with different concentrations of
water and optimum moisture content is observed by plotting a graph between dry
density and moisture content. Free swell index was also conducted to know the
expansive property of soil. California bearing ratio test (CBR) was conducted to
know the bearing capacity of soil all the physical and direct shear test was
conducted to know the mechanical characteristics of soil i.e. Cohesion and Internal
shear angle. Slow setting type Cationic bituminous emulsion (CSS) is being used in
the present study. In the third part of the investigation bituminous emulsions with
different concentrations was added to the soil and Modified proctor test was
conducted to determine the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum bituminous
content (OBC) of the stabilized soil. The Atterberg limits of the stabilized soil is
carried out to identify the significant increase in three parameters (liquid limit,
plastic limit and plastic index).the CBR and Direct shear test is also conducted on
stabilized soil. The final part of the investigation was to discriminate the changes in
General, physical and mechanical properties of soil. Correlation of Cohesion,
Internal shear angle and Atterberg limits with increased bitumen emulsion
concentration was done. Primary studies on Original soil and stabilized soil will be
done by using a simple chemical method. SEM (scanning electron microscope) was
coupled with EDX (Energy dispersive x-ray) analysis used to generate high
resolution images to show the chemical properties of the soil. The first part of
investigation showed that the soil lied below the A-line of USCS classification proved
that this soil belongs to silt category (MH or OH) and sieve analysis indicate that the
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ISSN: 2321-1776
percentage of fine fraction is more than Coarse fraction and well graded and can be
used for construction. The second part and third part of investigation found that soil
physical and mechanical properties of stabilized soil are improved with reference to,
CBR and Maximum dry density. In final investigation the correlation with different
emulsion concentrations with cohesion, internal shear angle and three parameters
of Atterberg limits are increased.
Key words: Distress, Pavement, roughness index, regression model, smart phone
application
1) INTRODUCTION
Starting from the base, soil is one of natures most abundant construction
materials. Almost all type of construction is built with or upon the soil. The most
important part of a road pavement is subgrade soil and its strength. If strength of
soil is poor, then stabilization is normally needed. Subgrade is sometimes stabilized
or replaced with stronger soil material so as to improve the strength. Such
stabilization is also suitable when the available subgrade is made up of weak soil.
Increase in sub grade strength may lead to economy in the structural thicknesses of
a pavement. Cement, fly ash, lime, fibres etc. are very commonly used for soil
stabilization. Eroded soil is due to strength of bindings among particles forming soil
is unable anymore it hold pressures on it. The load can be in the form of striking
and or sparkling of rains fall to the soil surface due to friction/erosion caused by
water flow on soil surface in general the soil has an ability to hold/control
the
pressures on it but due to heterogenic soil characteristics there is type of soil which
having insufficient ability. The minerals from soil consisting of elements and
chemical compounds can react with other chemical substances mixed to it. For the
soil which has in sufficient technical ability that has chemical potential the ability
can be increased by adding chemical substances(chemical conservation).The US
Army research effort has been narrowed from evaluating a wide number of soil
stabilization/modification additives to a focus on additives with particle binding
properties (cements, asphalt emulsions, etc.). These materials should be applicable
to a wider variety of soil types compared to additives such as acids, enzymes, etc.
that require some type of chemical reaction with the native soil particle.
Stabilization of soils using polymer emulsion is a straightforward process in that the

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ISSN: 2321-1776
liquid is simply diluted to the proper amount. The dilution amount is selected to
achieve the target additive quantity at the desired moisture content required for
the most efficient compaction of the soil. For field applications, the emulsion is best
applied with a spray bar mounted inside the cowling of a reclaimer/stabilizer
machine. The application conditions must be well controlled to insure that the
proper amount of stabilizer is delivered into the soil and to achieve the proper
moisture content for compaction. It should be noted that field mixing is rarely as
efficient as laboratory specimen preparation; therefore, the results presented
herein are likely to be a best-case scenario for stabilization Here results
presented herein are analyzed in terms of CBR, Shear strength and Atterberg
testing. The use of the CBR test was selected to allow for determination of strength
performance of silty soil types. It is well recognized that the CBR (California Bearing
Ratio) and Direct Shear test with emulsion impart significant stiffness and
impermeability to the stabilized soils.
Objectives of the study
1. An attempt has been made to use emulsion for improving the strength and
geotechnical properties of gravel soil.
2. To identify the material maximum dry density and optimum moisture content
and improvements with bitumen emulsion as stabilizer.
3. An attempt to identify the CBR value of original soil sand conditions to increase
the CBR value of soil as subgrade material
4. To identify chemical bonding occurs between minerals in the soil and elements in
bitumen emulsion.
2) CRITICAL REVIEW
Many studies were done before on stabilization of soil, with different types of
additives
to
improve
physical
and
mechanical
characteristics
and
their
performances, several heuristic methods are briefly explained. The major study was
done on stabilization of soil and minor study was covered on stabilization of soil with
bitumen emulsion.

