164 Java Interview Questions by Nageswara Rao - JAVAbyNATARAJ

1/11/2015
164JavaInterviewQuestionsbyNageswaraRao|JAVAbyNATARAJ
164JavaInterviewQuestionsbyNageswaraRao
>>FRIDAY,AUGUST14,2009
Dr.R.NageswaraRaohasgivensomeoftheJavainterviewquestionsinhisCoreJava
IntegratedApproachbook.ThesearethequestionsfrequentlyaskedinJavainterviews.Go
throughttheseQuestionsthiswouldbehelpfultoyou..
Ifyouarealreadyattendedanyinterviewsonjavayoumighthavefacedmostofthe
questionsgivenbelow.Pleaseleaveacommentifyouhaveanyqueries.
1)Whypointersareeliminatedfromjava?
Ans)
1. Pointersleadtoconfusionforaprogrammer.
2. Pointersmaycrashaprogrameasily,forexample,whenweaddtwopointers,theprogramcrashersimmediately.
3. Pointersbreaksecurity.Usingpointers,harmfulprogramslikeVirusandotherhackingprogramscanbedeveloped.
Becauseoftheabovereasons,pointershavebeeneliminatedfromjava.
2)Whatisthedifferencebetweenafunctionandamethod?
Ans).Amethodisafunctionthatiswritteninaclass.Wedonothavefunctionsinjavainsteadwehavemethods.
Thismeanswheneverafunctioniswritteninjava,itshouldbewritteninsidetheclassonly.ButifwetakeC++,we
can write the functions inside as well as outside the class. So in C++, they are called member functions and not
methods.
3)WhichpartofJVMwillallocatethememoryforajavaprogram?
Ans).ClassloadersubsystemofJVMwillallocatethenecessarymemoryneededbythejavaprogram.
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4).whichalgorithmisusedbygarbagecollectortoremovetheunusedvariablesorobjects
frommemory?
Ans).Garbagecollectorusesmanyalgorithmsbutthemostcommonlyusedalgorithmismarkandsweep.
5).Howcanyoucallthegarbagecollector?
Ans).Garbagecollectorisautomaticallyinvokedwhentheprogramisbeingrun.Itcanbealsocalledbycallinggc()
methodofRuntimeclassorSystemclassinJava.
6)WhatisJITCompiler?
Ans).JITcompileristhepartofJVMwhichincreasesthespeedofexecutionofaJavaprogram.
7)WhatisanAPIdocument?
Ans).An API document is a .html file that contains description of all the features of a softwar, a product, or a
technology.APIdocumentishelpfulfortheusertounderstandhowtousethesoftwareortechnology.
8)Whatisthedifferencebetween#includeandimportstatement?
Ans).#includedirective makes the compiler go to the C/C++ standard library and copy the code from the header
filesintotheprogram.Asaresult,theprogramsizeincreases,thuswastingmemoryandprocessorstime.
importstatement makes the JVM go to the Java standard library, execute the code there , and substitute the result
into the program. Here, no code is copied and hence no waste of memory or processors time. so import is an
efficientmechanismthan#include.
9)Whatisthedifferencebetweenprint()andprintln()method?
Ans).Both methods are used to display the results on the monitor. print( ) method displays the result and then
retains the cursor in the same line, next to the end of the result.println()displays the result and then throws the
cursortothenextline.
10)WhathappensifStringargs[]isnotwritteninmain()method?
Ans).Whenmain()methodiswrittenwithoutStringargs[]as:
Publicstaticvoidmain()
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The code will compile but JVM cannot run the code because it cannot recognize the main( ) as the method from
whereitshouldstartexecutionoftheJavaprogram.RememberJVMalwayslooksformain()methodwithstring
typearrayasparameter.
11)Whatisthedifferencebetweenfloatanddouble?
Ans).Floatcanrepresentupto7digitsaccuratelyafterdecimalpoint,whereasdoublecanrepresentupto15digits
accuratelyafterdecimalpoint.
12)WhatisaUnicodesystem?
Ans).Unicodesystemisanencodingstandardthatprovidesauniquenumberforeverycharacter,nomatterwhatthe
platform,program,orlanguageis.Unicodeuses2bytestorepresentasinglecharacter.
13)Howarepositiveandnegativenumbersrepresentedinternally?
Ans). Positive numbers are represented in binary using 1s complement notation and negative numbers are
representedbyusing2scomplementnotation.
14)Whatisthedifferencebetween>>and>>>?
Ans).Bothbitwiserightshiftoperator(>>)andbitwisezerofillrightshiftoperator(>>>)areusedtoshiftthe
bits towards right. The difference is that >> will protect the sign bit whereas the >>> operator will not protect the
signbit.Italwaysfills0inthesignbit.
15)Whatarecontrolstatements?
