Fundamentals of Engineering

((FE)) Exam
General Section
Fluid Mechanics Review
Steven Burian
Civil & Environmental Engineering
October 26, 2010

Fluids and FE
X Fluid Mechanics
X.
7% of FE Morning
A. Flow measurement
B. Fluid properties
Session
C. Fluid statics
D. Energy, impulse, and momentum equations
E. Pipe and other internal flow
IV.
IV Fluid Dynamics
A. Bernoulli equation and mechanical energy balance
B. Hydrostatic pressure
C. Dimensionless numbers (e.g., Reynolds Number)
D. Laminar and turbulent flow
E. Velocity head
F. Friction losses ((e.g.,
g , pipes,
p p , valves,, fittings)
g )
G. Pipe networks
H. Compressible and incompressible flow
I. Flow measurement (e.g., orifices, Venturi meters)
J. Pumps, turbines, and compressors
10% of FE Afternoon
K. NonNon-Newtonian flow
Session
L. Flow through packed beds

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties

Fluids
! Fluids are substances in either the liquid
or gas phase

Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

! Fluids cannot support shear, and they

deform continuously to minimize applied
shear forces

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Viscosity
! Shear
Sh
stress
t
(!):
(!
) force
f
required to slide one unit
area layer of a substance
over another
! Viscosity ("
("): measure of a
fluids resistance to flow
when acted upon by an
external force (i.e., ease with
which a fluid pours)
! As a fluid moves a shear
stress is developed in it;
magnitude is dependent on
viscosity of fluid

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

F/A is the fluid shear stress (!) and the constant

of p
proportionality
p
y is the absolute viscosity
y ("):

du
! #"
dy
Newtonian fluids: strains are proportional to the
applied shear stress
Non-Newtonian fluids: fluid shear stress can be
Noncomputed using the power law

The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of

the absolute viscosity to mass density:

"
%#
$

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Surface Tension
! The skin that seems to form on the free surface
of a fluid is caused by intermolecular cohesive
forces and is known as surface tension, &
! Surface tension can be interpreted as the tensile
force between two points a unit distance apart on
the surface

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Capillarity
! Capillary action is caused by surface tension
between the liquid and a vertical solid surface
! In water,, adhesive forces between liquid
q
molecules and surface are greater than cohesive
forces between water molecules; adhesive forces
cause water to attach itself to and climb solid
vertical surface

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review

Pressure

Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

! Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure a

fluid exerts on an immersed object
j
or
on container walls
! Pressure is equal to the force per unit
area of the surface:

F
P#
A

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Pressure
! Gage pressure: measured relative to a reference
pressure - typically local atmospheric pressure
! Absolute pressure: measured relative to a
perfect vacuum
! Absolute, gage, and atmospheric pressure are
related as follows:

Pabs = Pgage + Patm

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review

Pressure

Fluid
Properties

P1 gage

Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

P2 gage

P1 abs
P2 abs

Munson et al. (2002)

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review

Hydrostatic Pressure

Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

'P = change in pressure

( = specific
p
weight
g of fluid
'h = change in depth in fluid

'P = ('
('h
h

***Incompressible fluid at rest

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Manometry
! Manometers
M
t
measure pressure or
pressure differences
! Differential manometers: both ends
connected to pressure sources
! Open manometers: one end open
to the
h atmosphere
h

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties

Solving Manometer Problems

1. Select a convenient starting point (usually at
one of the endpoints)

Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

2. Using 'P = (h, write expressions for changes in

pressure from starting
p
gp
point to point
p
at
opposite end of manometer system. Watch
algebraic signs!
3. Equate expression from step 2 to pressure at
final point
4. Substitute known values and solve for desired
quantity
q
y

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Barometers

Buoyancy

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

! The buoyant force exerted by a fluid is equal to

the weight of the fluid displaced and is directed
vertically upward (Archimedes Principle):
Fb = (Vd
where Fb = the buoyant
y
force
( = specific weight of the fluid
Vd = displaced volume of the fluid

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review

Displaced Volume

Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Displaced volume

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics

Solving Buoyancy Problems

! If the object is at rest in the fluid, use the
equation of static equilibrium in the
vertical direction, )Fy = 0

Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

! The buoyant force passes vertically

through the centroid of the displaced
volume
l
off fluid.
fl id Thi
This point
i t is
i called
ll d the
th
center of buoyancy.

