LSPR SAQ02 s34

Course : Seminar & Colloquium (1508SAQ02)
elearning.lspr.edu
Master of Arts in Communication : Corporate Communication Studies
LSPR eLearning Program
Session Topic : Conducting Research

Course: Seminar & Colloquium
By Dr. Rino Boer Ph.D
Content
Part 1
The Process
Part 2
Approaches
Part 3
Methods
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Part1: The Process
Research: Definition & Steps
Q: What is research ?
A: A process in which,
you engage in a small set of logical steps used to collect &
analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic
or issue.
At a general level, research consists of 3 steps:

1. Pose a question,
2. Collect data to answer the question, &
3. Present an answer to the question.
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Research: Why ?
Q: Why is research important ?
A: Research is important for 3

reasons,
1. Adds to our knowledge,
2. Improves practice, &
3. Informs policy debates.
-1508SAQ02-
I was just rubbing sticks together for

fun I didnt realise I was doing basic
research.
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Research: Steps
The process of research consists of 6 steps:

1. Identifying a Research Problem
a. Specifying a problem
b. Justifying it
c. Suggesting the need to study it for audiences
2. Reviewing the Literature
a. Locating,
b. Selecting &
c. Summarizing resources
3. Specifying a Purpose for Research
a. Identifying the purpose statement
b. Narrowing the purpose statement for research questions of
hypotheses
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Research: Steps (Cont.)
Google is my best friend & my worst

enemy.
It's fabulous for research,
but then it becomes addictive.
I'll have a character eating an orange,
&
next thing I'm googling types of
oranges,
I'm visiting chat rooms about oranges,
I'm learning the history of the orange.
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Liane Moriarty
Australian author of
6 Intl best-selling
novels
S.8
Research: Steps (Cont.)
4.
a.
b.
c.
5.
a.
b.
c.
6.
a.
b.
c.
Collecting Data
Selecting individuals to study
Obtaining permissions
Gathering information
Analyzing & Interpreting Data
Breaking down the data
Representing the data
Explaining the data
Reporting & Evaluating Research
Deciding on audiences
Structuring the report
Writing the report sensitively
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Research: Ethical Practices
Q: What ethical practices should we observe ?
A:
1. Respecting the Rights of Participants
2. Honoring Research Sites
3. Reporting Research Fully & Honestly
Ethical Context:
Researchers should reflect on ethical issues,
throughout the research process,
Ethics should, at all times,
Be at the forefront of the researchers
agenda
(Hesse-Bieber & Leavy, 2006)
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Sharlene Nagy
Hesse-Biber
Prof. Sociology
at Boston
College
Patricia Leavy
Prof.Sociology
at Boston
College
S.10
Research: Anti-Plagiarism
1. Anti-Plagiarism Policy
All assignments will need to have a signed declaration,
on the 2nd page (after the cover),
that the material submitted is
the students own work &
that all work taken from other sources is properly
acknowledged.
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Research: Anti-Plagiarism (Cont.)
Use this wording on the 2nd page of each report:

I certify that the attached assignment is my own work & that any material
obtained from other sources has been acknowledged.
I grant permission to the London School of Public Relations to make
copies of assignments for assessment, review and/or record keeping
purposes. I note that the London School of Public Relations reserves the
right to check my assignment for plagiarism.
Signed Date
Penalty for students who performed plagiarism: FAILED from the subject.
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Research: Referencing
2. Referencing
PGP applied,
APA (American Psychological Association) as references system for
all paper work in each subjects (latest version is 6th Edition, 2010).
1. Worldwide accepted
International/national conferences & reputable journals.
2. Up dated revisions.
3. Easy for students:
Students will learn while practicing this references before doing thesis.
4. Easy to learn
www.apastyle.org &
feel free to come to the Thesis Depart.
(on the 9th floor with Ms. Sari/Rita) & ask for softcopy file.
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Research: Referencing (Cont.)
Please visit the following website for these guides:

http://www.lspr.edu/category/thesis/
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Research: Needed Skills
Q: What are the skills needed

for research ?
A:
1. Solving Puzzles.
2. Lengthening Your Attention
Span
3. Using Library Resource
4. Writing, Editing & More
Writing
Look at the chart & say the

