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Field Study of Tierney II Unit 34-80


By Daevin Dev (CSM Logging Consortium)
5 December 2014

1.0 Overview
This document provides an overview of the Tierney II Unit 34-80 Well. This well is based in Sweetwater
County, Wyoming along the Greater Green River Basin (Section 34, N19W94). It is primarily a gas
producing well with marginal oil production. The API number for this well is 49-037-27256. Drilling
operations on this well started in November of 2007 and was completed in February of 2008. The only
operator on the well was BP America Production Company. No operator change took place. The only
service company that assisted BP was Halliburton. They were primarily involved in the well log analysis
of the well. The total depth of this well is 10153ft and production comes from the Mesa Verde
formation.

2. 0 Single Well Petrophysics


Give an overview of the petrophysics.
The petrophysics of this well is rather complicated because bulk of the formations in this well are shaly
sands which means that most of the well log data would have been skewed by the shale influence. At a
glance, there doesnt seem to be many crossovers to indicate high presence of either gas or oil although
it is known that the formation contains a lot of gas in the production zone. This phenomenon could also
be attributed to the high shale content. The gamma ray curve seems to adhere to the expected lithology
type. There seem to be regions with extremely high gamma ray values and regions with mixed spikes of
high and low gamma ray values. The overlay applied to the gamma ray curve enables one to easily
distinguish between sandstone and shale. The resistivity curves seem to be consistent throughout the
logged interval. If there were sudden deflections, all resistivity curves would deflect alike. The Pef, Uma,
Rwa and Sw curves were added based on analytical computations. These curves were not provided in
the default LAS file. Water saturation seemed to be high in the non-pay zones and relatively low in the
pay zones.

3.0 Quality Assessment


Depth, Tension, Caliper
Well depth extends to 10153ft. The top of the logged interval is 1448.8ft with the bottom logged
interval at 10138ft. The caliper readings do deviate from the bit size diameter. This is generally expected
from shaly sand. That being said, the deviation was roughly constant throughout the logged interval
which could also imply a tool calibration error However the deviation in this wellbore is marginal and
should not have affected the other measurements made. The tension curve is surprisingly smooth.
There dont seem to be any abrupt changes throughout the logged interval.
Borehole conditions
The bit size used in the logged interval is 7.875in. The borehole seems to be in a reasonably good
condition. There was minimal deviation in the caliper measurement from the theoretical bit size. The
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tension curve is smooth which means there was nothing to abruptly stop the logging tool during its
travel throughout the wellbore logged interval.
Density, Pef
Bulk density data was available. A bulk density correction factor was also available. Both density porosity
and PEF data were readily available. However only sandstone based density porosity was present.
Limestone density porosity had to be calculated using the provided bulk density and the formation fluid
density.
Neutron
Thermal neutron equipment was used to log the neutron density of the formation. The neutron
lithology was calibrated to a sandstone lithology. No limestone neutron log was available and so it was
computed based on a built in Schlumberger correlation.
Resistivity
The resistivity curves have a minimum tool reading of 0.2 ohm.m with a maximum tool reading of 200
ohm.m. There do seem to be unwarranted resistivity curve jumps at specific points in the log but that is
probably a consequence of the shale.
Sonic
There wasnt any sonic data provided and thus mechanical properties cant be evaluated for this well.

4.0 Analysis
How was the petrophysical analysis done?
Petrophysical analysis was done based on qualitative and quantitative analysis. Based on the quality of
the curves and how well in conformed to conventional notions, speculations on how reliant the log data
was could be deduced. Quantitative analysis was performed in more detail. Based on the measured data
several other properties were calculated such as Uma, Rhga and Tnph. Using these data and its general
behavior along the logged depth, potential pay zones could be identified. Two cross plots were made to
aid this process. These were the neutron-density cross plot and the Rhga-Uma cross plot.