Ans). Control statements are the statements which alter the flow of execution and provide better control to the
programmerontheflowofexecution.Theyareusefultowritebetterandcomplexprograms.
16)OutofdoWhileandwhilewhichloopisefficient?
Ans).Inado..whileloop,thestatementsareexecutedwithouttestingthecondition,thefirsttime.Fromthesecond
timeonlytheconditionisobserved.Thismeansthattheprogrammerdoesnothavecontrolrightfromthebeginning
ofitsexecution.Inawhileloop,theconditionistestedfirstandthenonlythestatementsareexecuted.Thismeansit
providesbettercontrolrightfromthebeginning.Hence,whileloopismoveefficientthando..whileloop.
17)Whatisacollection?
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Ans).Acollectionrepresentsagroupofelementslikeintegervaluesorobjects.Examplesforcollectionsarearrays
andjava.util_classes(stack,LinkedList,Vector,etc).
18)WhygotostatementsarenotavailableinJava?
Ans).Gotostatementsleadtoconfusionforaprogrammer.Especiallyinalargeprogram,ifseveralgotostatements
are used, the programmer would be perplexed while understanding the flow from where to where the control is
jumping.
19)WhatisthedifferencebetweenreturnandSystem.exit(0)?
Ans).Returnstatementisusedinsideamethodtocomeoutofit.System.exit(0)isusedinanymethodtocomeof
theprogram.
20)WhatisthedifferencebetweenSystem.out.exit(0)andSystem.exit(1)?
Ans).System.exit(0) terminates the program normally. Whereas System.exit(1) terminates the program because of
someerrorencounteredintheprogram.
21)WhatisthedifferencebetweenSystem.out,System.errandSystem.in?
Ans).System.outandSystem.errbothrepresentthemonitorbydefaultandhencecanbeusedtosenddataorresults
tothemonitor.ButSystem.outisusedtodisplaynormalmessagesandresultswhereasSystem.errisusedtodisplay
errormessagesandSystem.inrepresentsInputStreamobject,whichbydefaultrepresentsstandardinputdevice,i.e.,
keyboard.
22)Onwhichmemory,arraysarecreatedinJava?
Ans).ArraysarecreatedondynamicmemorybyJVM.ThereisnoquestionofstaticmemoryinJavaeverything(
variables,array,objectetc.)iscreatedondynamicmemoryonly.
23)Canyoucallthemain()methodofaclassfromanotherclass?
Ans).Yes,wecancallthemain()methodofaclassfromanotherclassusingClassname.main().Atthetimeof
callingthemain()method,weshouldpassastringtypearraytoit.
24)IsStringaclassordatatype?
Ans).Stringisaclassinjava.langpackage.ButinJava,allclassesarealsoconsideredasdatatypes.Sowecantake
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Stringasadatatypealso.
25)Canwecallaclassasadatatype?
Ans).Yes,aclassisalsocalleduserdefineddatatype.Thisisbecauseausecandreateaclass.
26)Whatisobjectreference?
Ans).Objectreferenceisauniquehexadecimalnumberrepresentingthememoryaddressoftheobject.Itisusefulto
accessthemembersoftheobject.
27) What is difference between == and equals( ) while comparing strings.which one is
reliable?
Ans).= = operator compares the references of the sting objects. It does not compare the contents of the objects.
equals()methodcomparesthecontents.Whilecomparingthestrings,equals()methodshouldbeusedasityields
thecorrectresult.
28)Whatisastringconstantpool?
Ans).SringconstantpoolisaseparateblockofmemorywherethestringobjectsareheldbyJVM.Ifastingobject
iscreateddirectly,usingassignmentoperatoras:Strings1=Hello,thenitisstoredinstringconstantpool.
29)Explainthedifferencebetweenthefollowingtwostatements:
1.Strings=Hello
2.Strings=newString(Hello)
Ans).Inthefirststatement,assignmentoperatorisusedtoassignthestringliteraltotheStringvariables.Inthis
case,JVMfirstofallcheckswhetherthesameobjectisalreadyavailableinthestringconstantpol.Ifitisavailable,
then it creates another reference to it. If the same object is not available, then it creates another object with the
contentHelloandstoresitintothestringconstantpool.
In the second statement, new operator is used to create the string object in this case, JVM always creates a new
objectwithoutlookinginthestringconstantpool.
30)WhatisthedifferencebetweenStringandStringBufferclasses?
Ans).Stringclassobjectsareimmutableandhencetheircontentscannotbemodified.StringBufferclassobjectsare
mutable,sotheycanbemodified.Moreoverthemethodsthatdirectlymanipulatedataoftheobjectarenotavailable
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inStringclass.SuchmethodsareavailableinStringBufferclass.