COLOUR, not the word
YELLOW BLUE ORANGE BLACK

RED GREEN PURPLE YELLOW RED
ORANGE GREEN BLACK BLUE RED
PURPLE GREEN BLUE ORANGE
Left Right Conflict
Your right brain tries to say the
colour but your left brain insists
on reading the word
Applying the research process to actual studies:

Journal example!
Ill give the softcopy file through LMS
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Part2: Approaches
Research: Quantitative & Qualitative Approaches
You can approach research in 2 ways, through a

1. Quantitative study or
2. Qualitative study
depending on the type of problem you need to
research.
Your choice of one of these approaches will
shape the procedures you use in each of the six steps
of research.
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Quantitative & Qualitative: Definition
Q: What does it mean to conduct quantitative & qualitative

research ?
A:
1. Quantitative Research. Defn:
A type of educational research in which the researcher:
a. Decides what to study,
b. Asks specific, narrow questions,
c. Collects quantifiable data from participants,
d. Analyzes these numbers using statistics, &
e. Conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.
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Quantitative & Qualitative: Definition (Cont.)
2. Qualitative Research. Defn:

A type of educational research in which the researcher:
a. Relies on the views of participants,
b. Asks broad, general questions,
c. Collects data consisting largely of words (texts) from
participants,
d. Describes & analyses these words for themes, &
e. Conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner.
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Quantitative & Qualitative : Development
Q: How did quantitative & qualitative

research develop ?
A:
The development of the 2
approaches is,
not a case of one approach
replacing the other, instead,
it reflects the addition of
qualitative inquiry
to the traditional quantitative
approach
the continuum from QUAN to
QUAL research.
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Quantitative Research: History
A Brief History of Quantitative Research

Qn. res. began in the late 19th century & dominated
educational inquiry for most of the 20th century.
The initial ideas for qn. res. came from the physical
sciences,
such as physics & chemistry. . . .
In the history of the development of qn.res.,
3 historical trends are present:
1. Statistical procedures,
2. Test & measurement practices, &
3. Research designs.
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Quantitative Research: History (Cont.)
The historical trends have led,

to characteristics of quantitative research that we see
today,
an emphasis on:
a. Collecting & analyzing information in the form of numbers,
b. Collecting scores that measure distinct attributes of
individuals & organizations, &
c. The procedures of comparing groups or relating factors
about
1. Individuals or groups in experiments,
2. Correlational studies, &
3. Surveys.
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Qualitative Research: History
A Brief History of Qualitative Research

The actual use of ql res in education is most apparent during the last
30 years,
3 themes shape its history in education:
1. Philosophical ideas,
2. Procedural developments, &
3. Participatory & advocacy practices.
By the late 1960s,
philosophers of education called for an alternative to the traditional
qn approach.
The traditional approach, they felt, relied too much on the
researchers view of education &
less on the research participants view
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Qualitative Research: History (Cont.)
Traditional investigations created a contrived situation in which,

an experimental situation far removed from his or her personal
experiences.
To counter these traditional approaches, philosophers of education
suggested an alternative form of research,
called naturalistic inquiry or constructivism, to remedy these
deficiencies.
Along with these efforts arose a discussion about types of qlr designs,
such as:
a. Case studies,
b. Grounded theory research, &
c. Narrative inquiry, &
d. The emergence of qualitative computer software programs for data
analysis.
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Qualitative Research: History (Cont.)
Advocacy researchers are,

a. Not objective,
b. Authoritative, or
c. Politically neutral.
Advocacy researchers see QUAL
as a
1. Civic responsibility,
2. Moral dialogue, &
3. Means for bringing needed
change to our society.
These historical developments,

have led to characteristics of qlr
that we recognize today,
a recognition that:
a. As researchers we need to
listen to the views of
participants in our studies,
b. We need to ask general, open
questions & collect data in
places where people live &
work, &
c. Research has a role in
advocating for change &
bettering the lives of
individuals.
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Part3: Methods
Research: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Methods
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Quantitative & Qualitative Research: Characteristics
What characteristics,
distinguish & are common to QUAN & QUAL
in each of the 6 steps ?
Step 1: Identifying a Research Problem
Quantitative
Tends to address research problems
requiring:
A description of trends or,
an explanation of the
relationship among variables.
Qualitative
Tends to address research problems
requiring:
a. An exploration in which,
little is known about the problem.
b. A detailed understanding of a
central phenomenon
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Quantitative & Qualitative Research: Characteristics (Cont.)
Step 2: Reviewing the Literature