4.1 Fluids
Fluid endpoints were determined using the Rwa method. The SP curve deflection is
too high. This could be due to the presence of high shale. Plus, the Rw computed using
the SP method yielded erroneous Sw values which could only imply that the SP values
are being affected by shale significantly. The Pickett plot method relies a lot on the
ability to isolate water zones from oil and gas zones. However, because this formation
is a shaly sand formation, there wont be much crossovers present and it is thus
difficult to isolate the water zones for use in the Pickett Plot. Hence, the only method
that would not succumb to the shale effect is the Rwa method. This is why the Rwa
method
was
selected
over
the
other
method

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Figure 1: Full Triple Combo For Tierney II Well

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4.2 Lithology
Lithology was primarily determined using the Gamma Ray curve with some help of the neutron density
cross plot. If the gamma ray was too high it was speculated that the formation would most likely contain
a lot of shale while if the gamma ray was too low then it was speculated that the formation contains lots
of sandstone and limestone. This was further reinforced by the neutron-density cross plot. Based on the
screenshot below, it is apparent that there is some sandstone present, as shown by the blue points on
the cross plot (low gamma ray). The green points (medium to high gamma ray) are either most likely
shale or carbonates being pulled towards the southeast direction, away from the quartz line and
dolomite, due to the high clay content in shale.

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4.3 Porosity
Porosity was determined using the neutron-density cross plot coupled with the average of sand density
porosity and thermal neutron sand porosity. The porosity averaged to about 0.225. Based on the cross
plot, a lot of the sandstone points are being pulled down because of the high presence of shale i.e. clay
which would be illite and kaolinite. The points towards the top right corner are probably gas filled
formations which is not uncommon in Wyoming.

4.4 Saturation
The apparent water resistivity was calculated by assuming 100% water saturation in Archies equation.
This was then plotted on the triple combo. A clean sandstone formation within the pay zone was
identified and the lowest Rwa value was selected as the ideal Rw. Then Archies equation was used again
along with the true resistivity (was available in original LAS file) along with the ideal Rw to compute the
water saturation.

4.5 Elastic Moduli (Optional)


What are the mechanical properties?
See next two pages for data

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Figure 2: Mechanical Properties Derived From Correlations

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Mechanical Properties Interpretation

The mechanical properties for this well were calculated based on a correlation found in an extensive
study of clastic silicate rocks. This correlation relates the total porosity of the formation and the clay
volume to the primary and secondary wave velocities. These correlations were found in a geophysics
journal (Society of Exploration Geophysicists) from 1985 by Castagna et. al. These correlations were
compared to actual values measured using sonic tools and the average percentage error was about 1%
which is quite low. The correlations are given in the equations below:
= 5.81 9.42 2.21

= 3.89 7.07 2.04

The outputs are in km/s. Appropriate unit conversions were applied to convert this number to us/ft.
With these values, the corresponding compressional slowness and compressional shear rate values were
determined by taking the reciprocal of the velocity values. From there equations in the petrophysics
handbook were used to compute the bulk modulus (K), compressional modulus (M), shear modulus (G),
Youngs Modulus (E) and Poissons Ratio.
A screenshot of the final values are shown on the previous page. The values seem to comply with
conventional notions such as the fact that compressional slowness is usually of a lesser value than shear
slowness. Poissons ratio seems to be well within the acceptable range of 1 to 0.5
The following table gives the average values of the computed mechanical properties:

Intuitively the bulk and shear modulus values seem to drop in a when sandstone is encountered because
sandstone is a more porous rock compared to shale and is thus more susceptible to deformation when
placed under stress. This presumption is readily seen in the logs on the previous page. This would clearly
imply that the correlation used does give a somewhat good representation of the mechanical properties

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5.0 Petrophysical Model

5.1 Assumptions
A = 0.62, M = 2.15, N = 2
These Archie exponents were given in one of the TIFF image logs by Haliburton.

5.2 Model 1: Shale Model

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Describe the model:


The first model is a shale model. This was probably one of the more important models to build since
bulk of the formations are either sand or shaly sand.
What logs were used in the model?
The logs used in this model include the Bulk Density, Sand Neutron Porosity, True Formation Resistivity
and the Gamma Ray.
Any zonation used in the model?
This workflow method was only applied beyond the Lewis formation which is roughly beyond 7100ft.
This was done because there were no Tnph and rhob data before this depth. It would have been
redundant to run the workflow at depths before 7100ft.
Input properties, uncertainties, weights, unflushed factors
The bulk density uncertainty was 0.027, for neutron porosity it was 0.015 and for the formation
resistivity the value came from the initialization workflow. The gamma ray input had a uncertainty of 6.
Bulk density and neutron porosity was weighted at 1 while the formation resistivity and gamma ray
were weighted at 0.3. As for the unflushed factors, the values were 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 0 for bulk density,
neutron porosity, formation resistivity and gamma ray, respectively. The tool type for neutron porosity
was changed from the default Nphi to TnPh.

Component specification, endpoints, wet clay porosity, CEC


6 components were to be evaluated in the shale model. They were illite, montmoriillonite, calcite
quartz, XI water and UI water. The bulk density of the lithologies were at their default values while the
bulk density of the XI water and UI water came from the initialization workflow. These came out to be
roughly 0.97821 g/cc. The wet clay porosity of illite turned out to be 0.1884 v/v while and 0.5911 v/v for
montmorillonite. The CEC for illite was 0.16meq/g and 1 meq/g for montmorilonite.
Special models, associated parameters
This shale model was constructed with deep resistivity input. The dual water method was used to
determine the true formation resistivity because shales have dual water saturation and this method
would represent the actual water distribution in the pay zone. From the initialization workflow, the
formation water resistivity was determined to be 0.4591 ohm.m
Additional constraints, Equivalent Hydrocarbon Ratio, Predefined constraints
No additional constraints were applied to this model because the initial model seemed to fit well.

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5.3 Model 2: Oil Sand Model

Describe your model.


This model is the oil sand model. It simulates the oil distribution in the Mesa Verde formation which is
where the pay zone is. The output gamma rays and output true formation resistivitys seem to be a good
match to what was given as input. This is verified by the large orange shading covering bulk of the
gamma ray curves and resistivity curves above.
What logs were used in the model?
The logs used in this model include the Bulk Density, Sand Neutron Porosity, True Formation Resistivity
and the Gamma Ray.
Any zonation used in the model?
Bulk of the quanti.elan workflow was simulated beyond the Lewis formation which is roughly beyond
7100ft. The screenshot shown above is within the Mesa Verde formation.

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Input properties, uncertainties, weights, Unflushed factors


The bulk density uncertainty was 0.027, for neutron porosity it was 0.015 and for the formation
resistivity the value came from the initialization workflow. The gamma ray input had a uncertainty of 6.
Bulk density and neutron porosity was weighted at 1 while the formation resistivity and gamma ray
were weighted at 0.3. As for the unflushed factors, the values were 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 0 for bulk density,
neutron porosity, formation resistivity and gamma ray, respectively. The tool type for neutron porosity
was changed from the default Nphi to TnPh.
Component specification, endpoints, wet clay porosity, CEC
7 components were analyzed in this model. They were Illite, Calcite, Quartz, XWater, XOil, UWater and
UOil. All component bulk densities were at their default values except for the water densities in the
flushed zone and the undisturbed zone. These had values of 0.9769 g/cc and 0.97821 g/cc. Only Illite
and Quartz had gamma ray end points which were 200 gAPI and 30 gAPI respectively. The wet clay
porosity of illite in this case was 0.188363 v/v, with a CEC of 0.16meq/g.
Special models, associated parameters
The only special model used was the dual water deep resistivity model. This method was selected to
accurately account for the clay bound water which is present within the wet clays.
Additional constraints, Equivalent Hydrocarbon Ratio, Predefined constraints
The only constraint applied to this model was that water based mud was used.