31)Arethereanyotherclasseswhoseobjectsareimmutalbe?
Ans). Yes, classes like Character, Byte, Integer, Float, Double, Long..called wrapper classes are created as
immutable.ClasseslikeClass,BigInteger,BigDecimalarealsoimmutable.
32)WhatisthedifferencebetweenStringBufferandStringBuilderclasses?
Ans). StringBuffer class is synchronized and StringBuilder is not. When the programmer wants to use several
threads, he should use StringBuffer as it gives reliable results . If only one thread is used. StringBuilder is
preferred,asitimprovesexecutiontime.
33)Whatisobjectorientedapproach?
Ans).Object oriented programming approach is a programming methodology to design computer programs using
classesandobjects.
34)Whatisthedifferencebetweenaclassandanobject?
Ans). A class is a model for creating objects and does not exist physically. An object is any thing that exists
physically.Boththeclassesandobjectscontainvariablesandmethods.
35)Whatisencapsulation?
Ans).Encapsulationisamechanismwherethedata(varialbes)andthecode(methods)thatactonthedatawillbind
together.Forex,ifwetakeaclass,wewritethevariablesandmethodsinsidetheclass.Thus,classisbindingthem
together.Soclassisanexampleforencapsultion.
36)Whatisabstraction?
Ans).Hidingtheunnecessarydatafromtheuserandexposeonlyneededdataisofinteresttotheuser.
Agoodexampleforabstractionisacar.Anycarwillhavesomepartslikeengine,radiator,mechanicalandelectrical
equipmentetc.Theuserofthecar(driver)shouldknowhowtodrivethecaranddoesnotrequireanyknowledgeof
these parts. For example driver is never bothered about how the engine is designed and the internal parts of the
engine.Thisiswhy,thecarmanufacturershidethesepartsfromthedriverinaseparatepanel,generallyatthefront.
Exampleinjava:
1
ClassBank{
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Privateintaccno;
PrivateStringname;
Privatefloatbalance;
Privatefloatprofit;
Privatefloatloan;
Publicvoiddesplay_to_clerk(){
System.out.println(Accno=+accno);
System.out.println(Name=+name);
System.out.println(Balance=+balance);
}
37)WhatisInheritance?
Ans).Itcreatesnewclassesfromexistingclasses,sothatthenewclasseswillacquireallthefeaturesoftheexisting
classesiscalledinheritance.(or)Acquiringtheallpropertiesfrombaseclasstochildclass.
38)WhatisPolymorphism?
Ans). The word Polymorphism came from two Greek words poly meaning many and morphs meaning
forms.Thus,polymorphismrepresentstheabilitytoassumeseveraldifferentforms.Inprogramming,wecanuse
a single variable to refer to objects of different types and thus, using that variable we can call the methods of the
differentobjects.Thusamethodcallcanperformdifferenttasksdependingonthetypeoftheobject.
39) What is the difference between object oriented programming launguages and object
basedprogramminglanguages?
Ans). Object oriented programming languages follow all the features of Object Oriented Programming
System(OOPS).Smalltalk,Simula67,C++,JavaareexamplesforOOPSlanguages.
ObjectbasedprogramminglanguagesfollowallthefeaturesofOOPSexceptInheritance.
For example, JavaScript and VBScript will come under object based programming
languages.
40)Whatishashcode?
Ans).HashcodeisuniqueidentificationnumberallotedtotheobjectsbytheJVM.Thishashcodenumberisalso
calledreferencenumberwhichiscreatedbasedonthelocationoftheobjectinmemory,andisuniqueforallobjects,
exceptforStringobjects.
41)Howcanyoufindthehashcodeofanobject?
Ans).ThehashCode()methodofObjectclassinjava.lang.packageisusefultofindthehashcodeofanobject.
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42)Canyoudeclareaclassasprivate?
Ans).No, if we declare a class as private, then it is not available to java compiler and hence a compile time error
occurs,butinnerclassescanbedeclaredasprivate.
43)Whenisaconstructorcalled,beforeoraftercreatingtheobject?
Ans).AConstructoriscalledconcurrentlywhentheobjectcreationisgoingon.JVMfirstallocatesmemoryforthe
objectandthenexecutestheconstructortoinitializetheinstancevariables.Bythetime,objectcreationiscompleted
theconstructorexecutionisalsocompleted.
44)Whatisthedifferencebetweendefaultconstructorandparameterizedconstructor?
Defaultconstructor
Parameterconstructor
Default constructor is useful to

