Beneficios Torre de Resfriamento

CTI Sponsored Educational Program
Presented By:
Tim Facius
Baltimore Aircoil
Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications
2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 1
CTI Mission Statement

To advocate and promote the use of
environmentally responsible Evaporative Heat
Transfer Systems (EHTS) for the benefit of the
public by encouraging:
Education
Research
Standards Development and Verification
Government Relations
Technical Information Exchange
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 2
CTI Objectives
Maintain and expand a broad base membership of
individuals and organizations interested in Evaporative
Heat Transfer Systems (EHTS).
Owner/Operators
Manufacturers
Suppliers
Identify and address emerging and evolving issues
concerning EHTS.
Encourage and support educational programs in various
formats to enhance the capabilities and competence of
the industry to realize the maximum benefit of EHTS.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 3
CTI Objectives
Encourage and support cooperative research to improve
EHTS technology and efficiency for the long-term
benefit of the environment.
Assure acceptable minimum quality levels and
performance of EHTS and their components by
establishing standard specifications, guidelines, and
certification programs.
Establish standard testing and performance analysis
systems and procedures for EHTS.
Communicate with and influence governmental entities
regarding the environmentally responsible technologies,
benefits, and issues associated with EHTS.
Encourage and support forums and methods for
exchanging technical information on EHTS.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 4
CTI Certification Program

STD-201
The standard sets forth a program whereby the Cooling
Technology Institute will certify that all models of a line
of evaporative heat rejection equipment offered for sale
by a specific Manufacturer will perform thermally in
accordance with the Manufacturers published ratings.
Applies to Mechanical Draft Evaporative Heat Rejection
Equipment such as Cooling Towers, Closed Circuit
Coolers (and Evaporative Refrigerant Condensers).
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 5
Please visit our website at

www.cti.org
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 6
Publication and Presentation Disclaimer 2011

The information contained in the following publication, paper or
presentation is intended for education by the author or
presenter, however information given is in no way an
endorsement of the Cooling Technology Institute. The
publication, paper or presentation has been reviewed by the
CTI staff and program committee for commercial content,
however there may be differing opinions regarding the
content of information. The Cooling Technology Institute
accepts no liability for its content.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 7
Benefits of Water Cooled

vs Air Cooled Equipment
for Air-Conditioning
Applications
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 8
Overview
Climate Change Background
US Response
Climate Change and HVAC
Benefits of Water Cooled Equipment
Water Usage
Energy Savings Tips
EPA
Others
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 9
U.S. Government
commitment to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions
can have a significant
impact on HVAC system
design.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 10
Definition Global Warming

Global warming is the average increase in the
temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth'
s surface
and in the troposphere, which can contribute to changes
in global climate patterns.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 11
Definition Global Warming

Global warming can occur from a variety of causes, both
natural and human induced. In common usage, "global
warming" often refers to the warming that can occur as a
result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases from
human activities.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 12
U.S. Commitment Reduce Global Warming

For decades it has been
clear that the way
Americans produce and
consume energy is not
sustainable. Our addiction
to foreign oil and fossil fuels
puts our economy, our
national security, and our
environment at risk.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 13

The Recovery Act was signed into law
on February 17, 2009 and has
invested $80M in the clean energy
economy.
Development of renewable energy and
clean technologies
Smart electric grid and energy efficient
homes, offices, and appliances
High speed rail and advanced car
batteries
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 14

Leadership in Sustainability
President Obama signed an Executive Order on
Federal Sustainability, committing the Federal
Government to lead by example and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by 28% by 2020, increase
energy efficiency, and reduce fleet petroleum
consumption.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 15

Monitoring Emissions
For the first time, the U.S. will catalogue greenhouse
gas emissions from large emission sources an
important initial step toward measurable and
transparent reductions.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 16
Global Warming
Greenhouse gasses include:
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Acid (N20)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perflurocarbons (PFCs)
Sulfur Hexafluorides (SF4)
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 17
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by

Component, 2001
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 18
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions account for
approximately 85% of the U.S. greenhouse gas
emissions.
Transportation
Heavy Industry
Utilities
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 19
Major CO2 Emission Sources Utility Industry

Fossil Fuel Burning Power Plants
Produce 55% of U.S. electricity
Addition of exhaust gas scrubbers not economically
viable for most plants
Only 35% of Power Plants have exhaust scrubbers.
Rather than upgrade the power plants, decision

is to phase-out many of them.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 20
U.S. Government Plan to Reduce CO2