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review

Fluid Forces on Surfaces

Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

! Pressure on a horizontal plane surface is uniform

over the surface
! Resultant
R
lt t force
f
off pressure distribution
di t ib ti acts
t
through center of pressure of surface and is:

R # PA
R = resultant vertical force
P = pressure on the horizontal surface
A = area of submerged horizontal surface

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Fluid Forces on Surfaces

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review

Fluid Forces on Surfaces

Free Surface
O

Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

hC

Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

yc
yR

dF
R

Momentum
and Drag

A
dA
"

R # Pavg A # (hc A

"

Centroid, c
Center of Pressure, CP

I xyc
I xc
yR #
+ yc xR #
+ xc
Ayc
Ayc

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Laminar Flow:
! Relatively low velocities
! No mixing or a very small degree
of mixing
! Fluid
Fl id appears to
t flow
fl
in
i
continuous layers with no
interaction between the layers

Turbulent Flow:
! Relatively high velocities
! High degree of mixing
! Fluid motion appears chaotic

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Flow Distribution

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Reynolds Number

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Reynolds Number
Circular Pipe Flow
Re < 2000 laminar flow
2000 < Re < 4000 transition region
Re > 4000 turbulent flow
Open Channel
Re < 500 laminar flow
500 < Re < 2000 transition region
Re > 2000 turbulent flow

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

One--Dimensional Flows
One

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Compressible Flows
Continuity:

!1 # m
!2
m

$1A1v1 # $2 A2v2
Ideal Gas Law:

P # $RT
[[P is p
pressure]]
[R is the gas constant]
[T is temperature]

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Incompressible Fluids
Continuity Equation:

A1v1 # A2v2

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Bernoulli Equation

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Mechanical Energy Equation

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review

Friction Loss

Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Valid for laminar and turbulent flow

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Moody Chart

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Friction Loss
Hazen--Williams Equation:
Hazen

v # 0.849CR

0.63

0.54

v = velocity
y [[m/s]]
C = roughness coefficient [varies from 140 to 100]
R = hydraulic radius = A/WP [m]
S = slope of HGL = hL/L [dimensionless]

Valid
V lid for
f turbulent
t b l t flow
fl
off water
t

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Minor Loss
hL # hf + hf , fitting
v2
hf , fitting # C
2g
[C = loss coefficient (or resistance coefficient)]

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

HGL and EGL

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review

HGL and EGL

Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics

Velocity Head
(v2/2g)

Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Pressure Head
(P/()

Total Head
or Energy
Grade Line
(EGL)
Hydraulic
H
d
li
Grade Line
HGL

Elevation
Head (z)
Z=0

Pump--Turbines
Pump

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Net head added to system

by mechanical device
2
1

2
2

v
P2
v
+ z1 +
+ hs , hL # + z2 +
2g
(
(
2g

P1

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Open Channel & Pipe Flow

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Impulse--Momentum
Impulse

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties

Impulse--Momentum
Impulse

)Fx # Q2 $2v2 x , Q1 $1v1x

Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

)Fy # Q2 $2v2 y , Q1 $1v1y

)Fz # Q2 $2v2 z , Q1 $1v1z

Sum of the
external forces

Net rate of
momentum
t
entering
t i
control volume

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Drag Force

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Drag Coefficient

FE Fluid
Mechanics
Review
Fluid
Properties
Fluid Statics
Fluid
Dynamics
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Momentum
and Drag

Pipe Networks

Good Luck!!!
Steve Burian
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
burian@eng.utah.edu
@