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CARRIAGE OF GOODS
Parties
1. Common carrier
2. Shipper
3. Consignee
Cause of liability
Delay in delivery, loss, destruction,
or deterioration of the goods
CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS
1. Common carrier
2. Passenger
Duration of liability
From the time the goods are
unconditionally placed in the
possession of, and received by the
carrier for transportation until the
same are delivered actually or
constructively by the carrier to the
consignee or to the person who
has the right to receive them. (Art.
1736)
It remains in full force and effect
even when they are temporarily
unloaded or stored in transit unless
the shipper or owner has made use
of the right of stoppage in transitu.
(Art. 1737)
It continues to be operative even
during the time the goods are
stored in a warehouse of the
carrier at the place of destination
until the consignee has bee
advised of the arrival of the goods
and
has
had
reasonable
opportunity thereafter to remove
them or otherwise dispose of
them. (Art. 1738)
Delivery of goods to the custom
authorities is not delivery to the
consignee. (Lu Do v. Binamira, 101
Phil 120)
TRANSPORTATION LAW: Lawrence Jeffrey Delfin, Flerida Emma Manglicmot, Mark Joseph Mupas,
Melanie Pascua, Gilbert Ricaforte, Renato Segubiense Jr., Katleen Grace Serrano, Mary Jane Timbang
Defenses
1. Ordinary
circumstance:
Exercise of extraordinary
diligence (Art. 1735)
2. Special circumstances:
a. Flood,
storm,
earthquake, lighting, or
other natural disaster or
calamity
(plus
force
majeure)
b. Act
of
the
public
enemy in war, whether
international or civil
c. Act or omission of the
shipper or the owner of
goods
d. The character of the
goods or defects in the
packing
or
in
the
containers
e. Order
or
act
of
competent
public
authority (Art. 1734)
1. Exercise of extraordinary
diligence (Art. 1756)
2. Caso fortuito
TRANSPORTATION LAW: Lawrence Jeffrey Delfin, Flerida Emma Manglicmot, Mark Joseph Mupas,
Melanie Pascua, Gilbert Ricaforte, Renato Segubiense Jr., Katleen Grace Serrano, Mary Jane Timbang
Valid stipulations
1. Reduction of degree of diligence
to ordinary diligence, provided it
be:
a) In writing, signed by the
shipper or owner;
b) Supported by a valuable
consideration other than the
service rendered by the
carriers; and
c) Reasonable, just and not
contrary to public policy.
(Art. 1744)
2. Fixed amount of liability: A
contract fixing the sum to be
recovered by the owner or shipper
for the loss, destruction or
deterioration of the goods, if it is
reasonable and just under the
circumstances and has been fairly
and freely agreed upon. (Art. 1750)
3. Limited liability for delay: An
agreement limiting the common
carriers liability for delay on
account of strikes or riots (Art.
1748)
4. Stipulation limiting liability to
the value of the goods appearing
in the bill of lading, unless the
shipper or owner declares a
greater value. (Art. 1749)
TRANSPORTATION LAW: Lawrence Jeffrey Delfin, Flerida Emma Manglicmot, Mark Joseph Mupas,
Melanie Pascua, Gilbert Ricaforte, Renato Segubiense Jr., Katleen Grace Serrano, Mary Jane Timbang
diminished;
7. That
the
carrier
is
not
responsible
for
the
loss,
destruction or deterioration of the
goods on account of the defective
condition of the car, vehicle, ship
or other equipment used in the
contract of carriage. (Art. 1745)
Article 1732 does not distinguish between a carrier offering its services
to the general public, that is the general community or population, and
one who offers services or solicits business only from a narrow
segment of the general population.
The Civil Code does not provide that the transportation should be by
motor vehicle.
TRANSPORTATION LAW: Lawrence Jeffrey Delfin, Flerida Emma Manglicmot, Mark Joseph Mupas,
Melanie Pascua, Gilbert Ricaforte, Renato Segubiense Jr., Katleen Grace Serrano, Mary Jane Timbang
Undertakes to carry for all people indifferently and thus is liable for
refusal without sufficient reason (Lastimoso vs. Doliente, 3 SCRA ,
[1961]);
BETWEEN
Common Carrier
As to passengers
Holds himself out for all
indiscriminately.
PRIVATE
Private Carrier
people Contracts with particular individuals
or groups only.
As to required diligence
Requires extraordinary diligence.
As to state regulation
Subject to regulation.
B. EXTRAORDINARY DILIGENCE
REQUIREMENT OF EXTRAORDINARY DILIGENCE
Common Carriers, from the nature of their business and for reasons of
TRANSPORTATION LAW: Lawrence Jeffrey Delfin, Flerida Emma Manglicmot, Mark Joseph Mupas,
Melanie Pascua, Gilbert Ricaforte, Renato Segubiense Jr., Katleen Grace Serrano, Mary Jane Timbang
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
C.
The common carrier shall be liable even if the shipper or owner merely
contributed to the loss, destruction or deterioration of the goods, the
proximate cause thereof being the negligence of the common carrier,
the latter shall be liable in damages, which, however, shall be equitably
reduced. (Art. 1741, Civil Code)
The rule is that if the improper packing is known to the carrier or his
employee or is apparent upon ordinary observation, but he
nevertheless accepts the same without protest or exception
notwithstanding such condition, he is not relieved of liability for the
resulting damage. (A.F. Sanchez Brokerage Inc. vs. C.A., 447
SCRA 427, [2004])
Said public authority must have the power to issue the order (Article
TRANSPORTATION LAW: Lawrence Jeffrey Delfin, Flerida Emma Manglicmot, Mark Joseph Mupas,
Melanie Pascua, Gilbert Ricaforte, Renato Segubiense Jr., Katleen Grace Serrano, Mary Jane Timbang
1743, Civil Code). Consequently, where the officer acts without legal
process, the common carrier will be held liable. (Ganzon v. CA 161,
SCRA 646 [1988])
However, the carrier cannot limit its liability for injury to, or loss of,
goods shipped where such injury or loss was caused by its own
negligence.
o
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its way.