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Table I Critical Review
S.no
Author(s)
Razouki et al
Cokca et al
A. P. Chritz
Michael
Year
200
2
200
3
200
6
200
6
Name of the
modifier
Bitumen Emulsion
Bitumen Emulsion
Bitumen Emulsion
Asphalt emulsion
Properties improved
Improves water
resistance
Improvement in shear
strength of soil
Improves water
resistance
Improved durability
Improves Water
Martinet al.
Yuehuan et al
200
Hussain
8
200
9
201
0
201
Chinkulkijniwat
and Man-Koksung
Bitumen Emulsion
Foamed Bitumen
Foamed bitumen
Bitumen Emulsion
Paul et al
2011 Asphalt binder
10
L. Lauren
2011 Polymer Emulsion
11
12
13
Nikraz
Marandi and
Safapour
Jones et al
201
2
201
2
201
2
Bitumen -cement
Cement and
Bitumen
Asphalt emulsion
resistance, changes
bearing ratio of soil and
Plasticity index
Immunity to Extreme
weather conditions
Strength and stiffness
improves
Improves pavement
rutting resistance
Improved waterproofing
of pavement
Improves bearing ratio
of soil
Improves indirect tensile
strength
Improved waterproofing
of pavement
Improvement in Tensile
stress of soil
3) MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study area selection

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The scope of the study was limited to a stretch distributed on two roads from
Kakinada to Rajahmundry. Study area stretch is selected based on the category of
the road, terrain and climatic conditions, geographical location etc... Figure 1 shows
the location of study area
Figure 1 Location of the study area

Data collection
The site was located between cities Rajahmundry and Kakinada which acts as a
main corridor of 60.6 kms along with irrigation canals on both sides (7-8 feet) below
the ground water table elevation to connect NH-5 to the Kakinada city. The entire
site is situated on dredge spoil area which includes variety of material s like clay,
silt, sand and organic matter.
1. Silty soil
The soil was taken in its original and distributed forms the sample of original soil is
taken by using a pipe of diameter 7.5 cm with length 30cm. Disturbed soil sample
was taken at the depth of 0 to 50 cm.
2. Bitumen emulsion
Bitumen emulsion type CSS used especially for soil stabilization .The concentrations
used in this study were5%, 10%and15% respectively towards dry soil weight.
Research process
The typical design sequence followed with an investigation into the material,
pavement structure (for recycling projects) and the climate. Once these parameters

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are known, preliminary laboratory investigation into the materials begins and soil
classification is done according to USCS classification. The untreated soil is first
investigated visually to know the color and texture to determine the design
equivalent material class. Detailed laboratory tests are conducted to determine the
physical, mechanical and general characteristics of the soil. To know the chemical
characteristics of the soil processed for SEM (scanning electron microscope) was
coupled with EDX (energy dispersive x-ray) to generate high resolution images to
know the minerals present in soil.
Laboratory tests on the emulsion like specific gravity, viscosity and evaporation
were done to know the physical characteristics of the emulsion. The soil is then
stabilized with bitumen emulsion of different concentration followed by laboratory
tests to know the changes in physical mechanical and general characteristics, these
characteristics are compared to know the performance of mix at different emulsion
concentrations and this changes are correlated in form of graphs between bitumen
emulsion concentration and Atterberg limits, shear strength of soil and CBR of soil
and validation of results is done by using a model. From above correlations
improved/diminished performance of soil with different bitumen concentrations are
evaluated. Coefficient of regression for each correlation are validated by using a
model in this study SPSS software was used as a model to validate. The economic
structural design analysis is made to know the cost reduction of the project per km.
4) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Original Soil Characteristics
The result of sieve analysis indicate that the percentage of coarse fraction =
0.7% and fine fraction = 77.4% and sand content was = 21.9% are concluded as
well graded soil as per IS 2720 part IV. Atterberg consistency indicates that
Liquid limit= 44.5%, Plastic Limit = 13.67% and Plastic Index = 30.83which are
in permissible limits as per IS 2720 Part V. The visual observation indicates that
the color in field is blackish brown complexion called vondrumatti by local
community.
Table II Physical and Mechanical properties of original soil