initializeallobjectswithsamedata.
Default constructor does not have any
parameters.
Parameterized constructor is useful to

initialize each object with different
data.
Parameterized constructor will have 1
ormoreparameters
Whendataisnotpassedatthetimeof
creating an object, default constructor
iscalled.
When data is passed at the time of

creating an object parameterized
constructoriscalled.
45)Whatisthedifferencebetweenaconstructorandamethod?
Constructors
Methods
A constructor is used to initialize the

instancevariablesofaclass.
Amethodisusedforanygeneralpurpose
processingorcalculations.
A constructors name and class name

shouldbesame.
A methods name and class name can be

sameordifferent.
A constructor is called at the time of

creatingobject.
A method can be called after creating the

object.
A constructor is called only once per

object.
A method can be called several times on

theobject.
46)Whatisconstructoroverloading?
Ans). Writing two or more constructors with the same name but with difference in the parameters is called
constructoroverloading.Suchconstructorsareusefultoperformdifferenttasks.
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47)Whatareinstancemethods?
Ans).Instancemethodsarethemethodswhichactontheinstancevariablesoftheclass.Tocalltheinstancemethods
,weshouldusetheformobjectname.methodname().
Ex:
48)Whatarestaticmethods?
Ans).Static methods are the methods which do not act upon the instance variables of a class. Static methods are
declaredasstatic.
49)Whatisthedifferencebetweeninstancevariablesandclassvariables(staticvariables)?
Ans).1. An Instance variable is a variable whose separate copy is available to each object. A class variable is a
variablewhosesinglecopyinmemoryissharedbyallobjects.
2.Instancevariablesarecreatedintheobjectsonheapmemory.Classvariablesarestoredonmethodarea.
50)WhyinstanceVariablesarenotavailabletostaticmethods?
Ans). After executing static methods, JVM creates the objects. So the instance variables of the objects are not
availabletostaticmethods.
51)IsitpossibletocompileandrunaJavaprogramwithoutwritingmain()method?
Ans).Yes,itispossiblebyusingastaticblockintheJavaprogram.
52)HowareobjectsarepassedtomethodsinJava?
Ans).Premitivedatatypes,objects,evenobjectreferenceseverythingispassedtomethodsusingpassbyvalue
orcallbyvalueconcept.Thismeanstheirbitbybitcopyispassestothemethods.
53)Whatarefactorymethods?
Ans).A factory method is a method that creates and returns an object to the class to which it belongs. A single
factorymethodreplacesseveralconstructorsintheclassbyacceptingdifferentoptionsfromtheuser,whilecreating
theobject.
54)InhowmanywayscanyoucreateanobjectinJava?
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Ans).TherearefourwaysofcreatingobjectsinJava:
1.Usingnewoperator
Employeeobj=newEmployee()
Here,wearecreatingEmployeeclassobjectobjusingnewoperator.
2.Usingfactorymethods:
NumberFormatobj=NumberFormat.getNumberInstance()
Here,wearecreatingNumberFormatobjectusingthefactorymethodgetNumberInstance()
3.UsingnewInstance()method.Hereweshouldfollowtowsteps,as:
(a) First, store the class name Employee as a string into an object. For this purpose, factory metod
forName()oftheclassClasswillbeuseful:
Classc=Class.forName(Employee)
WeshouldnotethatthereisaclasswiththenameClassinjava.langpackage.
(b) Next, create another object to the class whose name is in the object c. For this purpose , we need
newInstance()methodoftheclassClassas:
Employeeobj=(Employee)c.newInstance()
4.Bycloninganalreadyavailableobject,wecancreateanotherobject.Creatingexactcopyofanexistingobject
iscalledcloning.
Employeeobj1=newEmployee()
Employeeobj2=(Employee)obj1.clone()
Earlier,wecreatedobj2bycloningtheEmployeeobjectobj1.clone()methodofObjectclassisusedtoclone
object.WeshouldnotethatthereisaclassbythenameObjectinjava.langpackage.
55)Whatisobjectgraph?
Ans).Objectgraphisagraphshowingrelationshipbetweendifferentobjectsinmemory.
56)Whatisanonymousinnerclass?
Ans).Itisaninnerclasswhosenameisnotwrittenintheouterclassandforwhichonlyoneobjectiscreated.
57)WhatisInheritance?
Ans).Derivingnewclassesfromexistingclassessuchthatthenewclassesacquireallthefeaturesofexistingclasses
iscalledinheritance.
58)Whysuperclassmembersareavailabletosubclass?
Ans).Because,thesubclassobjectcontainsacopyofsuperclassobject.
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59)Whatistheadvantageofinheritance?
Ans).In inheritance a programmer reuses the super class code without rewriting it, in creation of sub classes So,
developingtheclassesbecomesveryeasy.Hence,theprogrammersproductivityisincreased.
60)WhymultipleinheritanceisnotavailableinJava?
Ans).MultipleinheritanceisnotavailableinJavaforthefollowingreasons:
1.ItleadstoconfusionforaJavaprogram.
2.Theprogrammercanachievemultipleinheritancebyusinginterfaces.
3.Theprogrammercanachievemultipleinheritancebyrepeatedlyusingsingleinheritance.
61)Howmanytypesofinheritancearethere?
Ans). There are two types of inheritances single and multiple. All other types are mere combinations of these
two.However,Javasupportsonlysingleinheritance.
62)Whatiscoercion?
Ans).Coercionistheautomaticconversionbetweendifferentdatatypesdonebythecompiler.
63)Whatisconversion?
Ans).Conversionisanexplicitchangeinthedatatypespecifiedbytheoperator.
64)Whatismethodsignature?
Ans).Methodsignaturerepresentsthemethodnamealongwithmethodparmeters.
65)Whatismethodoverloading?
Ans). Writing two or more methods in the same class in such a way that each mehtod has same name but with
differentmethodsignaturesiscalledmethodoverloading.
66)Whatismethodoverriding?
Ans). Writing two or more methods in super and sub classes such that the methods have same name and same
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signatureiscalledmethodoverriding.
67) What is the difference between method overloading and method