2. Received - one in which it is stated that the goods have been received for
shipment with or without specifying the vessel by which the goods are to
be shipped.
3. Negotiable - one in which it is stated that the goods referred to therein will
be delivered to the bearer or to the order of any person named therein.
4. Non-Negotiable - One in which it is stated that the goods referred to
therein will be delivered to a specified person.
5. Clean One which does not indicate any defect in the goods.
6. Foul One which contains a notation thereon indicating that the goods
covered by it are in bad condition.
7. Spent One which covers goods that already have been delivered by the
carrier without a surrender of a signed copy of the bill.
8. Through One issued by the carrier who is obliged to use the facilities of
other carriers as well as his own facilities for the purpose of transporting
the goods from the city of the seller to the city of the buyer, which bill of
lading is honored by the second and other interested carriers who do not
issue their own bills.
9. Custody One wherein the goods are already received by the carrier but
the vessel indicated therein has not yet arrived in the port.
10. Port One which is issued by the carrier to whom the goods have been
delivered, and the vessel indicated in the bill of lading by which the goods
are to be shipped is already in the port where the goods are held for
shipment.
On-Board Bill of Lading v. Received for Shipment Bill of Lading:
An On Board Bill of Lading is one in which it is stated that the goods
have been received on board the vessel which is to carry the goods. An on
board bill of lading is issued when the goods have been actually placed
aboard the ship with every reasonable expectation that the shipment is as
good as on its way. It is, therefore, understandable that a party to a maritime
contract would require an on board bill of lading because of its apparent
certainty of shipping as well as the seaworthiness of the vessel which is to
carry the goods. (Magellan Mfg.,etc. v. Court of Appeals, 201 SCRA 116117[1991])
A Received for Shipment Bill of Lading is one which it is stated that
the goods have been received for shipment without specifying the vessel by
which the goods are to be shipped. Received for shipment bills of lading are
issued wherever conditions are not normal and there is insufficiency of
shipping space. (Magellan Mfg., etc. v. Court of Appeals,201 SCRA 116)
OBLIGATIONS OF THE CARRIER
A. Duty to Accept the Goods
General Rule: A common carrier cannot ordinarily refuse to carry a
particular class of goods.
Exception: For some sufficient reason the discrimination against the
traffic in such goods is reasonable and necessary. (Fisher vs. Yangco
Steamship Co. 31 Phil 1 [1915]).
Instances when the carrier may validly refuse to accept the goods:
1. Goods sought to be transported are dangerous objects, or substances
including dynamite and other explosives;
2. Goods are unfit for transportation;
3. Acceptance would result in overloading;
4. Contrabands or illegal goods;
5. Goods are injurious to health;
6. Goods will be exposed to untoward danger like flood, capture by
enemies and the like;
7. Goods like livestock will be exposed to disease;
TRANSPORTATION LAW: Lawrence Jeffrey Delfin, Flerida Emma Manglicmot, Mark Joseph Mupas,
Melanie Pascua, Gilbert Ricaforte, Renato Segubiense Jr., Katleen Grace Serrano, Mary Jane Timbang
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8. Strike;
9. Failure to tender goods on time.
In case of carriage by railway, the carrier is exempted from liability if
carriage is insisted upon by the shipper, provided its objections are
stated in the bill of lading.
o However, when a common carrier accepts cargo for shipment for
valuable consideration, it takes the risk of delivering it in good condition
as when it was loaded. (PAL vs. CA, 226 SCRA 423 )
B. Duty to deliver the goods
Not only to transport the goods safely but to deliver the same to the
person indicated in the bill of lading. The goods should be delivered to the
consignee or any other person to whom the bill of lading was validly
transferred or negotiated.
o
TIME OF DELIVERY
Stipulated in Contract/Bill
of Lading
Carrier is bound to fulfill the
contract and is liable for any
delay; no matter from what
cause it may have arisen.
No stipulation
1.
2.
Effects of delay:
1. Merely suspends and generally does not terminate the contract of
carriage.
2. Carrier remains duty bound to exercise extraordinary diligence.
3. Natural disaster shall not free the carrier from responsibility (Art.1740,
Civil Code)
4. If delay is without just cause, the contract limiting the common carriers
liability cannot be availed of in case of loss or deterioration of the goods
(Art.1747, Civil Code)
C. Duty to exercise extraordinary diligence
o Inquiry may be made as to the nature of passengers baggage, but
beyond this constitutional boundaries are already in danger of being
transgressed. (Nocum vs. Laguna Tayabas Bus Co., 30 SCRA 68)[this
doctrine is not applicable to aircrafts because of Section 8 of AntiHijacking Law (RA 6235)]
TRANSPORTATION LAW: Lawrence Jeffrey Delfin, Flerida Emma Manglicmot, Mark Joseph Mupas,
Melanie Pascua, Gilbert Ricaforte, Renato Segubiense Jr., Katleen Grace Serrano, Mary Jane Timbang
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TRANSPORTATION LAW: Lawrence Jeffrey Delfin, Flerida Emma Manglicmot, Mark Joseph Mupas,
Melanie Pascua, Gilbert Ricaforte, Renato Segubiense Jr., Katleen Grace Serrano, Mary Jane Timbang
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