S.no
Experim
ent
Result for test

specimen
Avera
ge
value
Permiss
ible
value
IS
code

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A
Sieve
Analysis
Coarse
fraction
0.70%
Fine
fraction
77.40%
Sand
21.40%
Atterberg
consisten
cy
Liquid
limit
44.5
Plastic
limit
13.67
Plastic
index
30.83
Specific
gravity
CBR
MDD
FSI
2.62
2
3
2.64
2.61
3.66
2
3
4.18
4.31
1.65
1.715
3
4
5
1.763
1.742
1.642
40%
2.62
-
4.05%
-
1.763
40%
IS
2720
part
IV
IS
2720
part
IV
IS
2720
part
IV
-
IS
2720
Part V
IS
2720
Part V
IS
45
2720
Part V
IS
2386
2.5-3
part III
IS:272
0
Part VI
IS:272
0
Part
XVIII
IS:272
50% 0 part
XXXX
70

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Based on uses classification with fine fraction percentage (77.4%)>12% and filter
pass percentage No.4 (100%)>50%, this soil belongs to sand category (MH or OH).
Based on liquid limit =44.5% and plasticity index=30.83%, the soil is at areas MH
and OH. It can be concluded that this soil belongs to type of sandy clay loam with
low plasticity. According to USCS classification system, this soil belongs silty group.
The soil mechanic characteristic test indicates that the cohesive value of soil shear
strength c=0.405 kg/cm2 and internal shear angle =24O15l. This means that type
of soil has an ability to hold by the shear tension 0.405 kg/cm2 works at it at a
shear area with beveled angle 24o 15l.
The specific gravity of the soil is indicated as 2.62 which is in permissible limits as
per IS 2386 part III. The CBR values of 3.66,4.18,4.31 was determined from the
graphs @ penetration 2.5 mm as the penetration values at 2.5mm is more than
5.0mm.The average value of CBR is fixed as 4.05% @2.5mm penetration. The
maximum dry density was and determined by using modified proctor test. The free
swell index of the soil sample was done by keeping soil in water for 24 hours to
check the swelling index of the soil.

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Figure 3 SEM and EDX photos of original soil
The results of chemical characteristics of soil type in this study using SEM and EDX
photos (Figure.4.7 ) indicate that this soil contains elements :Oxygen (O)= 42.56%
Silicon (Si)=18.80%, Aluminum (AL)= 18.52%,Iron (FE)=12.68%, Titanium (Ti)=
1.23%, Calcium (K) =1.12% and carbon C=5.10%.According to (8) ,The main
chemical elements forming the soil are oxygen (O), Silicon(Si),Aluminum (Al)and
iron (Fe) supported the results of this study on chemical elements in type of soil.
Through chemical reaction process between the elements , Chemical compounds
are formed: Silica(SiO2)=40.21%,Aluminium oxide (AL2O3)= 34.99%, Ferric oxide
(FeO2)=16.31%,Titanium oxide(TiO2)=2.05%, Kalium Oxide (K2O)=1.35% and
carbon (c)=5.10%.(8) points out that compounds SiO2,Al2O3 and FeO with relatively
high percentage occur in almost all types of soil minerals. This is in line with the
results of this soil study containing compounds which are significant enough.
B. Characteristics of Bitumen Emulsion
Table III bitumen emulsion characteristics
S.no
Experim
ent
Viscosity
Specific
gravity
Avera
ge
value
81
Permissibl
e value
IS
code
20 - 100 t
sec
IS
1206
1.015
0.97 - 1.02
IS
1202
Table II shows the results of the parameters tests of bitumen emulsion of which
values obtained are in the range of required specification. This indicates that
emulsified asphalt sample is suitable for soil stabilization process.
C. Soil Characteristics Stabilized with Bitumen Emulsion
Disturbed soil sample tested in this study was stabilized by adding emulsified
asphalt. Each treatment was added with emulsified asphalt 5%, 10% and 15%
respectively to dry soil sample weight.
Table IV physical properties of Stabilized soil
S.n
o
Experiment
Result for test
Average
Permissibl
specimen
value
e value
IS code