Emissions from Power Plants
Convert to less carbon
intensive fuels or noncarbon fuels
Taxation of carbon fuels
Regulation of emissions for
new plants
More research and funding
for renewable energy
Reduce energy demand

New energy-saving
technologies
Improve efficiency of
equipment and systems
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 21
Electricity and Air Conditioning

About one-sixth of all the electricity generated in
the U.S. is used to air-condition buildings.
Air-conditioning systems drive many power plant
peak loads and have been identified as an
energy reduction opportunity.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 22
Basic Air-Conditioning System

Large Buildings (> 300 tons)
Water cooled systems provide clear-cut economic and
environmental justification.
Mid-size Buildings (100-300 tons)

Air cooled systems may offer first cost incentive to
sacrifice energy efficiencies of water cooled systems.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 23
Cooling Tower
AHU - 1
AHU - 2
AHU - 3
Pump
Pump
Condenser
Evaporator
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 24
Benefits of Water Cooled Systems

Water-cooled systems
More energy-efficient than air-cooled systems
approximately 35%
Reduced plan area
Reduced sound
Independently certified performance
AHRI for chillers
CTI for cooling towers
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 25
Challenges of Water Cooled Systems

Water-cooled systems
Higher installation cost
Water use
Consider the water use at the cooling tower
Consider the water used at power plant to create energy
Water treatment
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 26
Water Usage
Water cooled systems recycle 95% of the total water.
The remaining 5% is lost to evaporation & bleed.
NO water is destroyed.
A small portion of the water is bled from the system to
control the build-up of impurities.
Bleed Rate =
Evaporation Rate
Cycles of Concentration -1
Water use is proportional to load and time of day.
Trend toward using grey water for make up.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 27
Water Quality and Control Cost

Considerations
Water-cooled systems require treatment to
control scale/corrosion and biological growths.
Chemical or NCD
Water and chemical costs must be included in a

cost analysis of water-cooled and air-cooled
systems.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 28
Cooling Tower Industry Answer

Hybrid technology
Optimizes water use and
energy use based on load,
water availability
Materials of Construction
Increase cycles of
concentration
Use grey water
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 29
Optimize Energy and Water Costs

Market trends suggest that the demand for energy
resources will rise dramatically over the next 25
years:
Global demand for all energy sources is forecast to grow

by 57% over the next 25 years.
U.S. demand for all types of energy is expected to
increase by 31% within 25 years.
By 2030, 56% of the worlds energy use will be in Asia.
Electricity demand in the U.S. will grow by at least 40% by
2032.
Sources: Annual Energy Outlook (DOE/EIA-0383(2007)), International Energy

Outlook 2007 (DOE/EIA-0484(2007), Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2005 (April 2007) (EPA 430-R-07-002)
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 30
U.S. Actions Impacting HVAC Systems and

Equipment
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 as basis for

energy efficiency for commercial buildings
New ASHRAE Standard 189
California Title 24
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 31
ASHRAE Standard 90.1

Basis of energy efficiency for commercial
buildings
Fan speed control on heat rejection equipment
Performance requirement
Axial fan towers = 38.2 gpm/hp*
Centrifugal fan towers = 20.0 gpm/hp*
Axial fan closed circuit cooling towers = 14.0 gpm/hp*
Centrifugal fan closed circuit cooling towers = 7.0
gpm/hp*
Air cooled condensers = 176,000 BTU/hhp
Based on 95/85/75 for towers, and 102/90/75 for closed circuit cooling
towers, and 125/190/15/95 for air cooled condensers
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 32
ASHRAE Standard 189

Performance requirement
Increased from 4-14% above ASHRAE 90.1
requirements
Air Cooled condenser requirement removed and is
dependent on tonnage
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 33
ASHRAE Standard 189

Once through cooling with potable water is
prohibited.
Cooling towers and evaporative condensers shall
be equipped with make-up and blow down
meters, conductivity controllers, and overflow
alarms.
Cooling towers shall be equipped with efficient
drift eliminators:
0.002% of recirculated water for counterflow
0.005% of recirculated water for crossflow
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 34
California Title 24
Basis for energy efficiency for commercial
buildings
Same as ASHRAE 90.1
Flow turndown up to 33%
Updated to make the flow turndown 50%
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 35
California Title 24
Limitations
Centrifugal Fan Towers
900 gpm or higher must meet efficiency requirements of
axial fans
Air Cooled Chillers

More than 300 tons of total capacity
Only 100 tons provided by air cooled
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 36
Energy Saving System Designs.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 37
EPA Climate Wise Program Wise Rules to