5.4 Model 3: Gas Model

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Describe your model.


This model is the gas model which simulates the gas distribution within the Mesa Verde formation. The
gas model was important because almost 96% of the production from this well is gas.
What logs were used in the model?
The logs used in this model include the Bulk Density, Sand Neutron Porosity, True Formation Resistivity
and the Gamma Ray.
Any zonation used in the model?
Similar to the two other previous models, this model also takes on formations beyond the Lewis
formation which is roughly beyond 7100ft. The screenshot shown above displays the Mesa Verde
formation which is where the pay zone is.
Input properties, uncertainties, weights, unflushed factors
Similar input properties used in the oil model were used.
Component specification, endpoints, wet clay porosity, CEC
7 components were analyzed in this model. They were illite, Calcite, Quartz, Xwater, UWater, XGas and
UGas. The gamma ray end points for illite and quartz were 200gApi and 30gApi respectively. The gamma
ray end points for water were 0 but the end points for the Xgas and Ugas were 1. The bulk densities of
the input fluids were calculated using the initialization workflow. This was also the case for the gas
neutron porosity values. Wet clay porosity stayed the same at 0.188363 v/v. The CEC also remained the
same at 0.16meq/g.
Special models, associated parameters
The dual water deep resistivity model was used to account for the clay bound water present in shale.
The inputs to this were a deep formation water resistivity and deep formation temperature which came
out to be 0.459 ohm.m and 181.4 deg F, respectively.
Additional constraints, Equivalent Hydrocarbon Ratio, Predefined constraints
Initially this model didnt exhibit enough gas distribution in the flushed zone. Thus an additional
constraint was added. Based on the current production data of water and gas, only 4% of water was
produced for every barrel of gas produced. Thus the Xwater value in the constraint was given a value of
1 while the Xgas value in the constraint was given a value of -0.04. These numbers were derived from
the equation Xwater=0.04Xgas. Rearranging this we get 1Xwater-0.04Xgas = 0. A base mud saturation
predefined constraint was added so that the workflow knew that the mud used during drilling was water
based mud.

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5.5 Combination Model


Describe your combination logic

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Combination Logic
This combined model was computed using the three previous models. Three if statements were used to
determine whether or not the lithology was shale, gas or oil. For shale, if the gamma ray way greater
than 65 then it would interpret it as a shale layer. For the oil layer, if the sand density crossover was less
than 0.06 then it would interpret as oil. As for the gas, a different approach needed to be used since it is
relatively difficult to determine the presence of gas in shaly sand. The crossover method would not
indicate the presence of gas since the shale affect the Tnph and Dphi values. Given the limited
information provided, the gamma ray track and water saturation data were used to determine the gas
content. If the gamma ray was less than 80 (common in sandstone) and if the water saturation was less
than 0.6 then it would be gas. The gamma ray condition was to determine if it were
sandstone/limestone since it would be ideal to produce from sandstone/limestone instead of shale. The
water saturation condition assumes that if the water saturation is low, then the remaining saturation
must be of hydrocarbons and in particular gaseous hydrocarbons. By using water saturation though, we
only account for movable water and not the clay bound water which not have been accounted for in the
water saturation values. Thus when we combine both those conditions; it needing to be a sandstone
layer and having low water saturation- we can safely assume that the remaining saturation has to come
from gas. Oil isnt really given much attention here because the oil production (based on production
data) is only about 4% of total production. About 96% of production is gas.
The screenshot above is from the pay zone/ production zone. It seems to conform to expectations.
There is minimal oil present there with some streaks of gas layers throughout the pay zone. There seems
to be minimal amounts of water and clay bound water. The probabilities of formations (in track 1) highly
suggest that there is a lot of shale present with some oil sands and gas sands.