overriding?
MethodOverloading
Writing two or more methods with the same
name but with different signatures is called
methodoverloading.
Methodoverloadingisdoneinthesameclass.
In method overloading, method return type can
besameordifferent.
JVM decides which method is called depending
onthedifferenceinthemethodsignatures.
Method overloading is done when the
programmerwantstoextendthealreadyavailable
features.
Method overloading is code refinement. Same
methodisrefinedtoperformadifferenttask.
MethodOverriding
Writing two or more methods with the same
name and same signatures is called method
overriding.
Method overriding is done in super and sub
classes.
In method overriding method return type should
alsobesame.
JVM decides which method is called depending
onthedatatype(class)oftheobjectusedtocall
themethod.
Methodoverridingisdonewhentheprogrammer
wants
to
provide
a
different
implementation(body)forthesamefeature.
Methodoverridingiscodereplacement.Thesub
class method overrides(replaces) the super class
method.
68)Canyouoverrideprivatemethods?
Ans).No,privatemethodsarenotavailableinthesubclasses,sotheycannotbeoverriden.
69)Canwetakeprivatemethodsandfinalmethodsassame?
Ans).NO.Bothmethodsaredifferent.Afinalmethodisnotthesameasaprivatemethod.Theonlysimilarityisthat
theycannotbeoverridden,Butfinalmethodsarevisibletosubclasses,privatemethodsarenot.
(takenfromcommentsbyBHS).
70)Whatisfinal?
Ans).finalkeywordisusedintwoways:
Itisusedtodeclareconstantsas:
FinaldoublePI=3.14159//PIisconstant
Itisusedtopreventinheritanceas:
FinalclassA//subclasstoAcannotbecreated.
71)Whatisthedifferencebetweendynamicpolymorphismandstaticpolymorphism?
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Ans). Dynamic polymorphism is the polymorphism existed at runtime. Here, Java compiler does not understand
which method is called at compilation time. Only JVM decides which method is called at runtime. Method
overloadingandmethodoverridingusinginstancemethodsaretheexamplesfordynamicpolymorphism.
Static polymorphism is the polymorphism exhibited at compile time. Here, Java compiler knows which method is
called. Method overloading and method overriding using static methods method overriding using private or final
methodsareexamplesforstaticpolymorphism.
72)Whatisdifferencebetweenprimitivedatatypesandadvanceddatatypes?
Ans).Primitivedatatypesrepresentsinglevalues.Advanceddatatypesrepresentagroupofvalues.Alsomethodsare
not available to handle the primitive data types. In case of advanced data types, methods are available to perform
variousoperations.
73)Whatisimplicitcasting?
Ans).Automatic casting done by the Java compiler internally is called implicit casting . Implicit casting is done to
convertyalowerdatatypeintoahigherdatatype.
74)Whatisexplicitcasting?
Ans).The cating done by the programmer is called explicit cating. Explicit casting is compulsory while converting
fromahigherdatatypetoalowerdatatype.
75)Whatisgeneralizationandspecialization?
Ans). Generalization ia a phenomenon wher a sub class is prompted to a super class, and hence becomes more
general.Generalizationneedswideningorupcasting.Specializationisphenomenonwhereasuperclassisnarrowed
downtoasubclass.Specializationneedsnarrowingordowncasting.
76)Whatiswideningandnarrowing?
Ans).Convertinglowerdatatypeintoahigherdatatypeiscalledwideningandconvertingahigherdatatypeintoa
lower type is called narrowing. Widening is safe and hence even if the programmer does not use cast operator, the
Java compiler does not flag any error. Narrowing is unsafe and hence the programmer should explicitly use cast
operatorinnarrowing.
77)Whichmethodisusedincloning?
Ans).clone()methodofObjectclassisusedincloning.
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78)Whatdoyoucalltheinterfacewithoutanymembers?
Ans).Aninterfacewithoutanymembersiscalledmarkinginterfaceortagginginterface.Itmarkstheclassobjectsfor
a special purpose. For example, Clonable(java.lang) and Serializable(java.io) are two marking interfaces. Clonable
interface indicates that a particular class objects are cloneable while Serializable interface indicates that a particular
classobjectsareserializable.
79)Whatisabstractmethod?
Ans).Anabstractmethodisamethodwithoutmethodbody.Anabstractmethodiswrittenwhenthesamemethodhas
toperformdifferencetasksdependingontheobjectcallingit.
80)Whatisabstractclass?
Ans).Anabstractclassisaclassthatcontains0ormoreabstractmethods.
81)Howcanyouforceyourprogrammerstoimplementonlythefeaturesofyourclass?
Ans).Bywritinganabstractclassoraninterface.
82)Canyoudeclareaclassasabstractandfinalalso?
Ans).No,abstractclassneedssubclasses.finalkeywordrepresentssubclasseswhichcannot
becreated.So,botharequitecontradictoryandcannotbeusedforthesameclass.
83)Whatisaninterface?
Ans).Aninterfaceisaspecificationofmethodprototypes,Allthemethodsoftheinterface
arepublicandabstract.
84)Whythemethodsofinterfacearepublicandabstractbydefault?
Ans).Interface methods are public since they should be available to third party vendors to provide implementation.
Theyareabstractbecausetheirimplementationisleftforthirdpartyvendors.
85)Canyouimplementoneinterfacefromanother?
Ans).No,wecantimplementinganinterfacemeanswritingbodyforthemethods.Thiscannotbedoneagaininan
interface,sincenoneofthemethodsoftheinterfacecanhavebody.
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86)Canyouwriteaclasswithinaninterfae?
Ans).Yes,itispossibletowriteaclasswithinaninterface.
87)Explainaboutinterfaces?
Ans).*Aninterfaceisaspecificationofmethodprototypes,beforeweproceedfurthur,written
intheinterfacewithoutmehtodbodies.
*Aninterfacewillhave0ormoreabstractmethodswhichareallpublicandabstractbydefault.
* An interface can have variables which are public static and final by default. This means all the variables of the
interfaceareconstants.
88)Whatisthedifferencebetweenanabstractclassandaninterface?
Abstractclass
Interface
An abstract class is written when there are

some common features shared by all the
objects.
When an abstract class is written, it is the
duty of the programmer to provide sub
classestoit.
An abstract class contains some abstract
methodsandalsosomeconcretemethods.
An abstract class contain instance variables
also.
Alltheabstractmethodsoftheabstractclass
shouldbeimplementedinitssubclasses.
An interface is written when all the features

are implemented differently in different
objects.
Aninterfaceiswrittenwhentheprogrammer
wantstoleavetheimplementationtothethird
partyvendors.
Aninterfacecontainsonlyabstractmethods.
An interface can not contain instance

