Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PEGN 419
Final Project
1.0 Overview
This document provides an overview of the Tierney II Unit 34-80 Well. This well is based in Sweetwater
County, Wyoming along the Greater Green River Basin (Section 34, N19W94). It is primarily a gas
producing well with marginal oil production. The API number for this well is 49-037-27256. Drilling
operations on this well started in November of 2007 and was completed in February of 2008. The only
operator on the well was BP America Production Company. No operator change took place. The only
service company that assisted BP was Halliburton. They were primarily involved in the well log analysis
of the well. The total depth of this well is 10153ft and production comes from the Mesa Verde
formation.
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
tension curve is smooth which means there was nothing to abruptly stop the logging tool during its
travel throughout the wellbore logged interval.
Density, Pef
Bulk density data was available. A bulk density correction factor was also available. Both density porosity
and PEF data were readily available. However only sandstone based density porosity was present.
Limestone density porosity had to be calculated using the provided bulk density and the formation fluid
density.
Neutron
Thermal neutron equipment was used to log the neutron density of the formation. The neutron
lithology was calibrated to a sandstone lithology. No limestone neutron log was available and so it was
computed based on a built in Schlumberger correlation.
Resistivity
The resistivity curves have a minimum tool reading of 0.2 ohm.m with a maximum tool reading of 200
ohm.m. There do seem to be unwarranted resistivity curve jumps at specific points in the log but that is
probably a consequence of the shale.
Sonic
There wasnt any sonic data provided and thus mechanical properties cant be evaluated for this well.
4.0 Analysis
How was the petrophysical analysis done?
Petrophysical analysis was done based on qualitative and quantitative analysis. Based on the quality of
the curves and how well in conformed to conventional notions, speculations on how reliant the log data
was could be deduced. Quantitative analysis was performed in more detail. Based on the measured data
several other properties were calculated such as Uma, Rhga and Tnph. Using these data and its general
behavior along the logged depth, potential pay zones could be identified. Two cross plots were made to
aid this process. These were the neutron-density cross plot and the Rhga-Uma cross plot.
4.1 Fluids
Fluid endpoints were determined using the Rwa method. The SP curve deflection is
too high. This could be due to the presence of high shale. Plus, the Rw computed using
the SP method yielded erroneous Sw values which could only imply that the SP values
are being affected by shale significantly. The Pickett plot method relies a lot on the
ability to isolate water zones from oil and gas zones. However, because this formation
is a shaly sand formation, there wont be much crossovers present and it is thus
difficult to isolate the water zones for use in the Pickett Plot. Hence, the only method
that would not succumb to the shale effect is the Rwa method. This is why the Rwa
method
was
selected
over
the
other
method
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
4.2 Lithology
Lithology was primarily determined using the Gamma Ray curve with some help of the neutron density
cross plot. If the gamma ray was too high it was speculated that the formation would most likely contain
a lot of shale while if the gamma ray was too low then it was speculated that the formation contains lots
of sandstone and limestone. This was further reinforced by the neutron-density cross plot. Based on the
screenshot below, it is apparent that there is some sandstone present, as shown by the blue points on
the cross plot (low gamma ray). The green points (medium to high gamma ray) are either most likely
shale or carbonates being pulled towards the southeast direction, away from the quartz line and
dolomite, due to the high clay content in shale.
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
4.3 Porosity
Porosity was determined using the neutron-density cross plot coupled with the average of sand density
porosity and thermal neutron sand porosity. The porosity averaged to about 0.225. Based on the cross
plot, a lot of the sandstone points are being pulled down because of the high presence of shale i.e. clay
which would be illite and kaolinite. The points towards the top right corner are probably gas filled
formations which is not uncommon in Wyoming.
4.4 Saturation
The apparent water resistivity was calculated by assuming 100% water saturation in Archies equation.
This was then plotted on the triple combo. A clean sandstone formation within the pay zone was
identified and the lowest Rwa value was selected as the ideal Rw. Then Archies equation was used again
along with the true resistivity (was available in original LAS file) along with the ideal Rw to compute the
water saturation.
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
The mechanical properties for this well were calculated based on a correlation found in an extensive
study of clastic silicate rocks. This correlation relates the total porosity of the formation and the clay
volume to the primary and secondary wave velocities. These correlations were found in a geophysics
journal (Society of Exploration Geophysicists) from 1985 by Castagna et. al. These correlations were
compared to actual values measured using sonic tools and the average percentage error was about 1%
which is quite low. The correlations are given in the equations below:
= 5.81 9.42 2.21
The outputs are in km/s. Appropriate unit conversions were applied to convert this number to us/ft.
With these values, the corresponding compressional slowness and compressional shear rate values were
determined by taking the reciprocal of the velocity values. From there equations in the petrophysics
handbook were used to compute the bulk modulus (K), compressional modulus (M), shear modulus (G),
Youngs Modulus (E) and Poissons Ratio.
