SCIENCE

Exam project

Wioleta Tatarczuk
Sergiu Paraschiv
Bogdan Coca

First Main Course april 2015

kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

Wioleta Tatarczuk

Sergiu Paraschiv

Bogdan Coca

First Main Course april 2015

kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

a).Climate
changes:.............................................................
............3
i. Greenhouse
effect............................................................................
.........3

ii. Greenhouse effect is a self-reinforcing cycle:

.3

iii. How we can reduce the greenhouse effect:

..6

b).Increased
population
...7
i.Production safety:.
...7
ii.Formation of weather.
..7
1.Weather
radicalization.................................................................
..........7

First Main Course april 2015

kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

2.Worldwide food
production..................................................................1
0
3.Dessertification..........................................................
...........................12

Sources.........................................................................
................................13

a).Climate Changes
i.Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect

is created when the
atmosphere traps some
of the sun's rays. This is
because in the
atmosphere are
greenhouse gases, such
as: mainly carbon dioxide
(CO2) and methane (CH4)
and steam (H2O), nitrous
oxide (N2O) and
fluorinated greenhouse
gases.
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kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

The sun's rays are going in the direction of the earth and the
atmosphere passed a large part of solar radiation (mainly light),
but part of it is retained by greenhouse gases (the radiation of
the Earth, such as heating) and reflect it back to Earth. In this
way, the Earth keeps warm.
ii. Greenhouse effect is a self-reinforcing cycle:
The biggest impact on the greenhouse effect have water
vapor (H2O). In an Earth's atmosphere the water molecules pick
up the heat which radiates earth, and then send them in all
directions, increasing the temperature of the earth's surface,
before it is eventually radiated from back into space. Water
vapor in the atmosphere is part of the hydrological cycle
through processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation
and precipitation.

Heat from the sun causes evaporation from the surface of the seas and
oceans. Water changes state and the mass of water vapor mixed with air.
At sufficiently high humidity of air the water vapor condenses to form
small droplets, which are grouped in visible clouds. As a result of low-level
cooling air containing steam created mist. Clouds, carried by the wind
moving over the surface of land and ocean.

First Main Course april 2015

kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

Under certain conditions, tiny droplets join together into larger drops,
and fall to the ground as rain, snow or hail. The Earth absorbs precipitation
and stores them in the form of groundwater. In some places groundwater
escape to the surface and formed as the source. From these created
streams, which in turn are linked together into larger streams and rivers
that flow into the sea or ocean. In this way the closed water cycle. The
process begins again.

Carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere by burning

coal, gas, felling trees and many other processes dependent on
human activity. We are not able to control the level of water
vapor concentration. It depends primarily on the temperature the higher the temperature, the more water vapor may
accumulate in it.
This causes self-reinforcing process global warming,
because the more of CO2, the higher the temperature, more
water molecules in the atmosphere, which again increase the
temperature.So the best way is to reduce the amount of carbon
dioxide in atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main source of the strengthening of
the greenhouse effect (manmade). On the ground there is a
limited quantity of carbon, which (like water) is part cycle - the
carbon cycle.

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Kal
First, carbon is
burned in various
factories and
created CO2
(carbon dioxide).

Then CO2 is
transmitted for
plants. There is
the process of
photosynthesis
and plants in this
process changed
carbon dioxide
into oxygen. Consumers breathe air with oxygen and excrete carbon
dioxide that goes to the plants which convert it into oxygen.

Methane (CH4) is the second most important gas causing

strengthen greenhouse effect. It is mainly produced by bacteria
that feed on organic matter under conditions of oxygen
deficiency. Is emitted from a variety of natural and made by
human.
Natural sources include termites, swamps and oceans. Man
contributes to increasing the amount of methane in the
atmosphere as a result of the extraction and burning of fossil
fuels, the cattle (animals eat plants that ferment in their
stomachs, and as a result the animals excrete methane, and
their droppings also contain it), rice cultivation (flooded rice
paddies are a source of methane, as the organic matter in the
soil decomposes without sufficient oxygen) and storage of
waste (there is a decomposition of organic matter under
conditions of oxygen deficiency).

