MMF410803 Material

Komposit (2sks)
Prof. Dr. Ir. Anne Zulfia MSc

Pengenalan
Komposit Secara
Umum

The world of materials

Steels
Cast irons
Al-alloys

Metals
Cu-alloys
Ni-alloys
Ti-alloys
PE, PP, PC
PA (Nylon)

Alumina
Si-Carbide

Ceramics,
glasses
Soda-glass
Pyrex

GFRP
CFRP

Polymers,
elastomers

Composites

Polymer foams
Metal foams

Foams

Ceramic foams
Glass foams

Butyl rubber
Neoprene

KFRP
Plywood

Woods

Natural
materials
Natural fibres:
Hemp, Flax,
Cotton

Pengertian Komposit
Komposit merupakan kombinasi dari dua
material atau lebih yang memiliki fasa
yang berbeda menjadi suatu material baru
yang memiliki properti lebih baik dari
keduanya.
Jika kombinasi ini terjadi dalam skala
makroskopis maka disebut sebagai
komposit.
Jika kombinasi ini terjadi secara
mikoroskopis (molekular level) maka
disebut sebagai alloy atau paduan.

Two types of composites are:

Fiber Reinforced
Composites

Particle Reinforced
Composites

Particle reinforced composites support higher tensile,

compressive and shear stresses.

Figure 1. Examples for particle-reinforced composites.

(Spheroidized steel and automobile

The following are some of the reasons

why composites are selected for certain
applications:

High strength to weight ratio (low density high tensile

strength)

High creep resistance

High tensile strength at elevated temperatures

High toughness

Examples of Composites
Natural
Wood
flexible cellulose fibers held together with
stiff lignin

Bone
strong protein collagen and hard, brittle
apatite

Artificial (man-made)
constituent phases are chemically
distinct

Definitions
Composites often have only two
phases
Matrix phase
continuous - surrounds other phase

Dispersed phase
discontinuous phase
Matrix (light)
Dispersed phase (dark)

Introduction
Engineering applications often require unusual
combinations of properties
esp. aerospace, underwater, and
transportation
cant be achieved with a single material
e.g. - aerospace requires strong, stiff, light,
and abrasion resistant material
most strong, stiff materials are dense
and heavy
most light materials are not abrasion
resistant
Solution is in composite materials

Examples of Composites
Natural
Wood
flexible cellulose fibers held together with
stiff lignin

Bone
strong protein collagen and hard, brittle
apatite

Artificial (man-made)
constituent phases are chemically
distinct

Figure 16.1 Some examples of composite materials: (a)

plywood is a laminar composite of layers of wood veneer, (b)
fiberglass is a fiber-reinforced composite containing stiff,
strong glass fibers in a softer polymer matrix ( 175), and
(c) concrete is a particulate composite containing coarse
sand or gravel in a cement matrix (reduced 50%).

Properties of Composites
Dependent on:
constituent phases
relative amounts
geometry of dispersed phase
shape of particles
particle size
particle distribution
particle orientation

Composite Parameters
For a given matrix/dispersed
phase system:
Concentration
Size
Shape
Distribution
Orientation

Parameters

Distribution

Concentration

Shape

Orientation

Size

Classification of Artificial
Composites
Composites
Particulate

Fiber

Large
Dispersion
Particle Strengthened
Continuous

Structural
Laminates

Discontinuous

Aligned

Random

Sandwich
Panels

Particle-Reinforced
Composites
Divided into two classes
(based on strengthening mechanism)
Large particle
interaction between particles and matrix are
not on the atomic or molecular level
particle/matrix interface strength is critical
Dispersion strengthened
0.01-0.1 mm particles
inhibit dislocation motion

Large Particle Composites

Examples:
Some polymers with added fillers are
really large particle composites
Concrete (cement with sand or
gravel)
cement is matrix, sand is particulate

Large Particle Composites

Desired Characteristics
Particles should be approximately
equiaxed
Particles should be small and evenly
distributed
Volume fraction dependent on
desired properties

Large-Particle Composite
Materials
All three material types
metals, ceramics, and polymers

CERMET (ceramic-metal composite)

cemented carbide (WC, TiC embedded
in Cu or Ni)
cutting tools (ceramic hard particles to
cut, but a ductile metal matrix to
withstand stresses)
large volume fractions are used (up to
90%!)

Large Particle Composites

Concrete
Concrete is not cement)
Concrete is the composite of cement
and an aggregate (fine sand or coarse
gravel)
Reinforced concrete
a composite (large particle composite) with a matrix which is a composite
steel rods, wires, bars (rebar,
sometimes stretched elastically while
concrete dries to put system in
compression)

Dispersion Strengthened
Composites
Metals and metal alloys
hardened by uniform dispersion of fine particles of a
very hard material (usually ceramic)

Strengthening occurs through the

interactions of dislocations and the
particulates
Examples
Thoria in Ni
Al/Al2O3 sintered aluminum powder SAP
GP zones in Al

CERMET Cutting Tool

Light phase - Matrix (Cobalt)

Dark phase- Particulate (WC)

Figure 16.7 Microstructure of an

aluminum casting alloy reinforced with
silicon carbide particles. In this case, the
reinforcing particles have segregated to
interdendritic regions of the casting
( 125). (Courtesy of David Kennedy,
Lester B. Knight Cost Metals Inc.)