5.6 Optional Analysis


Permeabilities
Permeability ranged from 0.01mD to 1mD. These values were based on a correlation rather than a direct
calculation. With the provided core data, the maximum and minimum permeability values were
obtained. Using an excel if-statement along with the SP values, a correlation was derived. Based on the
dataset, it seemed that at SP values lower than 80mV the lithology was mostly sandstone/limestone.
Most other times the SP stayed high due to the highly impermeable shale. Significant SP deflection
occurred when sandstone was encountered. It is known that a SP deflection to the left (low SP values)
implies a permeable zone. Assuming a uniform permeability distribution given the SP constraint,
permeability values were simulated. This method isnt accurate but is based off the Monte-Carlo
simulation which gives a rough estimate of what to expect given the conditions and constraints stated
above.
A screenshot of the permeability curve is given below/next page. As it shows, the permeability values
spike when a shaly sandstone layer is encountered. It also conforms to the notion that low SP implies
high permeability.

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Figure: Triple Combo with Permeability Track placed adjacent to the Gamma Ray track for easy comparison.

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Differentiate Pay from non-pay. How many porosity-feet do you have? Quantify the pay.

The pay and non-pay zones were isolated in the well log. The non-pay zones (red) consists of only shale
formations with high water saturation content and low resistivity which implies that there is a lot of slay
bound water present there and probably minimal hydrocarbon content. The pay zone (green) consists of
shaly sand formations with a relatively low water saturation and a sudden increase in the resistivity from
the non-pay zone. Also note the sudden deflection of the SP curve in the pay zone/ production zone. A
high SP deflection to the left indicates high permeable zone.
The following is the estimated porosity-ft for all the entire pay zones.
There is a total of 116.72 .ft
OGIP = (43560* 116.72*(1-0.4))

= 3MMscf/acre

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Core data, how was core data integrated into the interpretation?

Core data was used to determine the types of components to use when creating the petrophysical
models. Initially only illite and quartz were used but after having looked at the core data, it seemed
reasonable to include calcite as part of the model analysis. Additionally, the core data was also used to
determine the permeability of the formation. The permeability values from the core data was used as
the minimum and maximum permeability values so that a Monte Carlo simulation could be performed
to derive plausible permeability values.

Wellbore Images, show some interesting bedding, breakouts and fractures.


No wellbore images could be found for this well.

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Mud logs: Header of The Mud Log

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Mud Logs Continued

The mud log indicates lithology and gas content based on surface analysis. This data is then matched
with the ongoing weight on bit and the rate of penetration. At a glance of the whole mud log, it seems
that the gas content (extreme right track) seemed to spike whenever a sandstone formation was hit. It
stayed relatively low at shale formations. This makes sense as gas from sandstone could have easily
invaded into the wellbore while gas from shale wouldnt have easily permeated out of the shale
formation. The screenshot above is the mud log from this well. It was done by BP back in 2007. The
interval shown above is the current producing interval. Note the sudden spikes in gas content whenever
a sandstone formation is encountered.

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6.0 Cased hole Analysis


6.1 Cement volume
Compute the cement volume required for your casing run

: 0.0009714 (112 8.6252 ) 1451


= 65.7bbl of cement
2 0.0009714 (7.8752 4.52 ) 10134
= 411bbl of cement
Total cement required for all casing
=411bbl + 65.7bbl = 477bbl of cement

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6.2 Bond Log


Evaluate the bond log

The first screenshot shows the bond log for a top section of the wellbore while the second screenshot
shows a bond log of a lower wellbore section. The bond logs seem to indicate good cementing quality at
the bottom of the wellbore as compared to the top of the well bore.

7.0 References
Bratton, Tom Petrophysics Handbook Colorado School of Mines, 2014
Castagna et. al Relationships between compressional-wave and shear-wave velocities in clastic silicate
rocks Society of Exploration Geophysicists Vol. 50, April 1985, p571-581.
http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/pyrex/stash/GPY00571.pdf
Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, 12/5/2014. Web
PEGN 419 Well Log Analysis Laboratory Manual, Tom Bratton LLC, Colorado School of Mines

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