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Atterberg
Liquid limit
52.3
70
Plastic limit
15.9
36.40
45
limits
1
2
3
Plastic
index
Specific
gravity
CBR
MDD
2.68
2.72
2.79
6.19
7.43
8.67
1.730
1.840
1.910
1.735
1.659
2.73
2.5 - 3.0
IS 2720 Part
V
IS 2720 Part
V
IS 2720 Part
V
IS 2386
part III
IS:2720
8.10%
1.910
part-XVI
IS:2720
part-XVIII
The above table the physical and mechanical properties of stabilized soil are
investigated and improvement in properties where noticed when compared to
original properties. Drastic change in CBR value has been noticed 50% percentage
of CBR value has been increase when compared to original soil.
I.
Chemical Characteristics of Stabilizes Soil

From the results of soil Chemical characteristics stabilized with emulsified asphalt
with SEM and EDX

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Figure 4 SEM and EDX photos of Soil Stabilization with Bitumen emulsion
Carbon(c)=23.21%,oxygen(O)=34.71%,Silicon(Si)=15.42%,Aluminium(Al)=15.21%,I
ron(Fe)=9.81%,Titanium (Ti)=1.02%,Calcium (K)=0.61%.All chemical elements in
this soil stabilization are equal to chemical elements found in original soil ,Which
only decreases in percentage except carbon elements which increases due to the
addition of carbon element from emulsified asphalt.
Through
chemical
reaction
between
the
elements
compounds
are
formed
carbon(C)=23.21%, silica(Sio2)=32.98%,Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)=28.75%, ferric

oxide(FeO)=12.63%,
Titanium
oxide(TiO2)=1.7%,kalium
oxide(K2O)=0.73%.
Chemical compounds in this soil stabilization also equals to chemical compound in

original soil the difference is in the percentage in which each compound decreases
except that carbon compound increases these is due to the entering of the carbon
material from the emulsified asphalt during the soil mixture process (stabilization)
with emulsified asphalt this indicates that a strong bonding has occurred between
soil minerals and emulsified asphalt in this stabilization process.
II.
Physical and Mechanical Characteristics

The table shows physical and mechanical Characteristics of the stabilized soil are
Atterberg soil (Liquid limit, Plastic limit and Plastic Index) these values are
increased with increase in stabilizer percentage.
Table V Testing Results of Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Stabilized Soil

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No
i.
Unit
Explanation
Atterberg
Consistency
Liquid limit
2
3
Emulsified Asphalt concentration

0%
5%
10%
44.5
50.2
Plastic limit
13.67
15.25
30.83
34.95
Plastic index
Mechanical
Characteristics
Cohesion
0.405
0.739
0.982
1.225
Internal shear angle
24o15l
22o32l
18 o 21 l
13 o 54 l
52.8
16.75
35.85
15%
56.3
19.6
36.7
EFFECT OF BITUMEN EMULSION ON SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH

Two main parameters affect the strength of soil shear and cohesive (C) factor and
internal shear angle (). Table III shows the increase value of soil cohesion and the
decrease of internal shear angle in line with the increase of emulsified asphalt
concentration. The value of soil cohesion stabilized with emulsified asphalt with
concentration 5% increases to 82.46% toward the value of soil cohesion without
stabilization. Likewise the stabilization with concentrations 10% and 15%, the
cohesive value increases to 142.47% and 202.46% respectively toward the value of
soil cohesion without stabilization. The amount of internal shear angle stabilized
with
emulsified
asphalt
with
concentration
5%,
10%
and
15%
decreases
respectively towards the internal shear angle of soil without stabilization.

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1.4
1.23
1.2
f(x)==0.99
R
0.27x + 0.16
0.98
1
0.74
0.8
COHESION c (kg/cm2))
0.6
0.41
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
BITUMEN EMULSION CONCENTRATION BE (%)

Figure 4 Shows the correlation between cohesion and bitumen emulsion
concentration
The larger the value of emulsified asphalt concentration, the larger the value of soil
cohesion. With the help of excel application program, the correlation model between
cohesion and emulsified asphalt concentration is obtained. This correlation model is
in the form of linear mathematic equation: C=0.2703BE +0.162 with coefficient of
determination R2=0.993 and coefficient of correlation R= 0.996>0.6. This
correlation is very strong. In other words, the amount of emulsified asphalt
concentration fully affects the amount of the stabilized soil cohesive value.