variables.Itcontainsonlyconstants.
All the (abstract) methods of the interface
shouldbeimplementedinitsimplementation
classes.
Abstract class is declared by using the Interface
is
declared
using
the
keywordabstract.
keywordinterface.
89)Aprogrammeriswritingthefollowingstatementsinaprogram:
1.importjava.awt.*
2.importjava.awt.event.*
Shouldhewriteboththestatementsinhisprogramorthefirstonwisenough?
Ans). event is a sub package of java.awt package. But, when a package is imported, its sub packages are not
automaticallyimportedintoaprogram.So,foreverypackageorsubpackage,aseparateimportstatementshouldbe
written.Henceiftheprogrammerwantstheclassesandinterfacesofboththejava.awtandjava.awt.eventpackages,
thenheshouldboththeprecedingstatementsinhisprogram.
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90)Howcanyoucallthegarbagecollector?
Ans).Wecancall garbage collector of JVM to delete any unused variables and unreferenced objects from memory
using gc( ) method. This gc( ) method appears in both Runtime and System classes of java.lang package. For
example,wecancallitas:
System.gc()
Runtime.getRuntime().gc()
91)Whatisthedifferencebetweenthefollowingtwostatements.
1.importpack.Addition
2.importpack.*
Ans).Instatement1,onlytheAdditionclassofthepackagepackisimportedintotheprogramandinstatement2,all
theclassesandinterfacesofthepackagepackareavailabletotheprogram.
If a programmer wants to import only one class of a package say BufferedReader of java.io package, we can
writeimportjava.io.BufferedReader
93)WhatisCLASSPATH?
Ans) . The CLASSPATH is an environment variable that tells the Java compiler where to look for class files to
import.CLASSPATHisgenerallysettoadirectoryoraJAR(JavaArchive)file.SettheClasspathafterinstallingjava.
94)WhatisaJARfile?
Ans)AJavaArchivefile(JAR)isafilethatcontainscompressedversionofseveral.classfiles,audiofiles,image
filesordirectories.JARfileisusefultobundleupseveralfilesrelatedtoaprojectandusethemeasily.
95)Whatisthescopeofdefaultacessspecifier?
Ans). Default members are available within the same package, but not outside of the package. So their scope is
packagescope.
96)Whathappensifmain()methodiswrittenwithoutStringargs[]?
Ans).ThecodecompilesbutJVMcannotrunit,asitcannotseethemain()methodwithStringargs[].
97).Whatarecheckedexceptions?
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Ans).TheexceptionsthatarecheckedatcompilationtimebytheJavacompilerarecalledcheckedexceptions.The
exceptionsthatarecheckedbytheJVMarecalleduncheckedexceptions.
98).WhatisThrowable?
Ans).ThrowableisaclassthatrepresentsallerrorsandexceptionswhichmayoccurinJava.
99).Whichisthesuperclassforallexceptions?
Ans).ExceptionisthesuperclassofallexceptionsinJava.
100).Whatisthedifferencebetweenanexceptionandanerror?
Ans). An exception is an error which can be handled. It means when an exception happens, the programmer can do
somethingtoavoidanyharm.Butanerrorisanerrorwhichcannotbehandled,ithappensandtheprogrammercannot
doanything.
101).Whatisthedifferencebetweenthrowsandthrow?
Ans). throws clause is used when the programmer does not want to handle the exception and throw it out of a
method.throwclause is used when the programmer wants to throw an exception explicitly and wants to handle it
usingcatchblock.Hence,throwsandthrowarecontracictory.
102).Isitpossibletorethrowexceptions?
Ans).Yes,wecanrethrowanexceptionfromcatchblocktoanotherclasswhereitcanbehandled.
103).Whydoweneedwrapperclasses?
1.Theyconvertprimitivedatatypesint
oobjectsandthisisneededonInternettomommunicatebetweentwoapplications.
2.Theclassesinjava.utilpackagehandleonlyobjectsandhencewrapperclasseshelpinthiscasealso.
104).Whichofthewrapperclassescontainsonlyoneconstructor?(or)Whichofthewrapper
classesdoesnotcontainaconstructorwithStringasparameter?
Ans).Character.
105).Whatisunboxing?
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Ans).Convertinganobjectintoitscorrespondingprimitivedatatypeiscalledunboxing.
106).WhathappensifastringlikeHelloispassedtoparseInt()method?
Ans). Ideally a string with an integer value should be passed to parseInt ( ) method. So, on parsing Hello, an
exception called NumberFormatException occurs since the parseInt( ) method cannot convert the given string
Hellointoanintegervalue.
107).Whatisacollectionframework?
Ans).Acollectionframeworkisaclasslibrarytohandlegroupsofobjects.Collectionframeworkisimplementedin
java.util.package.
108).Doesacollectionobjectstorecopiesofotherobjectsortheirreferences?
Ans).ACollectionobjectstoresreferencesofotherobjects.
109).Canyoustoreaprimitivedatatypeintoacollection?
Ans).No,Collectionsstoreonlyobjects.
110).WhatisthedifferencebetweenIteratorandListIterator?
Ans).Bothareusefultoretreiveelementsfromacollection.Iteratorcanretrievetheelements
only in forward direction. But Listener can retrieve the elements in forward and backward direction also. So
ListIteratorispreferredtoIterator.
111).WhatisthedifferencebetweenIteratorandEnumeration?
Ans).Bothareusefultoretreiveelementsfromacollection.Iteratorhasmethodswhosenamesareeasytofollowand
Enumeration methods are difficult to remember. Also Iterator has an option to remove elements from the collection
whichisnotavailableinEnumeration.So,IteratorispreferredtoEnumeration.
112).WhatisthedifferencebetweenaStackandLinkedList?
Ans). 1. A Stack is generally used for the purpose of evaluation of expression. A LinkedList is used to store and
retrievedata.
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2. Insertion and deletion of elements only from the top of the Stack is possible. Insertion and deletion of elements
fromanywhereispossibleincaseofaLinkedList.
113).WhatisthedifferencebetweenArrayListandVector?
ArrayList
Vector
ArrayList object is not synchronized by Vectorobjectissynchronizedbydefault.