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is released as a result of natural processes

from the oceans and rainforests and by bacteria in the soil. His
sources resulting from human activity is a nitrogenous
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kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

fertilizers, burning fossil fuels and industrial production of

chemicals requiring the use of nitrogen, for example.
wastewater treatment.
Fluorinated greenhouse gases: The only greenhouse gases that
do not occur naturally, but which have been created by man for
the purpose of industry. In industrialized countries they are
approx. 1.5% all released into the atmosphere of greenhouse
gases.
However, they are extremely effective in binding heat - 22
thousand. times more than CO2 - and they can remain in the
atmosphere for thousands of years.
iii.How we can reduce the greenhouse effect:
Segregation of garbage and the use of recycled materials
(This reduces the emissions of carbon dioxide, which is
accompanied by the production of packaging, and also
reduces the secretion of methane released by the
decomposition of organic matter in landfills).
Save energy (If we apply insulation materials in residential
buildings is possible to protect against excessive heat loss.
Electricity can be saved through the use of modern,
energy-efficient appliances. In this way we reduce the
demand for energy, so it is possible to limit its production
by thermal plants and power stations. So will reduce
emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere).
Reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.
Reduce the cutting and burning of forests and encourage
their planting.
Reduce nonorganic fertilizers on farms.
Reducing meat consumption (If we eat less meat that is
less industrial animal farming. A single farm can generate
as much waste as the entire city. The droppings are
collected in a giant septic tanks, which often burst or leak,
poisoning the underground water resources and river by
nitrogen, phosphorus and nitrates.
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First Main Course april 2015

kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

b).Increased population
i.Production safety:
To keep the soil in the best condition should be used
appropriately crop rotation (cultivating plants with different
needs in the next years) - such a method allows for the
maintaining the efficiency of soil and maintaining the efficiency
of nutrient supply because each group of plants have different
needs.
As a result, there is no sterilization of the soil from the
individual elements. This system also reduces weeds,
preventing the domination of weeds, which for many years to
feel comfortable in the company of only one crop.
Another way to keep the soil in good condition is to use
natural fertilizers - their organic structure the maintains
moisture in the soil and inhibits erosion. The farmer should
provide minerals in such amounts as are necessary, and
therefore know how much fertilizer needs of each crop. In the
case of livestock, plants should be able to re-grow, and so lead
grazing so that there is no over-exploitation. After harvesting
the main crop in the fall, a good idea is make catch crop, that
mean the plants which are not intended directly to harvest, and
grown so as to protect the soil from erosion and water loss. A
common practice aimed at protecting the soil, is the plowing of
such plants and leaving them. In this manner nutrients, bound
in plant tissues constituting aftercrop, remain in the soil in the
forms that are not easily washed away by water. Is important
the proper aeration and irrigation of the soil.
Plowing should be done properly and take into account the
nature of the surface (for example, crosswise, and not along the

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Kal

slope, to prevent water flow, entraining with it the soil erosion).

ii.Formation of weather
1)

Weather radicalization

Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones have always bedeviled ,

but global warming may be making matters worse. Sea level is
rising and will continue to rise as oceans warm and glaciers
melt.
Rising sea level means higher storm surges, even from
relatively minor storms, which increases flooding and
subsequent storm damage. In addition, the associated heavy
rains can extend hundreds of miles inland, further increasing
the risk of flooding.

In a tropical cyclone, air

rotates inward to the center
(or eye), then rises to higher
altitudes. As warm, moist air
rises, the air cools and
condenses to rain, releasing
heat. This cycle of
evaporation and
condensation powers the
storm.

Two factors that contribute to more intense tropical

cyclones-ocean heat content and water vapor-have both
increased over the past several decades. This is primarily due
to human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and the
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First Main Course april 2015

kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

clearing of forests, which have significantly elevated carbon

dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere. CO2 and other heattrapping gases act like an insulating blanket that warms the
land and ocean and increases evaporation.
Global climate change is considered one of the most urgent
environmental problems. The main negative impact on climate
change is the emission of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O),
which is directly or indirectly due to the burning of nonrenewable resources (carbon bound in mineral oil or coal).
Tropical rainforests hold the biggest living biomass on very
delicate soils that may lose their fertility completely when clear
cutting is performed as in recent decades.
Warming will increase forest fires by 30-40% this will affect
soil erosion and increase the probability of floods.

Protecting communities end nature.

Given the loss of life and the huge costs of rebuilding after
hurricanes, it is essential to do whatever we can to avoid
dangerous warming and protect nature for ourselves and our
children.
This will require a combination of aggressive emission
-reduction efforts,
-improved building codes,
- the restoration of wetlands, dunes, and barrier islands
that can serve as a buffer against rising sea levels and
hazardous storm surges.
Farming will be severely disrupted by climate change in
many areas, with land and soil quality affected by water
insecurity (for example through drought, flash flooding and sea
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Kal

level rise) and by temperature change impacting crop selection.