Klasifikasi Komposit
Berdasarkan Bentuk dari Reinforcementnya

Komposit
Partikel

Fiber

Large
Dispersion
Particle Strengthened
Continuous

Struktural
Laminates

Discontinuous

Aligned

Random

Sandwich
Panels

Fiber sebagai reinforced

Fiber yang digunakan harus:
Mempunyai diameter yang lebih
kecil dari diameter bulknya
(matriksnya) namun harus lebih
kuat dari bulknya
Harus mempunyai tensile strength
yang tinggi

Figure 16.18 Photomicrographs of two fiber-reinforced

composites: (a) In Borsic fiber-reinforced aluminum, the fibers
are composed of a thick layer of boron deposited on a smalldiameter tungsten filament ( 1000). (From Metals Handbook,
American Society for Metals, Vol. 9, 9th Ed., 1985.) (b) In this
microstructure of a ceramic-fiberceramic-matrix composite,
silicon carbide fibers are used to reinforce a silicon nitride
matrix. The SiC fiber is vapor-deposited on a small carbon
precursor filament ( 125). (Courtesy of Dr. R.T. Bhatt, NASA
Lewis Research Center.)

Matriks yang dipadukan dengan fiber

berfungsi sebagai :
Penjepit fiber
Melindungi fiber dari kerusakan
permukaan
Pemisah antara fiber dan juga mencegah
timbulnya perambatan crack dari suatu
fiber ke fiber lain
Berfungsi sebagai medium dimana
eksternal stress yang diaplikasikan ke
komposit, ditransmisikan dan
didistribusikan ke fiber.

Matriks yang digunakan harus :

Ductility tinggi
Memiliki modulus elastisitans lebih
rendah daripada fiber
Mempunyai ikatan yang bagus
antara matriks dan fiber
Biasanya secara umum yang
digunakan adalah polimer dan logam

a. Short(discontinuous) fiber reinforced composites

Aligned

Random

b. Continuous fiber (long fiber) reinforced composites

Fiber yang biasa

digunakan antara lain :
Fibers Glass

Sangat umun digunakan, karena murah

sering digunakan untuk reinforcement
dalam matrik polimer
Komposisi umum adalah 50 60 % SiO2
dan paduan lain yaitu Al, Ca, Mg, Na, dll.
Moisture dapat mengurangi kekuatan dari
glass fiber
Glass fiber sangat rentan mengalami
static fatik
Biasanya digunakan untuk: piping, tanks,
boats, alat-alat olah raga

Sifat-Sifatnya
Densitynya cukup rendah ( sekitar 2.55
g/cc)
Tensile strengthnya cukup tinggi (sekitar
1.8 GPa)
Biasanya stiffnessnya rendah (70GPa)
Stabilitas dimensinya baik
Resisten terhadap panas
Resisten terhadap dingin
Tahan korosi

Keuntungan :
Biaya murah
Tahan korosi
Biayanya relative lebih rendah dari komposit
lainnya

Kerugian
Kekuatannya relative rendah
Elongasi tinggi
Keuatan dan beratnya sedang
(moderate)

Jenis-jenisnya antara lain :

E-Glass - electrical, cheaper

S-Glass - high strength

Fibers - Aramid (kevlar, Twaron)

Biasanya digunakan untuk : Armor,
protective clothing, industrial,
sporting goods
Keuntungan :kekutannya cukup
tinggi, dan lebih ductile dari carbon

Carbon Fibers
Densitaskarbon cukup ringan yaitu sekitar 2.3
g/cc
Struktur grafit yang digunakan untuk membuat
fiber berbentuk seperti kristal intan.
Karakteristik komposit dengan serat karbon :
ringan;
kekuatan yang sangat tinggi;
kekakuan (modulus elastisitas) tinggi.

Diproduksi dari poliakrilonitril (PAN), melalui tiga

tahap proses :
Stabilisasi = peregangan dan oksidasi;
Karbonisasi= pemanasan untuk mengurangi O, H, N;
Grafitisasi = meningkatkan modulus elastisitas.

Pengaruh Orientasi Fiber

Parameter Fiber
arrangement with respect to each other
distribution
concentration

Orientasi Fiber
parallel to each other
totally random
some combination

Flat flakes sebagai penguat (Flake

composites)

Fillers sebagai penguat (Filler composites)

Specific Material Properties:

Bila dibandingkan dengan engineering materials yang lain,
FRPs sangat competitive ditinjau dari beratnya
Density

(kg/m3)

Stiffness
E
(Gpa)

Tensile
Strength

(Mpa)

Specific
Stiffness
E/r

Specific
Strength
s/r

Mild Steel

7800

208

400

Aluminium

2700

70

200

0.97

1.44

Nylon

1100

2.5

80

0.09

1.42

Concrete

2400

40

20

0.63

0.16

Random Fibre FRP

1800

20

300

0.42

3.25

(Load // Fibres)

1600

200

1500

4.69

18.3

(Load

1600

50

0.07

0.61

Alligned Fibre FRP

Fibres)

Fiber Material Properties

Steel: density (Fe) = 7.87 g/cc; TS=0.380 GPa; Modulus=207 GPa

Al: density=2.71 g/cc; TS=0.035 GPa; Modulus=69 GPa

Fiber Strength

Structurtal Composite

2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Figure 16.12 (a) Tapes containing aligned fibers can be

joined to produce a multi-layered different orientations to
produce a quasi-isotropic composite. In this case, a
0/+45/90 composite is formed.

2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Figure 16.13 A three-dimensional weave for fiberreinforced composites.