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30
24.15
25
22.32
f(x)==0.97
R
- 3.59x
+ 28.54
20
INTERNAL SHEAR ANGLE ()
18.21
13.54
15
10
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
BITUMEN EMULSION CONCENTRATION BE (%)

Figure 5 Correlation between the internal shear angle and Emulsion Concentration
The larger the emulsified asphalt concentration, the lower the internal shift angle.
With the help of excel application program, the correlation model between internal
shear angle and emulsified asphalt concentration is obtained. This correlation model
is in the form of linear mathematic equation model is in the form of linear
mathematic equation =-3.59 4BE +28.54 with coefficient of determination
R2=0.9676 and coefficient of correlation R= 0.990. This correlation is very strong. In
other words, the amount of bitumen emulsion concentration fully affects the
internal shift angle stabilized with bituminous emulsion.
ii.
EFFECT OF BITUMEN EMULSION ON SOIL ATTERBERGS CONSISTENCY

Figure shows variation limits of Atterberg soil (liquid limit, Plastic limit and Plastic
index) Stabilized with emulsified soil. The value of these three parameters shows
tendency to increase although the percentage is not significant enough. The soil
liquid limit stabilized with emulsified asphalt with concentration 5% increases 5.7%
towards soil liquid limit without stabilization. At stabilization with concentrations
10% and 15% liquid limit increases 8.1% and 11.8% respectively towards the soil
liquid limit without stabilization. The soil plastic limit stabilized with emulsified

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asphalt with concentration 5% increases 1.85% towards soil plastic limit without
stabilization. At stabilization with concentrations 10% and 15% liquid limit increases
3.08% and 5.93% respectively towards the soil plastic limit without stabilization.
And the soil plastic index stabilized with emulsified asphalt with concentration 5%
increases 4.12% towards soil liquid limit without stabilization.
60
56.3
f(x) = 3.8x + 41.45

50.2
R = 0.97
52.8
50
44.5
40
34.95
36.7
35.85
f(x) = 1.85x + 29.96

30.83
percentage (%)
R = 0.84
30
20
15.25
13.67
f(x) = 1.93x + 11.5
19.6
16.75
R = 0.97
10
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15000000000000024
Bitumen concentration bE (%)

Figure 6 Correlation between Atterberg consistency and Emulsion Concentration
D. Validation of Regression equation for liquid limit vs bitumen
concentration
An attempt has been made to develop relationship between liquid limit and different
bitumen concentrations before using SPSS trend line.
Table VI Linear regression equation between Atterberg consistencies with Emulsion
concentration
Model
1
R
.987a
Model Summary
Adjusted R
R Square
Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
.973
.960
.50346

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a. Predictors: (Constant), VAR00001

b. The above summary shows the R2 value as 0.973 and adjusted R2
value as 0.960
Coefficientsa
Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
Model
t
Sig.
1
(Constan
13.427
0.421
31.874 .001
t)
VAR0000
0.386
0.045
0.987
8.563 .013
2
a. Dependent Variable: VAR00002
In the above table the constant is 0.386 whereas the variable is
13.426 from which the equation is formed as 0.386 resilient modulus
+ constant.
At stabilization with concentrations 10% and 15% plastic index increases 5.02% and
5.87% respectively towards the soil plastic index without limits stabilization. Fig.
3.4 shows the correlation between Atterberg consistency (liquid limit, Plastic limit
and Plastic index) of stabilized soil and emulsified asphalt concentration. The three
graphs show tendency to increase in line with the increase of emulsified asphalt
concentration. With the help of excel application program, the correlation model
between Atterberg limits and emulsified asphalt concentration was obtained. This
correlation model is in the form of linear mathematic equation. For liquid limit, the
equation form is LL=3.86 BC+41.45, with coefficient of determination R2=0.972.
This correlation is very strong in other words, the amount of emulsified asphalt fully
affects the amount of stabilized soil liquid limit. As for plastic limit, the equation
model is PL=1.929BC+11.495 R2=0.973 this correlation is very strong. In other
words, the amount of emulsified asphalt concentration fully affects the value of soil
plasticity index stabilized with emulsified asphalt. It can be concluded that the
plasticity of Silty soil stabilized with bitumen emulsion increases.
E. Cost analysis
1. CBR@ 2.5mm is 4.05%
2. CBR@ 5mm is 4.98%
Conclusion: After trail we take CBR@2.5mm is 4.05%
Traffic volume = 2msa

