APA Format

All submissions must conform to the following format:

1.1 Style.
1.1.1 Students shall use the APA style in citations and references
throughout the dissertation.
1.1.2 In expressing numbers, use figures for numbers 10 and above, and
words to express numbers below 10.
1.1.3 The text shall use 12-point Times New Roman.
1.1.4 Students shall use the portrait orientation throughout the paper.
Students may use the landscape orientation only in exceptional cases
where it is difficult to present the data vertically. In such instances, the top
of the horizontal sheet is the side that students will eventually bind.
1.2 Spacing
1.2.1 Two spaces after every sentence within a paragraph.
1.2.2 Double space between lines for the main body of the paper
1.2.3 Single space for long quotations, tables, footnotes, endnotes, and
reference entries.
1.2.4 There should be four spaces between paragraphs.
1.2.5 Double space does not apply to captions.
1.3 Margins
1.3.1 Use 1 margins all around.
1.4 Indentions and Justifications
1.4.1 All paragraphs should be indented one tab (0.5 inch) from the left.
1.4.2 All paragraphs should be fully justified.
1.5 Pagination
1.5.1 Beginning with the first page of the text, all through the end of the
paper, number the pages in sequence in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3.).
Likewise, center the numbers at the bottom of the page.
1.6 Tables
1.6.1 Any data presented in columns is a table. Data can be figures or
words.
1.6.2 Tables used to present large amount of data in a small amount of
space. It should stand on its own although you must refer to in the text
preceding the presentation.
1.6.3 You should be judicious in deciding to present data in tabular form or
in text. Too many tables can disrupt the flow of the text but too much

figures in text can be confusing as well. Consider combining tables that

repeat data.
1.6.4 The table is meant to supplement not duplicate the text. In the text,
refer to every table (avoiding words like below or above) and direct the
reader to the particular item you are focusing on. Capitalize the letter t of
the word table
1.6.5 Present the table in portrait orientation and present between
paragraphs. Tables in landscape orientation, if absolutely necessary,
should be placed on a separate page.
1.6.6 Assign the tables numbers in Arabic numeral in the order in which
you mention the tables.
1.6.7 The title should be brief but self-explanatory.
1.6.8 Present the table title in italic form at the top of the table, on the left
side. Capitalize only the first letters of the main words of the table title.
1.6.9 Center the column heads, and subheads if any, over the appropriate
columns within the table, capitalizing only the initial letter of the first word
of the heading.
1.6.10 Border the table on the top and in the bottom only. Remove side
and in-between horizontal and vertical lines.
1.6.11 If you are reproducing a table from another published work, it is
your responsibility to secure the necessary permission to reproduce or
adapt part of the table. You must give credit to the original owner and
copyright holder.
1.6.12 Normally a table should fit in one page. If it becomes necessary to
continue a table on a succeeding page, ensure that you repeat the column
heads on the succeeding page.
1.6.13 Should there be table notes, place these at the end of the table,
single-spaced and flushed left using 10-point Times New Roman font.
1.7 Figures
1.7.1 Any other illustration that is not a table is a figure. The common
types of figures are graphs, charts, maps, drawings, and photographs.
1.7.2 Figures may be mechanically produced or computer-generated.
1.7.3 Like tables, they are consecutively numbered in the order in which
they are first mentioned in the text. This also means you cannot have a
figure that is not referenced in the text. Capitalize the letter f in the word
figure when you mention it in text.
1.7.4 The term figure is italicized. Follow the word by corresponding
Arabic numeral. End the caption with a period and the title of the figure
immediately follows in regular form. Center all these, at the top of the
figure (e.g. Figure 1. The Supply Chain Diagram).
1.7.5 If the caption takes more than one line, use a single space.

1.7.6 Should there be figure notes, place these at the bottom of the figure,
single-spaced and flushed left but in 10-point font.
1.8 Writing Style.
1.8.1 There must be an orderly presentation of ideas. Ensure continuity in
words and thematic development. The flow should be smooth. To do this,
use transitional words but avoid words such as while and since.
1.8.2 Use the active voice. This means you must grammar check your
work for grammar and style.
1.8.3 Do not shift topic, tense or person.
1.8.4 Eliminate redundancies, wordiness, jargons, and slang words. Thus,
do not use words like in order to or to be able to.
1.8.5 Check for run-on or unfinished sentences. Opt for short words and
sentences and use white space. Never write a paragraph that runs longer
than one double-spaced page. Conversely, avoid one-sentence
paragraphs.
1.8.6 Avoid using contractions such as cant and dont. Spell it out.
1.9 Corrections.
1.9.1 All pages must be free from any corrections.
1.9.2 Preset your word processor to auto-correct for grammar, style,
spelling, and spacing.