Energy Efficiency
Process Cooling Wise Rule 1. Installing energy efficient
chillers and refrigeration systems can save 1.2% of a
facilitys total energy use with an average simple
payback of 23 months.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 38

Energy Efficiency
Process Cooling Wise Rule 2. Free cooling with cooling
tower water can reduce a facility'
s total energy use by
about 1% with an average simple pay back of 14
months.
Using cooling tower water in place of the chiller when the
outside temperature is low
Cooling tower is sized for winter capacity
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 39

Energy Efficiency
Process Cooling Wise Rule 3. Free cooling can reduce
cooling system energy use by as much as 40%
depending on location and load profile.
Process Cooling Wise Rule 4. Increasing chilled water
temperature by 1F reduces chiller energy use by 0.6%
to 2.5%.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 40

Energy Efficiency
Process Cooling Wise Rule 5. Reducing condenser
pressure by 10 psi can decrease refrigeration system
energy use per ton of refrigeration by about 6%.
Process Cooling Wise Rule 6. For each 1F degree
decrease in condenser cooling water temperature, until
optimal water temperature is reached, there is a
decrease in chiller energy use by up to 3.5%.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 41
Energy Saving Tip

Installing VFDs in place of
constant speed systems
can reduce cooling
system energy use by
30% to 50%, depending
on load profile.
Cooling tower fans
Chiller compressor
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 42
Single Speed BHP & VFD BHP Versus Wet Bulb

60
Single Speed Motor
50
30
BHP
40
20
VFD
10
0
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
Wet Bulb
Assumes constant load with varying wet bulb temperatures
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 43
Energy Saving Tip

Take advantage of
ambient wet bulb
temperatures
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 44
ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb Temperatures

Location
Wet Bulb
Baltimore, MD
78F
New York, NY
76F
Boston, MA
75F
Los Angeles, CA
70F
Seattle, WA
66F
Denver, CO
65F
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 45

Location
Wet Bulb
CWT
Baltimore, MD
78F
85F
New York, NY
76F
83.5F
Boston, MA
75F
82.7F
Los Angeles, CA
70F
80.5F
Seattle, WA
66F
76.0F
Denver, CO
65F
75.0F
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 46

Location
Wet Bulb
CWT
Energy
Baltimore, MD
78F
85F
0.57 kW/TR
New York, NY
76F
83.5F
0.55 kW/TR
Boston, MA
75F
82.7F
0.54 kW/TR
Los Angeles, CA
70F
80.5F
0.53 kW/TR
Seattle, WA
66F
76.0F
0.49 kW/TR
Denver, CO
65F
75.0F
0.48 kW/TR
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 47

Energy
Savings
Location
Wet Bulb CWT
Baltimore, MD
78F
85F
0.57 kW/TR Base
New York, NY
76F
83.5F
0.55 kW/TR $2K
Boston, MA
75F
82.7F
0.54 kW/TR $3K
Los Angeles, CA
70F
80.5F
0.53 kW/TR $4K
Seattle, WA
66F
76.0F
0.49 kW/TR $6K
Denver, CO
65F
75.0F
0.48 kW/TR $9K
Savings are based on 500 ton cooling tower with 10F Range.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 48
Energy Saving Tips

Tip #1 Install energy efficient equipment.
Tip #2 Evaluate additional free cooling hours.
Tip #3 Increase chilled water temperature.
Tip #4 Reduce condenser pressure.
Tip #5 Lower the design condenser water
temperature.
Tip #6 Install VFDs on constant speed fan
systems.
Tip #7 Take advantage of low ambient wet
bulb temperatures.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 49
Conclusion
Air-conditioning system evaluations should take
the pending impact of environmental issues into
consideration.
Water cooled systems provide the most energy
efficient systems and can help protect building
owners and operators from uncertainties in
electricity pricing.
January 31, 2011

Slide No.: 50

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CTI Sponsored Educational Program

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

CTI Mission Statement

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

CTI Certification Program

CTI Sponsored Educational Program

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

Please visit our website at

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

Publication and Presentation Disclaimer 2011

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

Benefits of Water Cooled

CTI Sponsored Educational Program

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

CTI Sponsored Educational Program

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

Definition Global Warming

CTI Sponsored Educational Program

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

Definition Global Warming

CTI Sponsored Educational Program

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

U.S. Commitment Reduce Global Warming

CTI Sponsored Educational Program

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

U.S. Commitment Reduce Global Warming

CTI Sponsored Educational Program

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011

U.S. Commitment Reduce Global Warming

CTI Sponsored Educational Program

Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications

2011 AHR Expo Las Vegas

January 31, 2011