dr.

Erike Anggraini

Skin (cutaneous membrane)

Subcutaneous tissue below the skin
Accessory Structures

Sweat glands
Sebaceous or oil glands
Hair
Nail

protection
maintenance of normal body temperature
storage (of fat)
synthesis (of vitamin D)
excretion (of salts, water and wastes in
sweat)
sensory perception

The skin is the largest organ of the body.

It consists of the epidermis and the dermishypodermis.
The epidermis is the outer cellular layer of
stratified squamous epithelium, which is
avascular and varies in thickness.
The dermis is a dense bed of vascular
connective tissue.

mechanical and permeability barier

as a sensory and thermoregulatory organ.
initiate primary immune responses.
synthesis (of precusor vitamin D)
excretion (of salts, water and wastes in
sweat)

The epidermis is a layer of keratinized,

stratified squamous epithelium
sends three appendages (hair follicles, sweat
glands and sebaceous glands) into the
underlying dermis
The three types of epidermal appendage
extend into the dermis and, in some places,
into the subcutaneous tissues.
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the
underlying dermis

There are 5 layers (from outer most layer)

Stratum Corneum, S. Lucidum, S.granulosum, S.
spinosum, S. Basale

deepest layer (stratum germinativum, or

stratum basale)- rapidly dividing cells stem
cells present
outermost layer- stratum corneum ,dead
cells, keratinized cells

The basal germinal layer of the epidermis

generates keratin-producing cells
(keratinocytes), which become increasingly
keratinized and flattened as they migrate to
the surface
The basal layer also contains pigment cells
(melanocytes) that produce melanin, which is
passed to the keratinocytes and protects the
basal layer from ultraviolet light.

Epidermal cells make a precursor form of

vitamin D

Modified in liver and kidney

Required for bone formation

Protection includes immune protection

Langerhans (dendritic) cells, keratinocytes
and specialized T cells

The dermis is composed of collagen, elastic

fibres and fat.
It supports blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
and the epidermal appendages.
The junction between the epidermis and the
dermis is undulating where dermal papillae
push up towards the epidermis.

Dermis- capillaries and nerves deeper layers

are dense connective tissue; superficial layers
are loose
Subcutaneous layer loose connective and
adipose tissue shock absorption, insulation,
energy
HYPODERMIS- adipose tissue and more
loose connective tissue

The sebaceous glands secrete sebum into the

hair follicles, which lubricates the skin and
hair.
Sebaceous- sebum (oil, wax) associated with
hair follicles
helps maintain pliability of skin

The sweat glands are coiled tubular glands

lying within the dermis and are of two types;
eccrine sweat glands secrete salt and water
on to the entire skin surface, (widely
distributed)
apocrine glands secrete a musty-smelling
fluid in the axilla, eyelids, ears, nipple and
areola, genital areas and the perianal region.
The sweat glands are important for
maintaining body temperature

Hair follicles produce hair, the colour of

which is determined by melanocytes within
the follicle
Melanocytes become less active with age.
Gray hair is a mixture of pigmented and nonpigmented hairs.
Red hair results from a a modified type of
melanin that contains iron.
The shape of the hair shaft determines
texture.
Round shaft straight hair
Oval shaft wavy hair, Flat shafts curly or kinky
hair

The nails are flat, horny structures composed

of keratin.
They arise from a matrix of germinal cells,
which can be seen as a white crescent (lunula)
at the nail base.
If a nail is avulsed, a new nail grows from this
matrix. If the matrix is destroyed, nail
regeneration is impossible epidermal cells
covering the nailbed thickens to form a
keratinized protective layer.

dr. Erike Anggraini S

dr. Ahmad Azwar

PENGINDERAAN MANUSIA
1. PENGLIHATAN
2. PENDENGARAN
3. KESEIMBANGAN
4. PENGHIDUAN
5. PENGECAPAN

The sensory nerves are all branches of the

trigeminal nerve [V]

the supra-orbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, and

lacrimal branches of the ophthalmic nerve [V1]; and
the infra-orbital branch of the maxillary nerve [V2]

Motor innervation is from:

the facial nerve [VII],

the palpebral part
of the orbicularis oculi;
the oculomotor nerve [III],
the levator palpebrae superioris;
sympathetic fibers,
the superior tarsal muscle.

Each nasal cavity

consists of three
general area :
1. the nasal vestibule is a
small dilated space just
internal to the naris that
is lined by skin and
contains hair follicles;
2. the respiratory region is
the largest part of the
nasal cavity, has a rich
neurovascular supply,
and is lined by
respiratory epithelium
3. the olfactory region is
small, is at the apex, is
lined by olfactory
epithelium, and contains
the olfactory receptors.

Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH. 2009. Principles of

Anatomy and Physiology vol.1. Asia: John
Wiley and Sons, Inc
Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM. 2010.
Grays Anatomy . Canada : Churchill
Livingstone
Moore L. 2010. Clinically Oriented Anatomy.
USA :