default
Incaseofasinglethread,usingArrayListis In case of multiple threads, using Vector is
fasterthantheVector.
advisable. With a single thread, Vector
becomesslow.
ArrayListincreasesitssizeeverytimeby50 Vector increases its size every time by
percent(half).
doublingit.
114).CanyousynchronizetheArrayListobject?
Ans).
Yes,
we
can
use
synchronizedList(
method
to
synchronize
the
ArrayList,
as:Collections.synchronizedList(newArrayList())
115).WhatistheloadfactorforaHashMaporHashtable?
Ans).0.75.
116).WhatisthedifferencebetweenHashMapandHashtable?
Ans).
HashMap
HashMapobjectisnotsynchronizedbydefault.
In case of a single thread, using HashMap is
fasterthantheHashtable.
Hashtable
Hashtableobjectissynchronizedbydefault.
In case of multiple threads, using Hashtable is
advisable, with a single thread, Hashtable
becomesslow.
HashMap allows null keys and null values to be Hashtabledoesnotallownullkeysorvalues.
stored.
Iterator in the HashMap is failfast. This means Enumeration for the Hashtable is not failfast.
Iterator will produce exeception if concurrent Thismeansevenifconcurrentupdationsaredone
updatesaremadetotheHashMap.
to Hashtable, there will not be any incorrect
resultsproducedbytheEnumeration.
117).CanyoumakeHashMapsynchronized?
Ans). Yes, we can make HashMap object synchronized using synchronizedMap( ) method as shown here:
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Collections.synchronizedMap(newHashMap())
118).WhatisthedifferencebetweenaSetandaList?
Ans).
Set
List
ASet represents a collection of elements. Order A List represents ordered collection of
oftheelementsmaychangeintheSet.
elements.List preserves the order of elements in
whichtheyareentered.
Setwillnotallowduplicatevaluestobestored.
Listwillallowduplicatevalues.
Accessing elements by their index (position Accessingelementsbyindexispossibleinlists.
number)isnotpossibleincaseofSets.
Setswillnotallownullelements.
Listsallownullelementstobestored.
119).WhatisthedifferencebetweenSystem.outandSystem.err?
Ans).Bothareusedtodisplaymessagesonthemonitor.System.outisusedtodisplaynormalmessages
As:
System.out.println(Thisisnayanimuralidhar)
System.err.println(Thisisanerror)
120).Whatistheadvantageofstreamconcept..?
Ans). Streams are mainly useful to move data from one place to another place. This concept can be used to receive
datafromaninputdeviceandsenddatatoanoutputdevice.
121).Whatisthedefaultbuffersizeusedbyanybufferedclass?
Ans).512bytes.
122).Whatisserialization?
Ans).Serializationistheprocessofstoringobjectcontentsintoafile.Theclasswhoseobjectsarestoredinthefile
shouldimplementserializableinterfaceofjava.io.package.
123).Whattypeofvariablescannotbeserialized?
Ans).Staticandtransientvariablescannotbeserialized.
Once the objects are stored into a file, they can be later retrieved and used as and when needed.This is called de
serialization.
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124).WhatisIPaddress?
Ans). An IP address is a unique identification number allocated to every computer on a network or Internet. IP
addresscontainssomebyteswhichidentifythenetworkandtheactualcomputerinsidethenetwork.
125).WhatisDNS?
Ans).DomainNamingServiceisaserviceonInternetthatmapstheIPaddresswithcorrespondingwebsitenames.
126).Whatisasocket?
Ans).Asocketisapointofconnecitonbetweenaserverandaclientonanetwork.
127).Whatisportnumber?
Ans).Portnumberiaa2bytenumberwhichisusedtoidentifyasocketuniquely.
128).WhichthreadalwaysrunsinaJavaprogrambydefault?
Ans).mainthread.Athreadrepresentsexecutionofstatements.Thewaythestatementsareexecutedisoftwotypes:
1).Singletasking2).Multitasking.
129).Whythreadsarecalledlightweight?
Ans). Threads are lightweight because they utilize minimum resources of the system. This means they take less
memoryandlessprocessortime.
130).Whatisthedifferencebetweensingletaskingandmultitasking?
Ans). Executing only one job at a time is called single tasking. Executing several jobs at a time is called multi
tasking.Insingletasking,theprocessortimeiswasted,butinmultitasking,wecanutilizetheprocessortimeinan
optimumway.
131).HowcanyoustopathreadinJava?
Ans).Firstofall,weshouldcreateabooleantypevariablewhichstoresfalse.Whentheuserwantstostopthe
thread.Weshouldstoretrueintothevariable.Thestatusofthevariableischeckedintherun()methodandifitis
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true,thethreadexecutesreturnstatementandthenstops.
132).WhatisthedifferencebetweenextendsThreadandimplementsRunnable?Which
oneisadvatageous?
Ans). extends Thread and implements Runnable both are functionally same. But when we write extends Thread,
thereisnoscopetoextendanotherclass,asmultipleinheritanceisnotsupportedinJava.
ClassMyclassextendsThread,AnotherClass//invalid
IfwewriteimplementsRunnable,thenstillthereisscopetoextendanotherclass.
classMyclassextendsAnotherClassimplementsRunnable//valid
This is definitely advantageous when the programmer wants to use threads and also wants to access the features of
anotherclass.
133).Whichmethodisexecutedbythethreadbydefault?
Ans).publicvoidrun()method.
134).WhatisThreadsynchronization?
Ans). When a thread is already acting on an object, preventing any other thread from acting on the same object is
called Thread synchronization or Thread safe The object on which the threads are synchronized is called
synchronizedobject.Threadsynchronizationisrecommendedwhenmultiplethreadsareusedonthesameobject(in
multithreading).
135).Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchronizedblockandsynchronizedkeyword?
Ans). Synchronized block is useful to synchronized a block of statements. Synchronized keyword is useful to
synchronizeanentiremethod.
138).WhatisThreaddeadlock?
Ans).Whenathreadhaslockedanobjectandwaitingforanotherobjecttobereleasedbyanotherthread.andtheother
thread is also waiting for the first thread to release the first object, both the threads will continue waiting forever.
ThisiscalledThreaddeadlock.
139).Whatisthedifferencebetweenthesleep()andwait()methods?
Ans).Boththesleep()andwait()methodsareusedtosuspendathreadexecutionforaspecifiedtime.Whensleep()
isexecutedinsideasynchronizedblock,theobjectisstillunderlock.Whenwait()methodisexecuted,itbreaksthe