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3. Bituminous surface = 3.75*0.05*1000

= 187*5 m 3
= 3.75*0.025*1000
= 93.75 m 3
1 m 3 dense bitumen macadam=Rs5221.79
Therefore 187.5*5221.79= Rs979085.62
1 m3
bitumen concrete=Rs6356.21.
Therefore 93.75*6356.21=595894.68
Bituminous surface cost=1574980.305
Base of gravel (water bond macadam) = 3.75*0.1*1000
= 375 m 3
1 m 3 cost = Rs1030.43
Therefore 375*1030.43
= Rs 386411.25.
Granular sub-base
= 3.75*0.1*1000
1 m3
= 375 m 3
cost = Rs982.72
Therefore 375*982.7
= Rs 368520
The total road cost for 1KM is Rs 2329911.55
CBR@2.5mm is 8.10%
CBR@5mm is 7.65%
After trial we take CBR@ 5mm is 8.10%
Bituminous surface= 3.75*0.05*1000
= 187*5
= 3.75*0.025*1000
= 93.75 m 3
1 m 3 dense bitumen macadam = Rs5221.79
Therefore 187.5*5221.79 = 979085.62

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ISSN: 2321-1776
bitumen concrete = Rs6356.2
Therefore 93.75*6356.21 = 595894.68

Bituminous surface cost = 1574980.305
Base of gravel (water bond macadam) =3.75*0.16*1000
= 600 m 3
1
m3 cost = Rs1030.43.
Therefore 600*1030.43
= Rs 618258
Gross cost: The cost of cationic bituminous emulsion for 550 liters is Rs23500
The total road cost for 1KM is Rs2219088.305
At final the cost will decrease while applying cationic bituminous emulsion.
The decreasing cost is = 2329911.55-2219088.30 = Rs113173.245
5) CONCLUSION
1. Stabilization of silty soil with bitumen emulsion increased the plasticity and
strength of soil shear
2. Stabilization of silty soil with bitumen emulsion increased the density at
optimum bitumen content.
3. The CBR value of the soil is maximized with stabilization of soil with bitumen
emulsion.
4. Chemical binding occurred between minerals in the soil and chemical
elements in bitumen emulsion
6) REFERENCES
1. A Basic Emulsion Manual No.19, 3rd Edition, AEMA.
2. Ballantine RW and Rossouw. AJ. (2013). Stabilization of soils. PPC Lime
Handbook.
3. Brown .S and Needham .A. (2012). A study of cement modified bitumen
emulsion Mixtures.
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13. Stabilization and in-situ pavement recycling using cement, Salamanca,
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Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

IMPROVENT OF SILTY SOIL AS SUBGRADE MATERIAL BY STABILIZING

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

Objectives of the study

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

2011 Asphalt binder

2011 Polymer Emulsion

3) MATERIAL AND METHODS

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

Figure 1 Location of the study area

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

Table II Physical and Mechanical properties of original soil

Result for test

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

Result for test

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

Chemical Characteristics of Stabilizes Soil

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

carbon(C)=23.21%, silica(Sio2)=32.98%,Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)=28.75%, ferric

Chemical compounds in this soil stabilization also equals to chemical compound in

Physical and Mechanical Characteristics

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

Emulsified Asphalt concentration

Internal shear angle

EFFECT OF BITUMEN EMULSION ON SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH

respectively towards the internal shear angle of soil without stabilization.

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

BITUMEN EMULSION CONCENTRATION BE (%)

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

INTERNAL SHEAR ANGLE ()

BITUMEN EMULSION CONCENTRATION BE (%)

EFFECT OF BITUMEN EMULSION ON SOIL ATTERBERGS CONSISTENCY

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

f(x) = 3.8x + 41.45

f(x) = 1.85x + 29.96

Bitumen concentration bE (%)

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

a. Predictors: (Constant), VAR00001

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

3. Bituminous surface = 3.75*0.05*1000

International Journal in IT and Engineering

Vol.03 Issue-09, (September, 2015, Special Issue)

Therefore 93.75*6356.21 = 595894.68

3. Bituminous surface = 3.750.051000