For example 1m sea level rise would affect 6 million people,
with 12 to 15% of agricultural land lost. In light of the difficulties
in adapting to climate change, as the habitability of rural areas
is affected, mass migration to urban areas may also be a
common coping strategy.
High-carbon, industrialised agriculture contributes to climate
change. For example, 18% of global greenhouse gas emission
stem from livestock production.
The impacts of climate change on water supplies, agriculture,
and fishing and livestock will result in increased food insecurity,
causing malnutrition and other health problems. Shifts in
disease patterns are also predicted. For example, mosquitoes,
which transmit both malaria and dengue fever, will be able to
survive in new areas as climate change results in increased
rainfall and higher temperature providing more breeding pools.

2.Worldwide food production

Climate change is already having a domino effect on
food,price and nutritional security for the world's poorest and
most vulnerable people.
Crop losses are increasingly being caused by extreme weather
events, insect attacks and diseases. The 2011 drought lifted
food prices worldwide.
- Wheat is becoming harder to grow in some northern areas of
China as the land gets drier and warmer.

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First Main Course april 2015

kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal
- Extreme
events will
increasingly
affect agriculture
in Australia. Key
food-growing
regions in the
south are likely to
experience more
droughts in the
future, with part
of western
Australia having
already
experienced a

15% drop in rainfall since the mid-1970s.

- In Europe's
high and middle
latitudes, global
warming is
expected to
greatly expand
the growing
season.
Crops in Russia
may be able to
expand
northwards but
yields will be
much lower
because the soils
are less fertile. In the south, the climate is likely to become
much drier which will reduce yields. In addition, climate change
is expected to make water resources scarcer and encourage
weeds and pests.
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First Main Course april 2015

kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

- Many crops now grown in southern Europe, such as olives,

may not survive high temperature increases.

-Brazilian
production of coffe,
rice, beans,
manioc, maize and
soya are all
expected to
decline. Other
studies suggest
Brazil's massive
soya crop, which
provides animal
feed for much of
the world, could
slump by more than 25% over the next 20 years.
-In Africa staple
crops, maize and
sorghum, are
expected to be
badly hit by
increasing severity
of weather.

3.Dessertification
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First Main Course april 2015

kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

Organic agriculture not only enables ecosystems to better

adjust to the effects of climate change but also offers a major
potential to reduce the emissions of agricultural greenhouse
gases. Diversity of organic crop rotations are protecting the
fragile soil surface and may even counteract climate change by
restoring the organic matter content.
Reduce surface and ground water consumption and
subsequent soil salinization through increased water retention
capacity, reduction of water evaporation, and the creation of
suitable microclimates in dry areas through diversified organic
agro-forestry systems that can attract and retain atmospheric
humidity
The water and nutrient retention capacity is increased
thanks to a high level of organic matter and permanent soil
cover. Micro-organisms have a good feeding base and create a
stable soil structure. Due to the resulting high moisture
retention capacity the amount of water needed for irrigation
can be reduced substantially.
Addition of organic matter makes any soil easier to work and
improves its drainage properties. In sandy soils, organic matter
retains water, preventing drainage from occurring too rapidly
through the large pores. Addition of organic matter to clay soils
helps to open up the small pores, making the soil more
workable and more permeable to water.
Larger fields, heavier equipment, and greater reliance on
chemical fertilizers can lead to higher rates of erosion,
compaction, and depletion of soil organic matter. These
processes reduce the ability of soil to store water and soluble
nutrients until they are needed by plants.
Desertification is caused mainly by overcultivation,
overgrazing, deforestation and poor irrigation practices, which
result in organic matter loss, soil contamination, erosion, soil

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First Main Course april 2015

kologisk Landbrugsskole

Kal

compaction and sealing, salinization and long-term loss of

natural vegetation.
Improve water infiltration and retention capacity through
high levels of organic matter and permanent soil cover, such as
cover crops or mulch, which substantially reduce the amount of
water needed for irrigation needed to help desertification.
Organic Agriculture increases the resilience of soils to both
water stress and nutrient loss. It contributes to combating
desertification by preventing soil erosion and land degradation
as well as by helping rehabilitate degraded land.

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Kal

SOURCES:

ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/y4587e/y4587e05.pdf
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/13/climatechange-threat-food-supplies
http://desertificationb.tripod.com/id3.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/04/climate_change
/html/greenhouse.stm
http://www.epa.gov/climatestudents/basics/today/greenhouseeffect.html
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/
How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoringreferences/faq/greenhouse-gases.php
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00480169.2009.58
618#.VSeJ6fmUf0w
http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-041/004-041.html
http://sustainablefarmpartners.com/2012/12/weathergeography-and-sustainable-farming/
http://www.wcax.com/story/26705627/trying-to-create-moresustainable-farms
http://www.leafuk.org/resources/000/852/732/LEAF_issues_wate
r_advice_January_2014.pdf
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Kal

http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4137e/y4137e02b.htm

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