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PATTERN
DVORA
TRANSITION
FOR VERTICAL
TWO PHASE FLOW
BARNEA*,
OVADIA
School of Engineering,
(Received
SHOHAM
Tel-Aviv
and YEHUDA
DOWNWARD
TAITEL
10 August 1981)
Ahshwt-Experiments
of flow paltern for vertical downward gas-liquid flow are reported. In addition theoretically
based transition criteria for the flow pattern are presented. The experimental results compare resonably well with
the theoretical model for the prediction of flow pattern in vertical downward flow.
Experiments
were conducted
in 2.5 and 5.1 cm dia.,
10 m long pipes using air-water.
The flow pattern were
observed
for a wide range of flow rates of water and air
at room temperature
and 0.1 MPa (outlet pressure).
The results were plotted on flow pattern
maps using
Ye* and I(~* (the superficial
velocities)
as coordinates
(see Figs. I and 2).
Only three flow regimes were observed:
annular flow,
Author
to whom correspondence
should be addressed.
-,
map, vertical
experimental;
downward
---,
theory.
742
DVORABARNEAel al.
TRANSITION
MECHANISMS
AND MODELLING
ated from
- &
Equating
pressure
drop
(2)
yields:
Substituting
n-D
S,=
A,
= ~(08
S, = a-(D-
26)
- 6)
(4)
where
D
=4A,~4&-&~)
s I.
Dr;=+$=(I--2&D
(8)
ur*
U, =
ur-=v)
4&.
l-46+4$
(9)
Yields
&=O.S
where
8/D.
g=
The shear
manner
r,++
stresses
are evaluated
in the conventional
7 _ fi PC&G - ur12
2
and the interfacial
friction
factors
vertical tlow.
(6)
evalu-
or
+=a.35
The transition
line based on the above criteria is
plotted on Figs. 1 and 2 and show a good agreement with
the experimental
data for D =2.5 cm and somewhat
higher values but still acceptable
for D = 5.1 cm.
The mechanism
of transition from slug to dispersed
bubble flow is the same as for the case for upward
vertical flow[7]. This transition
takes place when turbulent forces overcome
interfacial
tension to disperse
the gas phase into small bubbles. Thus the result of [7] is
basically applicable here and may be given by the transition line
Although
eqn (11) agrees generally
with our experimental results, better accuracy
could be achieved
by
improving the aforementioned
model to include the relative small effect of the gas holdup on the process of
coalescence
and breakup
and on the resulting
bubble
size.
Calderbank[8]
investigated
the interelation
between
coalescence,
breakup
and bubble
size in a gas-liquid
Flow pattern
system and found that the critical bubble diameter
increases
in proportion
to the square
root of the gas
holdup.
Considering
that
at negligible
gas holdup
Hinzes [9] correlation
is valid and based on Calderbanks
measurements
the following
correlation
evolves
which
includes the effect of the void fraction on the bubble size
d max
- 4 15 a* + 0.725
(al&) I5e- 2S - *
As before[7]
the terms
as follows
(14)
The turbulent
breakup prevent agglomeration
when the
bubble size is small enough to cause the bubble to remain
in a stable spherical
shape. Deformed
bubbles are also
those that will easily coalesce into large Taylor bubbles.
Brodkey[lO]
used
112
0.40
(17)
[ (& - pG)g I
(pL ,,,]
C
(eL) [a CL
(~)-pI3-v5
0.5
=0.725+4.15
( )
h
%
(W
Equation
(18) agrees
somewhat
better with experimental results than (11) in particular
it predicts well the
slight upward trend of the transition
line for increasing
the gas flow rate (Fig. 1).
Calderbanks
data were limited to void fraction
below
o = 10% and the validity of (12) for high gas holdup is
open to question.
Nevertheless
for the purpose
of this
work, this correlation
will be used up to (I = 0.52171
where a maximum
packing
is reached.
For (I z 0.52 the transition
to dispersed
bubbles
is
u,.=u,,++(l-a)uo
where a = 0.52 and u0 is the rise velocity
relative
to
the
liquid
which
is
Harmathy[lZ].
ug= 1.53
(13)
d&l =
743
trilnsition
(19)
of the bubbles
estimated
by
(20)
(21)
744
SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSlONS
For vertical
downward
Row three flow patterns
are
observed:
annular flow, slug flow and dispersed
bubble
flow.
Models for predicting
the flow boundaries
are presented.
The transition
boundary
between annular and slug flow
is obtained
whenever
the calculated
liquid holdup
in
downward
annular flow is twice the slug hold up.
The boundary
between
slug and dispersed
bubble
flows is predicted
using an improved
version of Taitel ef
al. [7] Hinze breakup theory.
NOTATlON
A
C
6
E
symbols
void fraction
liquid film thickness
energy input per unit mass
and time
IJ
p
LT
+
kinematic
viscosity
density
surface tension
shear stress
Subscri~ls
and superscripls
diameter at which bubble
crit
G
L
s
-
gas
liquid gas interface
liquid
superficial
for one phase
dimensionless
variable
free rise
behaves
flow alone
as a rigid sphere
in the pipe
I
REXERENCES