Quantitative
The literature tends to:
a. Provide a major role through,
suggesting the research
questions to be asked.
b. Justify the research problem &
create a need for the direction
(purpose statement &
research questions or
hypotheses) of the study.
Qualitative
The literature tends to:
a. Play a minor role in,
suggesting a specific research
question to be asked.
b. Justify the importance of,
studying the research problem
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Step 3: Specifying a Purpose for Research

Quantitative
The purpose statement,
research questions, &
hypotheses tend to:
a. Be specific & narrow.
b. Seek measurable, observable
data on variables
Qualitative
The purpose statement &
research questions tend to:
a. Be general & broad.
b. Seek to understand the
participants experiences
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Step 4: Collecting Data

Quantitative
The data collection tends to consist
of:
a. Collecting data using instruments
with,
preset questions & responses.
b. Gathering quantifiable (numeric)
data.
c. Collecting information from a
large number of individuals.
Qualitative
The data collection tends to consist
of:
a. Collecting data using forms with
general,
emerging questions to permit
participants
to generate responses.
b. Gathering word (text) or,
image (picture) data.
c. Collecting information from a
small number of,
individuals or sites.
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Step 5: Analyzing & Interpreting Data

Quantitative
Data analysis tends to:
a. Consist of statistical analysis
b. Involve describing trends,
Comparing group differences
or,
Relating variables.
Qualitative
a. Consist of text analysis.
b. Involve developing a description
& themes.
Interpretation tends to,

Interpretation tends to,
consist of comparing results with consist of stating the larger
prior predictions &
meaning of the findings.
past research.
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Step 6: Reporting & Evaluating Research

Quantitative
Research reports tend to:
a. Use standard, fixed structures
& evaluative criteria.
Researchers tends to,
take an objective & unbiased
approach
Qualitative
a. Consist of text analysis.
b. Involve developing a description
& themes.
Researchers tends to,
take a subjective (reflexive) &
biased approach.
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Course : Seminar & Colloquium (1508SAQ02)
elearning.lspr.edu
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Course : Seminar & Colloquium (1508SAQ02)

LSPR eLearning Program

Session Topic : Conducting Research

Part1: The Process

Research: Definition & Steps

At a general level, research consists of 3 steps:

Q: Why is research important ?

A: Research is important for 3

I was just rubbing sticks together for

The process of research consists of 6 steps:

Research: Steps (Cont.)

Google is my best friend & my worst

Research: Steps (Cont.)

Research: Ethical Practices

Q: What ethical practices should we observe ?

Research: Anti-Plagiarism (Cont.)

Use this wording on the 2nd page of each report:

Research: Referencing (Cont.)

Please visit the following website for these guides:

Research: Needed Skills

Q: What are the skills needed

Look at the chart & say the

YELLOW BLUE ORANGE BLACK

Applying the research process to actual studies:

Research: Quantitative & Qualitative Approaches

You can approach research in 2 ways, through a

Quantitative & Qualitative: Definition

Q: What does it mean to conduct quantitative & qualitative

Quantitative & Qualitative: Definition (Cont.)

2. Qualitative Research. Defn:

Quantitative & Qualitative : Development

Q: How did quantitative & qualitative

Quantitative Research: History

A Brief History of Quantitative Research

Quantitative Research: History (Cont.)

The historical trends have led,

Qualitative Research: History

A Brief History of Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research: History (Cont.)

Traditional investigations created a contrived situation in which,

Qualitative Research: History (Cont.)

Advocacy researchers are,

These historical developments,

Research: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Methods

Quantitative & Qualitative Research: Characteristics

Quantitative & Qualitative Research: Characteristics (Cont.)

Step 2: Reviewing the Literature

Quantitative & Qualitative Research: Characteristics (Cont.)

Step 3: Specifying a Purpose for Research

Quantitative & Qualitative Research: Characteristics (Cont.)

Step 4: Collecting Data

Quantitative & Qualitative Research: Characteristics (Cont.)

Step 5: Analyzing & Interpreting Data

Interpretation tends to,

Quantitative & Qualitative Research: Characteristics (Cont.)

Step 6: Reporting & Evaluating Research

Course : Seminar & Colloquium (1508SAQ02)

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