A screenshot of the final values are shown on the previous page. The values seem to comply with
conventional notions such as the fact that compressional slowness is usually of a lesser value than shear
slowness. Poissons ratio seems to be well within the acceptable range of 1 to 0.5
The following table gives the average values of the computed mechanical properties:
Intuitively the bulk and shear modulus values seem to drop in a when sandstone is encountered because
sandstone is a more porous rock compared to shale and is thus more susceptible to deformation when
placed under stress. This presumption is readily seen in the logs on the previous page. This would clearly
imply that the correlation used does give a somewhat good representation of the mechanical properties
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
5.1 Assumptions
A = 0.62, M = 2.15, N = 2
These Archie exponents were given in one of the TIFF image logs by Haliburton.
Final Project
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
10
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
11
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
12
Daevin Dev
13
PEGN 419
Final Project
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
Combination Logic
This combined model was computed using the three previous models. Three if statements were used to
determine whether or not the lithology was shale, gas or oil. For shale, if the gamma ray way greater
than 65 then it would interpret it as a shale layer. For the oil layer, if the sand density crossover was less
than 0.06 then it would interpret as oil. As for the gas, a different approach needed to be used since it is
relatively difficult to determine the presence of gas in shaly sand. The crossover method would not
indicate the presence of gas since the shale affect the Tnph and Dphi values. Given the limited
information provided, the gamma ray track and water saturation data were used to determine the gas
content. If the gamma ray was less than 80 (common in sandstone) and if the water saturation was less
than 0.6 then it would be gas. The gamma ray condition was to determine if it were
sandstone/limestone since it would be ideal to produce from sandstone/limestone instead of shale. The
water saturation condition assumes that if the water saturation is low, then the remaining saturation
must be of hydrocarbons and in particular gaseous hydrocarbons. By using water saturation though, we
only account for movable water and not the clay bound water which not have been accounted for in the
water saturation values. Thus when we combine both those conditions; it needing to be a sandstone
layer and having low water saturation- we can safely assume that the remaining saturation has to come
from gas. Oil isnt really given much attention here because the oil production (based on production
data) is only about 4% of total production. About 96% of production is gas.
The screenshot above is from the pay zone/ production zone. It seems to conform to expectations.
There is minimal oil present there with some streaks of gas layers throughout the pay zone. There seems
to be minimal amounts of water and clay bound water. The probabilities of formations (in track 1) highly
suggest that there is a lot of shale present with some oil sands and gas sands.
14
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
Figure: Triple Combo with Permeability Track placed adjacent to the Gamma Ray track for easy comparison.
15
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
Differentiate Pay from non-pay. How many porosity-feet do you have? Quantify the pay.
The pay and non-pay zones were isolated in the well log. The non-pay zones (red) consists of only shale
formations with high water saturation content and low resistivity which implies that there is a lot of slay
bound water present there and probably minimal hydrocarbon content. The pay zone (green) consists of
shaly sand formations with a relatively low water saturation and a sudden increase in the resistivity from
the non-pay zone. Also note the sudden deflection of the SP curve in the pay zone/ production zone. A
high SP deflection to the left indicates high permeable zone.
The following is the estimated porosity-ft for all the entire pay zones.
There is a total of 116.72 .ft
OGIP = (43560* 116.72*(1-0.4))
= 3MMscf/acre
16
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
Core data, how was core data integrated into the interpretation?
Core data was used to determine the types of components to use when creating the petrophysical
models. Initially only illite and quartz were used but after having looked at the core data, it seemed
reasonable to include calcite as part of the model analysis. Additionally, the core data was also used to
determine the permeability of the formation. The permeability values from the core data was used as
the minimum and maximum permeability values so that a Monte Carlo simulation could be performed
to derive plausible permeability values.
17
Daevin Dev
Mud logs: Header of The Mud Log
18
PEGN 419
Final Project
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
The mud log indicates lithology and gas content based on surface analysis. This data is then matched
with the ongoing weight on bit and the rate of penetration. At a glance of the whole mud log, it seems
that the gas content (extreme right track) seemed to spike whenever a sandstone formation was hit. It
stayed relatively low at shale formations. This makes sense as gas from sandstone could have easily
invaded into the wellbore while gas from shale wouldnt have easily permeated out of the shale
formation. The screenshot above is the mud log from this well. It was done by BP back in 2007. The
interval shown above is the current producing interval. Note the sudden spikes in gas content whenever
a sandstone formation is encountered.
19
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
20
Final Project
Daevin Dev
PEGN 419
Final Project
The first screenshot shows the bond log for a top section of the wellbore while the second screenshot
shows a bond log of a lower wellbore section. The bond logs seem to indicate good cementing quality at
the bottom of the wellbore as compared to the top of the well bore.
7.0 References
Bratton, Tom Petrophysics Handbook Colorado School of Mines, 2014
Castagna et. al Relationships between compressional-wave and shear-wave velocities in clastic silicate
rocks Society of Exploration Geophysicists Vol. 50, April 1985, p571-581.
http://www.ipt.ntnu.no/pyrex/stash/GPY00571.pdf
Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, 12/5/2014. Web
PEGN 419 Well Log Analysis Laboratory Manual, Tom Bratton LLC, Colorado School of Mines
21