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synchronizedblock,sothattheobjectlockisremovedanditisavailable.
Generally,sleep()isusedformakingathreadtowaitforsometime.Butwait()isusedinconnectionwithnotify()
ornotifyAll()mehtodsintheradcommunication.
140).Whatisthedefaultpriorityofathread?
Ans).Whenathreadiscreated,bydefaultitsprioritywillbe5.
141).Whatisdemonthread?
Ans). A daemon thread is a thread is a thread that executes continuously. Daemon threads are service providers for
otherthreadsorobjects.Itgenerallyprovidesabackgroundprocssing.
142).Whatisthreadlifecycle?
Ans). A thread is created using new Thread( ) statement and is executed by start( ) method. The thread enters
runnablestateandwhensleep()orwait()methodsareusedorwhenthethreadisblockedonI/O,itthengoesinto
not runnable state. From not runnable state, the thread comes back to the runnable state and continues running
the statements. The thread dies when it comes out of run( ) mehtod . These state thransitions of a thread are called
lifecycleofathread.
143).Whatisthedifferencebetweenawindowandaframe?
Ans).Awindowisaframewithoutanybordersandtitle,whereasaframecontainsbordersandtitle.
144).Whatiseventdelegationmodel?
Ans).Eventdelegationmodelrepresentsthatwhenaneventisgeneratedbytheuseronacomponent,itisdelegatedto
a listener interface and the listener calls a mehtod in response to the event. Finally , the event is handled by the
method.
145).WhichmodelisusedtoprovideactionstoAWTcomponents?
Ans).Eventdelegationmodel.
146).Whatisanadapterclass?
Ans).Anadapterclassisanimplementationclassofalistenerwhichcontainsallmethodsimplementedwithempty
body. For example, WindowAdapter is an adapter class of WindowListener interface. Adapter classes reduce
overheadonprogrammingwhileworkingwithlistenerinterfaces.
147).Whatisanonymousinnerclass?
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Ans). Anonymous inner class is an inner class whose name is not mentioned, and for which only one object is
created.
148).Whatisthedefaultlayoutinaframe?
Ans).BorderLayout.
149).Whatisthedefaultlayoutinanapplet?
Ans).FlowLayout.
150).WhatareJavaFoundationclasses?
Ans). Java Foundation classes (JFC) represented a class library developed in pure Java which is an extension to
AWT.
151).DiscussabouttheMVCarchitectureinJFC/swing?
Ans).ModelViewControllerisamodelusedinswingcomponents.Modelrepresentsthedataofthecomponent.
View represents its appearance and controller is a mediater between the model and the view.MVC represents the
separationofmodelofanobjectfromitsviewandhowitiscontrolled.
152).Whatarethevariouswindowpanesavailableinswing?
Ans).Thereare4windowpanes:Glasspane,Rootpane,Layeredpane,andContentpane.
153).Wherearethebordersavailableinswing?
Ans).AllbordersareavailableinBorderFactoryclassinjavax.swing.borderpackage.
154).Whatisanapplet?
Ans).AnappletrepresentsJavabytecodeembeddedinawebpage.
155).Whatisappletlifecycle?
Ans).Anappletisbornwithinit()methodandstartsfunctioningwithstart()method.Tostoptheapplet,thestop()
methodiscalledandtoterminatetheappletcompletelyfrommemory,thedestroy()methodiscalled.Oncetheapplet
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is terminated, we should reload the HTML page again to get the applet start once again from init( ) method. This
cyclicwayofexecutingthemethodsiscalledappletlifecycle.
156).Wherearetheappletsexecuted?
Ans).Appletsareexecutedbyaprogramcalledappletenginewhichissimilartovirtualmachinethatexistsinsidethe
webbrowseratclientside.
157).WhatisHotJava?
Ans).HotJavaisthefirstappletenabledbrowserdevelopedinJavatosupportrunningofapplets.
158).WhichtagisusedtoembedanappletintoaHTMLpage?
Ans).<applet>tagisusedtoinsertanappletintoHTMLpage.
Thefollowingisthesyntaxfortheapplettag.Requiredattributesareinbold.Optional
attributesareinregulartypeface.Valuesyouspecifyareinitalics:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
<applet
codebase=codebaseURL
archive=archiveList
code=appletFile...or...object=serializedApplet
alt=alternateText
name=appletInstanceName
width=pixels
height=pixels
align=alignment
vspace=pixels
hspace=pixels
legacy_lifestyle=boolean>
<paramname=appletAttribute1value=value1>
<paramname=appletAttribute2value=value2>
alternateHTML
159).Whatisagenerictype?
Ans).Agenerictyperepresentsaclassoraninterfacethatistypesafe.Itcanactonanydatatype.
160).Whaiiserasure?
Ans).CreatingnongenericversionofagenerictypebytheJavacompileriscallederasure.
161).Whatisautoboxing?
Ans).Autoboxingreferstocreatingobjectsandstoringprimitivedatatypesautomaticallybythecompiler.
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162).WhatisJDBC?
Ans).JDBC(JavaDatabaseConnectivity)isanAPIthatisusefultowriteJavaprogramstoconnecttoanydatabase,
retreivethedatafromthedatabaseandutilizethedatainaJavaprogram.
163).Whatisadatabasedriver?
Ans). A database driver is a set ofclasses and interfaces, written according to JDBC API to communicate with a
database.
164).Howcanyouregisteradriver?
Ans).Toregisteradatabasedriver,wecanfollowoneofthe4options:
Bycreatinganobjecttodriverclass
BysendingdriverclassobjecttoDriverManager.registerDriver()method
BysendingthedriverclassnametoClass.forName()method
ByusingSystemclassgetProperty()method.
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164 Java Interview Questions by Nageswara Rao - JAVAbyNATARAJ

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Default constructor is useful to

Parameterized constructor is useful to

When data is passed at the time of

A constructor is used to initialize the

A constructors name and class name

A methods name and class name can be

A constructor is called at the time of

A method can be called after creating the

A constructor is called only once per

A method can be called several times on

67) What is the difference between method overloading and method

An abstract class is written when there are

An interface is written when all the features

An interface can not contain instance

ArrayList object is not synchronized by Vectorobjectissynchronizedbydefault.

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