PET305

Petroleum Production Engineering

Lay-out of Production System

PET305 Production
What is the role of production engineers ?

Roles of Production
Engineering
Petroleum production engineers to monitor production operations.
They design equipment and processes to achieve the maximum
profitable recovery of oil and gas.
They develop and use various enhanced recovery methods.
These include injecting water, chemicals, gases, or steam into an oil
reservoir to force out more of the oil, or fracturing to connect a
larger area of a reservoir to a single well.
Production engineers focus on production challenges, identifying,
testing, and implementing methods for improving oil and gas
production.
They might focus on economics, helping a team determine the
optimum number of wells appropriate for a given operation.

Components of a Typical Producing

Well
Wing valve
Choke

To production
equipment

Pressure gauge
Tee
Master valve
Casing valve
Tubing head
Casing head

Tubing

Packer

Casing
Perforations

Wing valve
Choke
assembly

Main parts
of
Wellhead
assembly

Dual
master
valves

Tubing hanger

Tubing
head
Casing
head

Braden
head
Casing
strings

Tubing

Wellhead components
Wing valve
Controls
production
line

To production
equipment

Master valve
Stops fluid flow,
shutting in well

Casing valve

Wellhead components
Pressure gauges
Choke

To production
equipment

Tee

Production
Flowing Wells
Pwf > oil column Pressure

Production Tubing
The Well Head
Casing Heads, Tubing Head, Christmas Tree

List of Factors Affecting Production

Skin & Productivity Index
Wellbore Damage; +Ve Skin factor
Acidizing : negative Skin factor

Production

Wing valve
Choke
assembly

Dual
master
valves

Production Tubing
Steel Pipe run with
Production Packer

Tubing hanger

The Well Head

Casing Heads, of different
diameters (20,13 3/8th,7)

Tubing Head,
Christmas Tree
Production choke
valve

Tubing
head
Casing
head

Braden
head
Casing
strings

Tubing

10

Cross-section for typical producing well

11

Production considerations
Initial Production
Perforation
TCP (tubing / casing pressure)
Wireline Perforation
Down Hole Pressure & Flow

12

Production
Factors Affecting Production
Reservoir Fluid Properties
Porosity & Permeability
Rock/Fluid Properties (Sw. Pc; wettability etc)
Production Design Criteria
Production History

13

Production
Factors Affecting Production cntd,
Skin
Wellbore Damage Positive
Acidizing Negative
Productivity Index (PI) , STB/Day/PSI

14

Production
Acidizing
Negative S

15

16

Formation damage

17

Skin & (Darcys Equation)

S. Steady state radial flow

Artificial Lift
Non- Flowing Wells
Pwf < Hydrocarbon Column Pressure

Artificial Lift Systems

Beam Pumping
Gas Lift
Submersible Pumps

19

Walking Beam Rod Pumping Unit

20

Artificial Lift
Gas Lift
Gas Lift Assembly
Annular Tubing Pressure
Differential
Create Artificial Flowing Well
Injection Gas Recirculate
6 STB/Day 80,000 STB/day

21

Gas Lift

22

Artificial Lift
Submersible Pumps
Attached to Tubing
Electric/Hydraulic
Continuous/Intermittent
Frequent Maintenance Issues

23

Electric Submersible Pump

ESP, electric
submersible pump,
consists of downhole
equipment,
Pump
Cable

Intake
Equalizer

Motor

plus

24

Electric Submersible Pump

25

Electric Submersible Pump

VSD/Control
panel

HVAC
supply

some of the most important

pieces of the system are above
ground:

440-660v

440-660v

Transformer
10005000v

10005000v

Junction
box

Wellhead
26

PET305 Production- outflow

Pressure losses

PET305 Production system

Well

Reservoir

Inflow & outflow

Surface
equipment

Production
Pressure losses outflow
Example on pressure heads
A well with total depth of 10,000 ft. and 4600 psi
reservoir pressure (initial)
Well Gas cut flowing oil= 5 lb/gal

Calculate; pressure gradient for gas cut oil

the DP (pressure Drop)
In outflow oil well: What are the other Pressure Drop
(back Pressure ); List them

Production
Pressure losses
outflow
Now, What can be done to improve the out flow rate?

Friction pressure drop in production tubing

Chock pressure losses

Production
Pressure losses
outflow
Now, What can be done to improve the out flow rate?

Gradient of the fluid: Gas LIFT

Flowing friction pressure drop: Larger tubing or lower
friction pressure
Choke: why is a choke needed? Is it needed here? Test it!

Production
Potential energy pressure drop

Pressure losses
outflow

For example
If oil density is 53 lb/ft3. for a well of 1000 ft vertical depth then
DP = 0.433 x (53/62.4) x 1000 = 367.7 psi

Production pressure losses

Pressure friction losses
outflow

Production pressure losses

Pressure friction losses
outflow
Then it has been modified by Chen in 1979 to

Production
Pressure friction losses
outflow

Production
For laminar flow

Pressure losses
outflow

Production
Pressure losses friction in tubing
outflow

NRe = 2100 the begin of transition flow

Production
Pressure losses friction in tubing
outflow

Water density = 65.5 lb/ft3

Tubing diameter = 2 7/8 inches

f = 0.0063

Production
Pressure losses friction in tubing
u in ft/s
outflow
D in ft
Density lb/ft3
L in ft

f = 0.0063

Surface Production
Facilities
Separators

Production Process
Schematic
Gas

Prod.
from
Wells

Separation &
Treatment

Oil

Water
Contaminants
41

Foam
emulsion
salt content
scale
corrosion
paraffin wax
sand content
liquid carry over

Separation - sizing

Factors for design

Drop size
Retention time
Re-entrainment

The separator types

Vertical
Horizontal
Spherical

Two-phase separator
Three phase separator

Horizontal three phase separator

Other designs for Three phase separator

spherical separator

Two phase vertical separator

Double-drum separator for gas condensate

production